R E S E A R C H. Monograph Series LÊ 33 AvM evsjv ` ki Pv kªwgk `i iƒcvš i: cöw Z Kweicš x cvbbkv Pv kªwgk. Bd ZLvi gvngỳ kvnv`y¾vgvb BRAC

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1 R E S E A R C H Monograph Series LÊ 33 AvM 2007 evsjv ` ki Pv kªwgk `i iƒcvš i: cöw Z Kweicš x cvbbkv Pv kªwgk Bd ZLvi gvngỳ kvnv`y¾vgvb BRAC M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk eª vk m Uvi, 75 gnvlvjx, XvKv 1212, evsjv `k

2 evsjv ` ki Pv kªwgk `i iƒcvš i: cöw Z Kweicš x cvbbkv Pv kªwgk Bd ZLvi gvngy` wdì wimvp vi, M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk (ez gv b vd wi cvu vi wn m e ˆ`wbK mgkvj cwîkvq Kg iz) ifty1990@yahoo.com kvnv`y¾vgvb mn hvmx Aa vck I mgš^qk, GgwcGBP cövmövg Rgm wc MÖ v U zj Ae cvewjk nj_, eª vk wek we` vjq zaman.s@bracuniversity.net AvM 2007 M elyv g bvmövd wmwir msl v 33 M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk, 75 gnvlvjx, XvKv 1212, evsjv `k Uwj dvb: (88-02) , (wcgweg ) d v : (88-02) B- gbj: research@brac.net, Website:

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4 m~wpcî Abstract v Executive summary vi K ZÁZv ^xkvi viii f~wgkv 1 Aa vq cwiwpwz 10 cö_g Aa vq 12 HwZnvwmK cöw Z 12 Pv Drcv`b, e Ub I gvwjkvbv 16 Pv Pv li Rb f~wg wbe vpb 17 evsjv AÂ ji gryi kªyx I Pv Pv li Rb kªwgk wbe vpb 22 Pv evmv b AvMgbKvjxb cwiw wz 27 wøzxq Aa vq 29 RvZxq ivrbxwz Z Pv kªwgk 29 Z Zxq Aa vq 35 Pv evmv b we` gvb RvwZ Mvôx I Zv `i cöv_wgk cwipq 35 RvwZi bvg cvbbkv 38 Kwei I cvbbkv `i BwZe Ë 39 cvbbkv `i Pv evmv b AvMgb 40 PZz_ Aa vq 42 cvbbkv `i Rxeb 42 câg Aa vq 48 cvbbkv `i cwiez bkxjzv 48 wbqgfv½vi wbqg 50 i Abyc `vm cvbbkvi mv _ AvjvcPvwiZv 52 grywi I ckv 55 e` j hviqv N ii vcz 58 e` j hviqv Drme I we bv`b 59 mgvr msmvb I gzv KvVv gvi cwiez b 62 lvjcwb mfv I cvbbkv mgvr Kj vy ms v 64 iii

5 ló Aa vq 68 GKwU cvbbkv cwiev ii BwZe Ë 68 gnvjqov evmvb I jyµ `v mi cwievi 70 evmvb _ K gyw³ 72 c bi nvrvi UvKvq PvKwi 73 Dcmsnvi 74 cwiwkó 77 Z_ cäx 108 iv

6 ABSTRACT The study aimed to explore the historical and socioeconomic changes of tea garden labour force and its origin. Due to several constraints, not all of the native (indigenous) people involved in tea industry were included. The study concentrated only on Painkas. The study area was Sreemongal and Kulaura upazilas of Moulvibazar district. Participant observation, indepth interview and content analysis were used as research tools. Tea estates of the then East Bengal came directly under the control of Punjabis after the historic partition of India and when Bangladesh came into being, for the first time, replacing Punjabis a new class of Bengali garden owners entered the scene and had the opportunity to own and manage the gardens. These transformations of state power bear hardly any significance to the development of socioeconomic conditions of these entire populations working as tea labourers. They have gone through so many happenings. However, the state and its dominant institutions always ignored those changes, at the same time never took any initiatives to their well-being. Internal social conflicts and the surrounded other marginal people, their cultures intruded into their own customs and influenced to some extent to make these changes happen especially upon the Painkas. Historical evidence shows that the Painkas at certain period got oriented themselves to Kabir and converted themselves into Kabir religion. They devised their own social systems and religious traditions contrary to Vedic guidance. Young and modern Painkas are trying to establish new power centre transcending the ageold gram panchayet systems. But, these new structures are accommodating what has been changed so far without ignoring existing social, religious and cultural values. This study tried to demonstrate the transformations that a particular tribe experienced through their own historical path. v

7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Like many other popular drinks, tea was once used as medicinal herb. The Chinese are considered to have the earliest record of drinking tea. The Dutch first brought it in Europe from Japan and played the key role in commercializing it there. However, industrial revolution throughout the world and in Europe in particular, conflicts among colonial powers shaped the course of tea industry. Due to China-Japan war, tea exporting business declined so heavily that an alternative cultivation area needed to be found out and Indian sub-continent was chosen as cultivation area. After the successful experiment of tea plantation in British India, Bengal and Assam was selected. A large number of people of these regions got involved directly in this industry. Moreover, they have been there for more than one hundred and fifty years. From the moment, they got involved in this industry; their sovereign system withered away and there the rules of the garden owners took place. The owners were primarily British business persons and naturally, tea labourers were treated much like the way slaves were treated. Tea estates of the then East Bengal came directly under the control of Punjabis. After the liberation War Bangladesh came into being, for the first time, replacing Punjabis a new class of Bengali garden owners entered the scene and had the opportunity to own and manage the gardens. These transformations of state power bear hardly any significance to the development of socioeconomic conditions of these entire populations working as tea labourers. The way they were managed and control remain exactly the same as it was done some one hundred and fifty years ago. This is clearly a political discrimination of the state, which is very much evident in the lives of tea labourers and other marginal populations. But wind of change touches the lives of these struggling people. They have gone through so many happenings. But the state and its dominant institutions always ignored those changes, at the same time never took any initiatives to their well-being. Internal social conflicts and the surrounded other marginal people, their cultures intruded into their own customs and influenced to some extent to make these changes happen. Confined in more than 150 years in the same geographical region and in the colonial process, tea labourers were not able to escape from the open economy, satellite culture and entertainment and the cultural hegemony of the state as well. If we look at the social beliefs and customs of the Painkas, we discover that once they reside deep inside the jungle of the Indian state of Madhya Prodesh. The colonial power brought them here as tea labourers. Though the geographical displacement, they kept on practicing their old traditions and values. Historical evidence shows that the Painkas at vi

8 certain period got oriented themselves to Kabir and converted themselves into Kabir religion. They devised their own social systems and religious traditions contrary to Vedic guidance. In opposition to Vedic tradition they spray water onto the face of the dead one, burry the dead body. In addition, they developed their own praying system Mansha avoiding existing system like Puja and Namaz and gave up having proteins completely. As time passed by, with the influence of other pro-vedic populations in the tea estates, many Vedic customs have infiltrated in their culture. Now, we see many Vedic practices in Painkas religion. Once they had the habit of wearing Kabir s cap as part of their daily religious practice and now it became a part of their tradition. Like this, from clothing to food habit, every elements of their culture has transformed significantly and interestingly their religion is coping with these changes by giving it legitimacy. Once, religious festivals had been their prime source of entertainment. But gradually they became the consumer of the mainstream entertainments. Along with Bangla and Hindi cinema and music, Oria and Voghpuri are getting popularity and this trend has been boosted by satellite cultures, which are creating generation conflicts as we see the older ones, are trying hard to keep their traditional form of entertainment alive while the young generation is getting more and more accustomed to the mainstream entertainments. Transformation in power and social structure of the Painkas is much visible now than any time before. Power centers like samaj, chourashir sarder, murubbi in the gram panchayet system are now on the point of collapsing. These positions are being replaced by new political and economical elites. Young and modern Painkas are trying to establish new power centre transcending the age-old gram panchayet system. But, these new structures are accommodating what has been changed so far without ignoring existing social, religious and cultural values. It can be viewed the endeavor to establish Painka Welfare Association as a symbol of state domination within their society. The memorandum that has been sent to other tea gardens clearly indicates that they are urging upon the state to take necessary steps for their development. So, their appeal to be united may be identified as the primary stage of their collective steps to join with state funded development programme, which shows us the transformations occurred in the social structures of the Painkas. We have tried to show the transformations that a particular tribe experienced through their own historical path. We believe that this report will help understand the changes that many of our small and marginal population had gone through. However, if this endeavour leaves any little help in understanding the changes of the tea labourers of Bangladesh, we consider it successful to some extent. vii

9 K ZÁZv ^xkvi GB M elyvi wewfbœ c e me vz K mn hvwmzvi nvz evwo q w` q Qb eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefv Mi cwipvjk W. Bgivb gwzb M elyvi Kv R cªvq `o gvm gšjwfevrvi Rjvi kªxg½j Dc Rjvq cöavb M elk K _vk Z n q Q mlv b Ae vbkvjxb mg q M elyvi Z_ msmön _ K ïi K i cöwzwu Î wewfbœ evmv bi Pv kªwgkiv mvnvh I mn hvwmzv bv Ki j GB M elyv KL bvb myôzfv e mgvß Kiv h Zv bv we kl K i ÔcvBbKv RvwZiÕ m`m iv Avgv K Z_ w` q mnvqzv K i Qb I ch e Yi mgq wb R `i evwo Z Ae vb Ki Z w` q Qb Zv `i mevi cöwz Avgiv K ZÁ M elyvcî jlvi mgq g~j evb gzgz w` q A b K mn hvwmzv K i Qb we kl K i XvKv wek we` vj qi b weávb wefv Mi wk K W. GGBP K Av iwdb, BwZnvm wefv Mi wk K W. Avn g` Kvgvj, b`vij v Ûi m Uvi di Gwkqvb vwwr wefv Mi wk K fjvg dvb Ûvj, Rvnv½xibMi wek we` vj qi wk K gvngỳ yj mygb I gywreyj Avbvg g~j evb civgk w` q Qb M elyvi Z_ I DcvË we k ly Kiv mn bvbv w`k wb q gzvgz w` q mn hvwmzv K i Qb eª v Ki M elyv I gyj vqb wefv Mi Zi Y M elk Avey Avnmvb wgï, gywý myjvbgvb I gvgyb- Di-ikx` Rbve nvmvb kixd Avn g` I AvjZvgvm cvkv M elyvcîwu m úv`bv K i Qb kv qe Avn g` I AvKivg nv m bi mn hvwmzvi D j L hvm viii

10 f~wgkv MÖvg, kni wbwe k l ÔPvÕ Avgv `i Rxe b AvU cš i GKwU Dcv`v b cwiyz n q Q ivrbxwz ev mvwn Z i Av jvpbvi S o ev AwZw_ Avc vq b Pv n q D V Q Acwinvh MYgva g jv Z cvj v w` q Pj Q bvbv ^v `i Pv qi weávcb KL bvev meyr Qvqvq Niv Pv MvQ Avi Zvi gv S `vwo q `ywu cvzv GKwU Kzwo Zvjvq e ÔZi Yx Pv kªwg KiÕ Qwe bv `wbk cv vi n q kvfv cvq `vkv b, ga we Ëi N ii `qv j Pv evmvb Kv iv Kv iv Rb n q D V ch Ub i Z m úbœ we bv` bi vb A_P G A j Pv I Pv evmvb cöwzôvi cq b i q Q KŠZ~n jvïxck BwZnvm, Pv evmvb K wn i i q Q bvbv RvwZ Mvôxi ÔPv kªwgk `iõ NUbveûj Rxeb Ge vcvi jv mvaviyfv e Abywj wlz _ K hvq Aek msl vq Aí n ji Pv I Pv kªwgk `i Rxeb K we klfv e Abyave bi PóvI n q Q Z e Pv kªwgk welqk AwaKvsk ipbv ZB Zv `i K GKai bi ÔwcwQ q covõ, ÔcwieZ bnxbõ, Ô weiõ I GKwU ÔAvw`gÕ Rb Mvôx wn m e Dc vcb Kiv n q Q Ges Gme Av jvpbvq Pv kªwgk `i ÔRvwZMZÕ ˆewkó I kªgevrv i AskMÖn Yi aib wb q Av jvpbv Lye GKUv cviqv hvq bv Avgiv eis Avgv `i GB mxwgz gvîvi M elyvq Dc iv³ welq jv K eys Z wm q Pv kªwgk `i K GKwU cwiez bkxj Mvôx wn m e `L Z c qwq GB M elyvc Îi gva g Avgiv evsjv ` ki Pv wk íi wekvk Ges Pv kªwgk `i Rxe bi HwZnvwmK cö vcu K we epbvq i L GKwU z`ª Pv kªwgk Mvôxi mvgvwrk, ivr bwzk I m e vcwi mvs wzk Ae vi cwiez bkxjzv K evsvi Póv K iwq M elyvi Rb Avgiv wbe vpb K iwq ÔcvBbKvÕ bv g GKwU z`ª Pv kªwgk Mvôx K hviv ag xq wek v m ÔKexicš xõ GB Pv kªwgk `i evb i evsjv ` k ÔKexi cš x `iõ Aw Z Av Q wkbv Avgv `i Rvbv bb GB Mvôxi Abb Zv Avgv `i G `i cöwz KŠZ~njx K i Zv j Pv kªwgk `i wb q wewfbœ Av jvpbv-ch v jvpbv mv úªwzk mg q evsjv ` ki z`ª RvwZmËv wb q bzzb K i Av jvpbvi m~îcvz n q Q Avw`evmx cwiwpwz K K `ª K i ˆZwi niqv GB Av jvpbvq Pv kªwgk `i wb qi bvbv Avjvc- Av jvpbv kvbv hv Q Ges mlv b Zv `i RvwZMZ cwip qi cöw ZI Av jvwpz n Q Z e Av jvpbv jv K Avw`evmx I Pv kªwgk `ywu kªyx Z fvm K i Av jvpbv n Z `Lv hvq GB `ywu kªyxi g a kªwgk wn m e (gryg`vi 2002) Zv `i wb q h Av jvpbv jv nq Zv Z GB Rb Mvôxi RvwZMZ cwipq ewkifvm mgq Avovj n q hvq Avi RvwZMZ cwip qi Av jvpbvq Avw`evmx (`ªs 2003) cwiwpwz K K `ª K i AvewZ Z nevi Kvi Y GB Rb Mvôxi RvwZMZ wewfbœzv, Af š ixy mvs wzk eûgvwîkzv I Gi cwiez bkxjzv cöm½wu Avov j _ K hvq GB wbðzczvi djvdj wn m e evsjv ` ki evovwj QvovI Ab vb RvwZ m úwk Z Av jvpbvq Pv kªwgk `i cöm½wu LyeB xyfv e Dcw Z Avi hzuzkzb Dcw Z _v K Zv ÔevOvwj `i ivóªõ evsjv ` ki ÔRvZxq ms wziõ Avbymvw½K Dcv`vb wn m e we` gvb A b Ki g Z Dcw wzi 1

11 GB gvîv evovwj RvwZqZvev`x ` wófw½i m PZb cöqvm ( m `j 1998) evovwj RvZxqZvev `i GB m PZb cöqvm K AwZµg Kiv ewkifvm M el Ki c B m eci nq wb G M elyvq Zv AwZµ gi Póv Kiv n q Q evsjv ` ki Pv kªwgk I cvbbkv `i m ú K Z_ msmön Ki Z wm q me P q eo h mgm vi m ylxb n qwq Zv n Q Z _ i AcÖZzjZv Avgv `i M elyv GjvKv kªxg½ j _vbv cvvvmvi, evsjv `k Pv evw jvb eªwi, Pv evmvb jvi Awdwmqvj MÖš vmvi cöf wz RvqMvq Avgiv LuvRLei Kwi _vbv cvvvmviwu K qkeqi hver eü Ae vq c o Av Q, Pv ev W i jvb eªwi Z Pv qi Drcv`b I e Ub wb q cövq K qk nvrvi eb i q Q wkš Pv kªwgk `i wb q GKwU ebi Lyu R cviqv hvq wb ÔAvw`evmxÕ wb q wkqy eb Kbvi wbqg _vkvq Zv `i jvb eªwii Rb evsjv ` ki cve Z PÆMÖv gi wewfbœ RvwZ Mvôxi Dc i K qkwu eb mv cöwzk mg q Kbv n q Q kªwgk `i RvwZMZ wel qi Dci eb PvB Z M j Zviv mb eb jvi K_vB D j L K i Gic ii bvbv m~î _ K Pv kªwgk `i m ú K wewfbœ eb cȳ K I M elyv Kg msmön Kiv n q Q evsjv ` ki Pv kªwgk `i m ú K h mg Av jvpbv cviqv hvq Zv gvuv `v M ey bvg~jk, M elyvg~jk, AvZ Rxebxg~jK, mvwnz I wewfbœ Av jvpbvi mv _ Zv Avbymw½K welq wn m e G m Q M elyv Kg wn m e Bd ZLvi-Dj-AvIqvj (1977), gvt Avãyj gvbœvb (1977), cöwzgv cvj gryg`vi I gvnv ` gvndzryi ingvb mikvi (2001), gvnv ` gwbi j Bmjvg (1998) cögy Li M elyv Kg D j L hvm D j wlz M elk `i M elyv Kg jv Z evsjv A j Pv evmvb cöwzôvjmœ _ K kªwgk mieivn, e e vcbv, kªwgk `i g a msmv bi wekvk, kªwgk `i wewfbœ mgm v cöf wz welq wb q Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Z_ cögvywfwëk GB Av jvpbv jv Z kªwgk `i mv _ gvwjk `i m ú K i aiy, cövz wnk Kv Ri ZvwjKv, ezb KvVv gvi HwZnvwmK µgweez b, g Zÿ nvi, kªwgk msmvb jvi Kg cwiwa I cövz wnk Kv Ri aiy cöf wz Av jvwpz n q Q gvbœv bi (1977) M elyvq c~e evsjvi (ez gvb evsjv `k) cöw Z Av jvwpz n q Q Pv kªwgk `i Pv Drcv`b cöwµqvq AskMÖnY Ki Z Kx Kx KvR m úv`b Ki Z nq, Zvi GKwU aviyv Zvi jlvq Avgiv `L Z cvb Z e Zvi Av jvpbvi Dcj wqj kªwgk wbqš Yi Î gvwjkc Kvb ai bi c` c wb j GB wkí AviI ewk jvfrbk n Z cv i m c_ evz j `qv d j kªwgk `i cövz wnk Kv Ri aiy wvk Kiv I kªwgk msmvb jv wbqš Y Kivi Î gvwjkc K Kvb ai bi c` c wb Z n e m m ú K civgk `evi gva g wzwb Zvi Av jvpbv kl K i Qb Bd ZLv ii (1977) Av jvpbv cwðge ½i cöw Z K K `ª K i AvewZ Z n q Q ewk wzwb g~jz Pv wkí vc bi cöv_wgk chv q (1900Ñ1939) fvize l i Kvb Kvb cö `k _ K KZ kªwgk Avbv n qwqj m m ú K GKwU aviyv w` q Zvi Av jvpbv kyi K ib GQvov GB wekvj Rb Mvôxi m`m `i kªwg K iƒcvš ii c i 4 _ K 5 Avbv ez b Zv `i K evmv b wb qvm `evi K_v Avgiv Zvi Av jvpbvi gva g Rvb Z cvwi GB kªwgk `i K gvwjkc ^v myweav ch vßfv e bv `evi Kvi Y e vck msl vq kªwg Ki g Zÿ i K_v Zvi M elyvi gva g D V G m Q gryg`vi I mikv ii (2001) M elyvq evsjv ` ki Pv wk íi mv _ hy³ Rb Mvôxi ez gvb Ae v K cövavb `qv n q Q mlv b Pv kªwgk `i ez gvb Ae v K ILO KZ K NvwlZ Declaration on fundamental principles and right 2

12 at work Gi cöw Z Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q hlv b i Z c~y welq wn m e wb gœv³ welq jv K we epbv Kiv n q Q wj½mgzv Ges bvixñcyi l ˆelg we jvcmvab, wkï kªg _ K gyw³, Awb Qv _ K, KvR Kiv _ K gyw³, kªwgk `i GKZve n q KvR Kivi AwaKvi, mvwe K Dbœq bi Rb chv ß grywi, cwiev ii m`m `i Rb chv ß grywi, Kg j KvR k l Ges Kg Rxe b fvimvg Avbqb Kivi Rb Rb chv ß mgq I my hvm, Kvb Abwf cöz `yn Ubv ev PvKzwii AwbðqZvi wecix Z wbivcëv, gvbem ú` Dbœq bi ch vß my hvm, köwgk `i e w³mz ` Zv e w I wekv ki Rb AbyK~j cwi ek GB welq jv chv jvpbv K i M elkøq `wl q Qb Pv evmvb jv Z bvbvfv e G jv wewnœz n Q Av jvpbv k l Zviv Pv kªwgk `i Dbœq bi Rb Dc iv³ AwaKvi jv cö`v bi Rb civgk `b hv GB wk íi Drcv`b e w I mȳ cwi ek ervq ivlvi Î mnvqk fywgkv cvjb Ki e e j Zviv g b K ib gwbi j Bmjv gi (1998) jlvq Pv kªwgk `i mvgvwrk wew QbœZvi KviY AbymÜvb Kivi cö Póv j Kiv hvq Zvi g Z, gvwjk c i bvbv Amn hvwmzvi Kvi Y Pv kªwgk `i g a ÔwbðjZvÕ I Ôcðvrc`ZvÕ ˆZwi n q Q GB weizv KvUv bvi Dcvq wn m e wzwb Pv kªwgk `i wk v AR bi w` K AMÖmi nevi civgk w` q Qb GKv R wewfbœ Dbœqb ms v K GwM q Avmvi Avnevb Rvwb q Qb Zvi M elyvi Ab Zg mxgve Zv n Q wzwb Pv kªwgk `i Rxeb K c~e _ KB wei a i M elyvi KvR ïi K i Qb Avi GB ai bi ` wófw½ z`ª RvwZ Mvôx jvi Rxebhvc bi cwiez bkxjzv K eys Z mgm v ˆZwi K i ey bvag x jlvi g a wewfbœ Av jvpbvi mv _ cövmw½k wn m e Pv kªwgk `i welqwu G m Q hvi ewkifvm Av jvpbvq Pv kªwgk wn m e Zv `i wbhyw³i HwZnvwmK cöw Z K i Z c~y Ask wn m e mvg b ivlv n q Q Gi g a KŠwkK Nv li (2000) jlvq weªwuk Jcwb ekkvjxb mg q fvize l i wewfbœ wbgœe M i Rb Mvôx K K wlwfwëk wk í (Plantation Industry) wb qvm `evi Î h gzv`wk K we epbv KvR K i Q Zvi GKwU ZvwË K I ey bvagx Av jvpbv Avgiv cvb hv Z Dcwb e ki gvbyl `i K wb R `i mf Zvi gvckvwv Z ivqb Kivi welqwui Z_ DcvËmn D V G m Q hlv b Avgiv AviI `L Z cvb GB cªk íi A_ bwzk myweav _ K weªwuk wkícwziv ewâz nq wb hvi cögvy wn m e Avmvg, QvUbvMcyi cöf wz Rjv _ K kªwgk Avg`vwbi Î GwkqvwUK mvmvbwui gva g mf -Amf Zvi wfwë Z RvwZ ev m cö`vqwfwëk kªyxkiy cöwµqvi gva g Pv evmv b kªwgk wb qvm `evi cöw Z m ú K aviyv cviqv hvq GQvov Avmv gi Pv evmvb cöwzôvi mg q vbxq Rb Mvôx K ev` w` q Ab ivr _ K (SvoLÊ, wenvi, DËi cö `k) kªwgk Avg`vwbi KviY m ú K aviyv cviqv hvq evsjv A ji Pv evmvb jv m irwg b cwi`k b K i mlvbkvi ev e wpî Zz j aivi Póv K ib eªvþ mgvr, fvizmfv I Ks MÖ mi Kg xiv GB msmvb jvi Kg x `i g a ivgkzgvi we` vizœ, ØviKvbv_ VvKzi, KvbvBjvj P Ævcva vq Zv `i jlv jwl Z Pv evmv bi kªwgk `i Dci gvwjkc i AvPiY K AgvbweK I wbcxobg~jk wn m e ey bv K ib Pv evmv b kªwgk Avg`vwbi Î AvoKvwV `i cözviyv I kªwgk `i Dci weªwuk gvwjk `i wbh vz bi NUbvI D V G m Q Zv `i jlvq Zv `i Gme jlv jwl ivr bwzk cöpviyvi Ask wn m e m úbœ Kivq G Z Zv `i kªwgk cwipq K K `ª i L mg Av jvpbv AvewZ Z n q Q d j Gme kªwg Ki Rxe bi Ab gvîv jv (ag, mgvrweb vm, we bv`b) Zv `i Av jvpbvq Abycw Z wqj 3

13 `xc¼i gvnvš (2000), grevn Kvgvj Ges RvbœvZ-G- di `Šmx (2005) Gi jlvq 1971 mv ji ^vaxbzv hy i Abv jvwpz welq AevOvwj gyw³ hv v `i Ab Zg Pv kªwgk gyw³ hv v `i exiz c~y f~wgkvi ey bv cviqv hvq mlv b cövmw½kfv e evsjv ` ki Pv kªwgk `i ivr bwzk BwZnv mi GKwU msw ß wkš avivevwnk ey bv cvb ivr bwzk BwZnvm I gyw³hy i NUbvi ey bvi evb i wfbœ Kvb welq Zv `i jlvq Av m wb Pv kªwgk `i g a msmvk wn m e KvR Kiv ARq fævpvh (1998), evwiy `Ë (1991), nbv `v mi (1999) Pv evmv b msmvb, Av `vjb Kivi e w³mz AwfÁZv I wkqy Av `vj bi HwZnvwmK ey bv cviqv hvq ARq fævpv h i ey bvq G ` k Pv evmvb vc bi Av_ -mvgvwrk cª vcu, wewfbœ Av `vjb-msmöv gi ivr bwzk cö vcu wb q HwZnvwmK ch v jvpbv wfwëk Av jvpbv Avgiv cvb Z e GB Av jvpbv Avwki `k K G m _ g M Q Ges Zv ivr bwzk BwZnv mi we epbvq GKwU i Z c~y `wjj n ji Pv kªwgk `i ag, ms wz I mgvr wb q Av jvpbvi Zgb Kvb cöqvm Zv Z j Kiv hvq wb ^cb wek vm (2004) I mwgi PµeZ xi (1992) jlvq Pv kªwgk `i Rxebhvcb, agx q, mvgvwrk, mvs wzk Ae v wb q M elyvwfwëk cöpzi Z_ Avgiv cvb mwg ii jlvq cwðge ½i cö vcu K `ªxq welq wn m e G m Q wewfbœ RvwZ ev m cö`v qi agx q cwiwpwz, Dcvmbv, Drme, mvgvwrk m úk cªf wz welq wb q we vwiz Av jvpbv Zviv K i Qb GKB ai bi ey bv evsjv ` ki wm ju A ji cö vc U ^c bi Av jvpbvq D V G m Q mlv b kªwgk `i ^v, wk v, bvix ˆelg cªf wz welq K K `ª K i AskMÖnYg~jK c wz Z Z_ msmön (cvwu wmc vuwi i ivj A vcövbrvj) Kiv n q Q e j D j L Kiv nq GB Z_ jv we k l Yi gva g Pv kªwgk `i mgm v I Zvi mgvav bi Dcvq jv wpwýz Kiv n q Q wkš RvwZ ev m cö`vqwfwëk Av jvpbvkv j e Y iwfwë Z wefvrb Uvbv n q Q hv e Y iwfwë Z mwvk n ji RvwZMZ cv_ K jv úó bv Kivq i Zi weåvwš ˆZwi Ki Z cv i Pv evmv bi mgmö RvwZmËv K ( `kiqvjx, Dwoqv, Z j, SvoLÊx/mv`ªxfvlx, cwðge ½i wewfbœ wbgœey m cö`vq) eªvþy, wîq, ˆek, k~`ª GB PZye Y i KvVv gvq G b e vl v Ki Z wm q RvwZwfwËK Ae vb Avov j c o M Q d j Pv kªwgk `i ms wz I Gi cwiez kxjzv K Zvi Av jvpbvi gva g cwi vi fv e evsv m e nq wb Pv kªwgk `i wb q ek K qkwu Dcb vm jlv n q Q g~jkivr Avb `i `ywu cvzv GKwU Kzuwo (1973), ARq fævpv h i Kzwj gg (1992), wiwrqv ingv bi m~h meyr i³ (1984) cöf wz Dcb vm Gi g a Ab Zg G wzbr bi Dcb v mb Pv kªwgk `i cövz wnk Rxe bi bvbv NUbv, m ú K i Uvbv cv ob I wbcxwoz Rxe bi Abyf~wZ mvwn Z i Quvqvq A bk ewk Rxeš AvKv i dz U D V Q g~jkivr Avb ` Zvi Dcb v m kªwgk Avg`vwbi mg q N U hviqv NUbv K gg úk xfv e Dc vcb Kivi gva g wek mvwn Z Av jvob Zv jb ARq fævpvh I wiwrqv ingv bi Dcb v m A bk ewk dz U D V Q kªwgk Rxe bi `ytl, `ỳ kv, cög, fvjevmv BZ vw` GB Dcb vm jv Pv kªwgk `i Rxeb K mvwn Z i cvvk gn j cwiwpz Kiv bvi Î h _ó i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i Q Pv kªwgk `i wb q Dc iv³ Av jvpbv, ch v jvpbv I M elyv jvi gva g evsjv ` ki wbzvš Ae nwjz Pv kªwgk `i welqwu K mvg b Avbvi Póv Kiv n q Q wkš GB Av jvpbv jv Z Pv 4

14 kªwgk `i RvwZMZ cwiwpwz I mvs wzk Ae vi iƒcvš i m ú K Av jvpbv Lye GKUv cviqv hvq wb `yõ qkrb Av jvpk GB welq jv K Zz j Avbvi Póv Ki ji Zv A bk Î evsjv ` ki evovwj QvovI Ab vb Rb Mvôx m ú K cöpwjz ev cöfvekvjx aviyvi (ÔwbðjÕ, ÔcwieZ bnxbõ, ÔAvw`gÕ wn m e Kíbv Kiv) evb i Avm Z cv i wb iv óªi cöfvekvjx RvwZ Mvôxi evb i mkj RvwZ Mvôx K Ôcðvrc`Õ fvevi GB wpš v _ K ei n q GB M elyvi gva g Pv kªwgk `i Rxe bi iƒcvš i K Zv `i wbr mgv Ri evb ii bvbv cöfv ei cöw Z evsvi Póv Kiv n q Q M elyvi D Ïk evsjv ` ki Pv kªwgk `i HwZnvwmK wekv ki aviv Ges ez gvb mg q Zv `i cwiez bkxj Ae v m ú K M elyvi cö qvrbxqzvi K_v we epbv K i Avgv `i M elyvi m~îcvz Kbbv mgvr weávb I b weáv bi M elyvi GKwU eo RvqMv wn m e mgvr I ms wz Aa qb K i Z c~y g b Kiv nq hv _ K ewkifvm Î cwiez bkxjzv K evsvi Póv Kiv nq ev e GB M elyvi eo Î wn m e AvwacZ kxj mgvr I ms wz K ( hgb evsjv ` ki Î evovwj `i) Aa qb Kivi cöeyzv ewk j Kiv hvq wkš evsjv ` k ïay evovwjivb _v K bv, GLv b evovwj QvovI AviI 74wU b Mvôxi Aw Z i q Q (M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm, eª vk 2005) GB b Mvôx jv wb q h M elyv jv Kiv nq Zv Zv `i cwiez bkxjzv K cvk KvwU q hvq GB M elyvi gva g cwiez bkxjzv ev iƒcvš i K evsvi Póv Kiv n q Q G Z Pv evmv bi kªwgk `i RvwZ I ms wz K we epbvq ivlv n q Q AvcvZZ bvbv mxgve Zvi Kvi Y Pv evmv bi me jv RvwZ Mvôxi cwi cöw Z K GB M elyvq Avbv m e nq wb GB cwiez bkxjzv K evsvi Rb Pv evmv bi GKwU z`ª Rb Mvôx ÔcvBbKvÕ K e Q bqv n q Q GB z`ª RvwZ Mvôxi Rxeb e e vi cwiez bkxjzv K evsvi gva g Pv kªwgk `i mvgwmök cwiez bkxjzv K nq Zv evsv m e bv wkš Avgv `i GB M elyv mb j cwipvwjz niqv cöv_wgk c` c wn m e Avgiv g b KiwQ hv fwel Z AviI eo cwim ii M elyv K g i Rb mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb Ki e e j Avgv `i g b n q Q Pv kªwgk `i Rxe bi cwiez bkxjzv eys Z wm q K qkwu wbw` ó wel qi Dci we epbv Kiv n q Q hv n Q ag I ag vpvi, RxebhvÎv, mgvr msmvb I gzv KvVv gv h Rb Mvôx K wb q M elyv M elyvc Îi wewfbœ ch v q evsjv ` ki Pv kªwgk `i mvgwmök ch vq wb q Av jvpbv n q Q wkš cy iv M elyvkg wu m úv`b Kivi mgq Pv evmv bi GKwU wbw` ó RvwZ Mvôx ÔcvBbKv RvwZÕ K K `ª ivlv n q Q gvvkg Ges ch e Yi mgq cvbbkv `i RxebhvÎv K cöavbz i Z `qv n q Q GB Rb Mvôxi iƒcvš i K evsvi gva g Pv kªwgk `i Rxe bi iƒcvš i K wkqyuv n ji Abyave bi cö Póv wq jv GB M elyvq Ab vb RvwZ Mvôx m ú K h Av jvpbv jv G m Q Zv cvbbkv `i mv _ Zzjbvi cöw Z _ K we epbv Kiv n q Q evsjv ` ki Pv evmvb jv Z h RvwZ Mvôx jvi emevm i q Q Zv `i g a cvbbkviv wb R `i K GKwU ^Zš RvwZ Mvôx wn m e g b K i Zv `i cöavb ag xq Dcvm wn m e 5

15 ÔKwei KÕ g b K i m wn m e Zviv wb R `i K Kweicš x m cö`vq wn m e cwipq `q Gi cvkvcvwk Zviv mbvzbx a g i wewfbœ c~rv I AvPvi cvjb K i cvbbkv `i wel q we vwiz Av jvpbv i q Q G jlvi ciezx As k vb wbe vpb hzuzkz Rvbv hvq evsjv ` ki Pv evmvb jv Qvov Ab Kv_vI cvbbkv `i Ae vb bb evsjv ` ki gšjfxevrvi Rjvi kªxg½j Dc Rjvi Aš f y³ gnvjqov I kvqvcvov evmvb, KzjvDov Dc Rjvi cùcyi evmv b Ae vbiz cvbbkv `i K M elyvi Rb e Q bqv n q Q GQvov nwemä Rjvi jgv evmvbmn cövq 15wUi gz evmv b cvbbkv `i Ae vb Av Q e j Rvbv hvq Z e K `ªxq vb wn m e gnvjqov evmv bi 14wU cvbbkv cwievi K M elyvi g~j Î wn m e mvg b ivlv n q Q GB M elyvk g i g~j M elk 2005 mv ji 2 deª qvwi _ K 20 GwcÖj ch š mgqkv j 60 w`b Pv evmvb GjvKvq Ae vb K i cùcyi I kvqvcvov evmv bi cvbbkv m cö`vq m úwk Z Z_ I ch e Y K cövmw½k wn m e Avbv n q Q GQvov Ab vb evmv bi cvbbkv m cö`vq m ú K Z_ bqvi Rb cöavb K qkrb e qv R ô cvbbkvi mvnvh bqv n q Q M elyv c wz G M elyvq g~jz b eávwbk M elyv c wz e venvi Kiv n q Q AskMÖnYg~jK ch e Y K (Participant observation) me vwak i Z `qv n q Q cvkvcvwk wbweo mv vrkvi (Indepth interview), wjwlz Dcv`v bi welqe ch v jvpbvi (Content analysis) gva g Avgiv Avgv `i M elyvi KvR cwipvjbv Kivi Póv K iwq ZvB Avgiv mg qi cwiez bi Av jv K M elyvaxb Rb Mvôx K `Lvi e vcv i me vwak i Z w` qwq Kbbv GB ai bi z`ª RvwZmËv m úwk Z M elyv K g cökœgvjvi wfwë Z (mv f ev Rwic) Z_ msmö ni me P q eo mgm v n Q, GB Rb Mvôxi m`m iv ewkifvm mgq Zv `i mgv Ri ÔAv`k iƒ ci (Ideal condition)õ K_v wee Z Kivi Póv K i hvi wkqzuv Avfvm cvbbkv `i KvQ _ K cökœgvjvi wfwë Z msm nxz Z _ i mv _ AskMÖnYg~jK c wz Z msm nxz Z _ i e vck cv_ K i gva g cviqv M Q AskMÖnYg~jK c wz Z Z_ msmön Ki Z wm q GB M elyvi cöavb M elk Uvbv `o gvm 3wU evmv b mivmwi Ae vb K i ch e Y KvR cwipvjbv K ib Z _ i úk KvZiZv I Ab vb KŠkjMZ welq K we epbv K i M elyv v bi bvg I Z_ `vzv `i QÙbvg e envi Kiv n q Q AskMÖnYg~jK ch e Y Avgv `i M elyvi Z_ msmö ni c wz wn m e AskMÖnYg~jK ch e Y K me vwak i Z `qv n q Q cöavb M elk M elyvi cö qvr b gnvjqov evmv b w`b I iv Zi wewfbœ mg q wek w`b Ae vb K i cùcyi evmv b GKRb cvbbkv m` m i we q Z AskMÖnY Kivi Rb wzwb wzbw`b iv Zi ejv mb evmv b Ae vb K ib GB Ae vb Kivi gva g Zv `i cövz wnk PPv i wewfbœ w`k ( ckv ev RxweKv, ag I ag vpvi, we bv`b e e vi cöv qvwmk w`k jv m ú K 6

16 aviyv cviqv hvq evmv bi evb ii bvbv v b (cöavb M el Ki Avevm j, kªxg½j m`i, gvaekzê cöf wz v b) cvbbkv `i mv _ Zvi `Lv nq Gmgq bvbv AvjvcPvwiZv I AvPiY ch e Yi gva gi Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q cvbbkv `i g a AwfÁ I e qv R ô `i KvQ _ K Zv `i HwZn MZ welq m ú K aviyv cviqv M Q Z e G `i g a A c vk Z Zi Y I cövwzôvwbk wk vq wkw Z `i KvQ _ K cwiez bkxjzv m ú K aviyv cviqv hvq wbweo mv vrkvi Z_ msmö ni Ab Zg c wz wn m e wbweo mv vrkvi bqv n q Q me gvu AvU R bi G `i g a A b Ki mv _ GKvwaKevi Av jvpbv Ki Z n q Q cöwzevi Av jvpbv k l bzzb bzzb Z_ ewi q G m Q A bk mgq cö_g mv vrkv ii c i bvbv AbvbyôvwbK Av jvpbvi gva g Zv `i c~e ez x mg q `qv Z_ _ K wfbœzi Z_ bvbvfv e ewi q G m Q G Î mgq, cwiw wz I cökœ Kivi aib M elyvi Rb cö qvrbxq Z_ msmö ni Î i Z c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i Q AbvbyôvwbK `jxq Av jvpbv GB c wzi gva g GB M elyvi Rb A bk i Z c~y Z_ cviqv M Q AvgwjQov, kvqvcvov, cùcyi cöf wz evmv b wewfbœ cvbbkv gyi weÿi mv _ AvjvcKv j ewkifvm mgq e w³mz Avjvc jv G KKwU `jxq Av jvpbvq cwiyz n q Q cªkœ Kivi ci ewkifvm mgq DËi jv `jxq wfwë Z AvmwQj `Lv M Q cö Z KB DËi `evi mgq Ab `i mv _ Avjvc K i ev m wz wb q Zvici DËi w`w Qj me gvu 12wU (AvgwjQov evmv b 7wU, cùcyi evmv b 3wU I kvqvcvov evmv b 2wU) AbvbyôvwbK `jxq Av jvpbv Kiv nq AbvbyôvwbK `jxq Av jvpbv jv A bk ^Ztù~Z fv e n Zv gvvch v qi Kv Ri cö_g w` Ki AwfÁZv _ K `Lv M Q `jxq Av jvpbv jvi AvbyôvwbKZv A bk Z_ Avovj K i d j Z_ msmö ni Î AbvbyôvwbKZv ervq ivlvi Î i Z `qv n q Q M elyvi bvbv mg q me gvu 12 Rb cvbbkv ^D ` v M Avgv K Z_ w` q mnvqzv K i Q M elyvi A bk Z _ i úk KvZiZv I Ab vb welq K we epbv K i M elyvi vb I e w³ `i QÙbvg e envi Kiv n q Q Z_ msmö ni Av ikwu i Z c~y Drm wqj Zv `i RxebvPi Yi mv _ m úwk Z bw_ ev WKz g U jv K e vl v Kiv we kl K i Zv `i wewfbœ mvgvwrk wbq gi HwZn evnx iƒc I ez gvb cwiez bkxjzv GB mg bw_i gva g ek PgrKvifv e dz U D V Q Ges wb Pi ey bv _ K welq jv AviI ^ Qfv e evsv hv e e w³mz I mvgvwrk wpwv cvbbkv m cö`vq Zv `i wewfbœ mvgvwrk I ag xq Abyôv b wpwvi e envi K i GB wpwv jv jlvi wbw` ó wkqy c wz i q Q, hv AbymiY K i Zviv GB wpwv jv wj L _v K ZvB GB wpwvmy jv Zv `i mvgvwrk BwZnv mi `wjj wn m e G M elyvq e envi Kiv n q Q hvi gva g Zv `i mvgvwrk I ag xq wewfbœ wel qi cö_vmz PPv I cwiez bkxjzv m ú K i Z c~y Z_ cviqv M Q 7

17 cv vi cvbbkviv Zv `i ag xq PP vi Ask wn m e evwo Z Kwe ii Qwe iv L cvkvcvwk Zv `i evwoi `qv j wke, RMbœv_, M Yk, fmevb kªxk ò cöf wz `ezvi Qwe Szwj q ivl Z `Lv M Q Zv `i ez gvb cör b i g a ev ^i I XvKvi Pjw P Îi bvqk-bvwqkv `i Qwe kvfv cvq evwo Z cv vi ivlvi GB PPv K Avgvi M elyvi Z_ msmö ni gva g wn m e e envi Kiv n q Q Kbbv Qwe I cv vi ivlvi GB PPv i µgweez b cvbbkv m cö`v qi cwiez bkxj Ae vi GKwU vik wn m e G M elyvq `Lvi Póv Kiv n q Q we qi KvW cvbbkv m cö`v qi we qi wbq gi Î HwZn MZ wbqg Abyhvqx Zviv wb R `i ag xq wbqgvbymv i we q cov bv I mvgvwrk wbqgvbymv i we qi Av qvrb Ki Zv cwiez bi avivevwnkzvq mb wbq gi cwiez b n q Q hvi cökvk wn m e we qi wbqgkvby bi cwiez b I KvW Qvwc q mvaviy evovwj we qi Av` j we qi Av qvrb Kiv n Q ZvB welqe i chv jvpbv wn m e KvW K ivlv n q Q d UvMÖvd cvbbkviv Zv `i wewfbœ mvgvwrk I ag xq Abyôv b h mg Qwe Zz j Q Zv Zv `i mvgvwrk BwZnv mi i Z c~y `wjj GQvov e w³mzfv e Zvjv wkqy Qwe wewfbœ mg qi cöw Z Zv `i Rxe bi bvbv chv q m ú K Avgv K aviyv w` q Q Gi evb i Avgiv wb Riv wkqy Qwe Zvjvi gva g cvbbkv `i cövz wnk Rxebhvc bi ev e wpî Zz j Avbvi Póv K iwq cyw Kv cvbbkviv Zv `i ag xq cy K wn m e Kwe ii wewfbœ evyx K wfwë wn m e a i evsjv ` k Ae vbiz cvbbkv `i ewkifvmb fviz _ K Avbv wnw ` fvlvq iwpz Kwe ii wewfbœ eb G b mb Pvwn`v guv Zv GKUv mgq ch š Zv `i ewkifvm agx q e w³iv wnw ` fvlv co Z cvi Zv ciez x Z mb fvlv evsvi Rb Zviv wnw ` fvlv wk v eb cv Vi PPv K i ez gvb mg q Zv `i g a wnw ` fvlv PPv h _ó cwigv Y n«vm c q Q mv cöwzk mg q GB NvUwZc~iY Kivi Rb Zv `i i Abyc `vm cvbbkvi gva g evsjv ey gvjvq wnw ` fvlvq Kwe ii Ô `vnvõ Mv bi eb cökvk Kivi gva g Kwe ii evyxi cöpvi Kivi Póv Pj Q ag PP vi GB aib K e vl v Kivi gva g wn m e Zv `i GB cyw Kv jv K e envi Kiv n q Q gšwlk fvl z`ª RvwZmZ v jv m ú K M elyvkv j Ab Zg mgm vi welq n Q Zv `i wjwlz BwZnv mi NvUwZ Zv `i BwZnvm msi Yi gva g wn m e ewkifvm mgq gšwlk fvlv I ms wzi 8

18 wewfbœ PP v ek kw³kvjx gva g wn m e e eüz nq ZvB Zv `i BwZnvm AbymÜv bi cö qvr b GB mg gšwlk fvlv I mvs wzk Dcv`vb jv K e vl v Kivi Póv Kiv n q Q M elyvi ˆbwZKZv M elyvi ˆbwZKZv K we epbv K i cvbbkv `i KvQ _ K Z_ msmön Kiv n q Q cvbbkv `i emev mi vb Ges Kg Î ch e Yi mgq Zv `i KvQ _ K AbygwZ bqv n q Q mv vrkvi bqv Ges Z_ msmö ni Î Kvb ai bi Pvc cö qvm Kiv nq wb M elyvi cö qvr b h e w³mz I mvgvwrk wpwv, Qwemn wewfbœ bw_cî msmön I e envi Kiv n q Q Zv MÖn Yi Î Zv `i m wz bqv n q Q M elyvi wewfbœ Z _ i úk KvZiZvi K_v we epbv K i ewkifvm e w³ I evmv bi QÙbvg e envi Kiv n q Q cvbbkv `i i Abyc `v mi Qwe e env ii Î Zvi wb Ri I e qv R ô cvbbkv `i AbygwZ bqv n q Q 9

19 Aa vq cwiwpwz wøzxq Aa vq ïi n q Q evsjv A j Pv wk íi BwZnvm w` q iex `ªbv _i KweZv I Pv evmv b eûj e eüz GKwU Mv b evsjv A j Pv evmvb vc bi HwZnvwmK cö vcu my `i fv e D V Avmvq Zv wkqyuv e vl v mn e envi Kiv n q Q Pxb ` k eš Avkª gi cvbxq wn m e hvîv ïi K i wkfv e Zv GKwU evwywr K cy wn m e wek Ry o Qwo q co jv Zvi avivevwnk ey bv Z_ DcvË mn Zz j aiv n q Q evsjv A j Pv Pv li cö vcu Zz j ai Z wm q fvizxq Dcgnv ` ki wewfbœ HwZnvwmK NUbv I cwiw wzi ey bv `qv n q Q GQvov c~e evsjvi wbr ^ fywg e e vcbv, weªwuk Jcwb ewkk kvmbe e v, ZrKvwjb ˆewk K ivr bwzk cö vcu, Pv evmvb jvi kªwgk msmö ni cq bi ivrbxwz, kªwgk msmö ni GjvKv jvi Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae v, mvs wzk Rxe b Zvi cöfve m ú K wkqyuv Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Pv evmv b Avmvi ci Zv `i mvgwmök RxebhvÎvi wk cwiywz ev cwiez b n jv Zv HwZnvwmK `i `qv Z_ _ K Zz j aiv n q Q Z Zxq Aa v q weªwuk I cvwk vbx Jcwb ewkk kvmb e e vq Pv kªwgk `i ivr bwzk ZrciZv welqwu g~l fv e G m Q Pv kªwgk `i m ú K Jcwb ewkk weªwuk kvm Ki ` wófw½ I bxwz jv ch v jvpbv K i Gi cöwzwµqvq Pv kªwgk `i ZrciZv jv D V G m Q GKBiKg fv e cvwk vbx kvmb KvVv gvi fz i Pv kªwgk `i Ae v K Zz j aiv n q Q GKvËi c~e ez x evovwji RvZxq gyw³ msmöv gi mg q Pv kªwgk `i cöwzwµqv Ges AskMÖnY, kªwgk msmvb jvi Af š ixy Ae v Ges Ø Øi Dci Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q GKvËi ciez x ^vaxb evsjv ` k Pv kªwgk `i `vex I AwaKvi Ges ^vaxb evsjv ` ki ivr bwzk cucwiez bi mg q Pv kªwgk `i wbr ^ Ae vb ch v jvpbv Kiv n q Q GQvov mikvi cwiez bi mv _ mv _ Pv kªwgk `i m ú K ivóªxq bxwz I D ` vm jv Zz j a i Zvi djvdj ev cöwzwµqv m ú K aviyv `qv n q Q PZz_ Aa v q cövwzôvwbk I AcÖvwZôvwbK cwim i Pv kªwgk `i cwiwpwzi Dc i Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q `Lv bv n q Q Pv kªwgk `i wbr ^ msmvb jv wkfv e wb R `i cwiwpwz ˆZwi Ki Q Pv kªwgkiv wb R `i cwipq `evi Î Kvb ai bi welq jv K we epbv K i Zv wkqyuv ch v jvpbv mn Dc vcb Kiv n q Q GKB mv _ wewfbœ RvwZ Mvôxi Avš tm úk K Zz j aiv n q Q câg Aa v q ÔcvBbKv RvwZÕ I Zv `i cöavb agx q i Kwe ii cwiwpwzg~jk Av jvpbv w` q ïi n q Q Pv evmvb jv Z cvbbkv `i AvMg bi cö vcu wkqzuv Zz j aiv n q Q 10

20 lô Aa v q g~jz cvbbkv `i agx q i Kwei m úwk Z HwZnvwmK NUbv w` q ïi n q Q Kwei cöewz Z GB a g i wewfbœ wek vm I PP v m ú K wkqzuv aviyv `qvi Póv Kiv n q Q mßg Aa v q cvbbkv `i ag xq wek vm I PP vi cwiez bkxjzvi Dci Av jvkcvz Kiv n q Q welqwu K fv jv K i eys Z wm q evsjv ` k cvbbkv `i cöavb ag xq i Abyc `v mi GKwU mv vrkvi cövmw½kfv e Dc vcb Kiv n q Q cvbbkv mgv Ri cwiez bkxjzvi mvgvwrk, A_ bwzk, ivr bwzk I mvs wzk w`k Av jvwpz n q Q Aóg Aa vq Ry o i q Q cvbbkv `i GKwU cwiev ii wewfbœ cör b i cwiwpwz cwiez bkxj cvbbkv `i eys Z wm q GB cwiev ii Av_ -mvgvwrk iƒcvš i K Zz j aiv n q Q me k l Dcmsnv i cy iv M elyvwui GKwU mvi-ms c `qv n q Q 11

21 cö_g Aa vq HwZnvwmK cöw Z Pv, Pv wkí I Pv kªwgk nvq nvq nvq w`b P j hvq Pv ú nv PÂj PvZK `j `j Pj Pj n Gj Pxb MMb n Z c~e ceb mªv Z k vgj im ai cyä - iex `ªbv_ VvKzi Pv qi cöwz fvjevmvi wb`k b Kwe i iex `ªbv_ VvKyi Zvi GB KweZvi ga w` q K i Qb hlv b cövmw½kfv e Pv qi BwZnvm m ú K I wkqzuv aviyv cviqv hvq evsjv I Avmv g Pv evmvb vc bi ci h Rb Mvôx jv GB wk íi mv _ kªg wb qvm cöwµqvq hy³ nq Zv `i wb R `i K_v Kvb BwZnvmg~jK eb Z Zviv wj L iv L wb Zviv Zv `i wbr ^ ai b Zv `i Rxe bi bvbv K_v wjwceø K i i L Q bvbv ai bi m½x Zi gva g hvi wkqzuv ey bv GB MvbwU Z (Mv½yjx 1996) i q Q, Pj wgwb Avmvg hv ev ` k eo `ytl i Avmvg ` k hve wgwj q... ÒAvVviÕk kz Ki gvsvgvws mg q exif g, evkzov, SvoL Êi we Z AÂj GK Zxeª `ywf i fzi w` q AwZµg KiwQj (PµeZ x 1996) wvk H mg q Avmv g be vwcz Pv evmv b cö qvrb n q coj cöpzi msl K m v I vqx kªwg Ki... m` vi e j Kvg Kvg evey e j a i Avb mv ne e j jve wcwvi Pvg 12

22 Jcwb ewkk weªwuk fvi Z ZZw` b H AÂj jvi cövwš K RvwZmËv jvi kª gi mv _ gỳ ªv A_ bxwzi m úk N U M Q wkš Pv kªwgk wn m e A bk Jcwb ewkk AwfÁZvi gzb ( Nvl 2002) GKwU we klvwqz Drcv`b KvVv gv Z cö ek Ki jv hlv b Drcv`b-k Ljv ervq ivlvi Rb evisevi ZvwM`, wbiš i Z`viwK, fq _ K kvixwik wbhv Zbmn mg cš v cövwzôvwbkfv e ˆea wqj... ivg i hv`y ivg duvwk w`qv cvvvwj Avmvg cöhyw³mzfv e (M elyv, cix Y, e e vcbv) GwU AvaywbK cuywrevw` ˆewkó K cökvk Ki ji kªg wqj evav, wd i hvevi c_ iƒ Ges ^cœ f ½i m~pbv wb R K cözvwiz wn m e Avwe vi Kiv A_ev GKwU cözviyv hv GK`v GKwU mg ez ^ cœi Rb w` qwqj Ó GKwU HwZnvwmK-Jcwb ewkk cöwµqvq weªwuk fvi Zi bvbv cö `k _ K wewfbœ cövwš K RvwZmËv Awfevm bi ga w` q Pv evmv bi gz GKwU we kl kªg KvVv gvi mv _ hy³ nq kªg wewµi ai bi we epbvq Zviv Pv kªwgk wn m e cwiwpz Z e ïi _ K Zv `i Kzwj, c vb Ukb jevi, evmvbx cöf wz bv g WvKv nz Aek GB cwiwpwzi evb i mv cöwzk mg q RvwZMZ I mvs wzk wewfbœzv K cövqkb wewfbœ Î Avw`evmx wk ivbv g Aš f z³ Kiv nq c Mi Ilya _ K eš Avkª gi cvbxq ÔK v gwjqv wm bwmmõ GKwU Dw ` cörvwz hvi ïk bv cvzv _ K Zwi nq Pv bvgk RbwcÖq cvbxq (evsjvwcwwqv 2003) cvbxq wn m e Pv qi cöpjb K e _ K ïi nq Zv wb q h _ó gz f` i q Q Kv iv g Z Zv cuvp nvrvi eqi Av M _ KB wqj, Avevi Kv iv g Z Zv wlªóc~e 350 eqi Av M _ K Pxb ` k Gi Avw` cöpjb N U G e vcv i ewkifvm HwZnvwmK GK gz cvly K i Qb cöv_wgkfv e Ilya wn m e Gi cöpjb ïi n ji µ g µ g Zv GKwU RbwcÖq cvbxq Z cwiyz nq Pv qi DrcwË j m ú K ewkifvm cwêz Pxb K wpwýz Ki ji Gi wfbœ gzi cviqv hvq Ô ebjwbõ bvgk GK weªwuk cökvm Ki jlv ÔwU Bb Avmvg (1887)Õ bvgk MÖ š wzwb fvi Zi Avmvg K Pv qi Avw` e envikvix AÂj wn m e wpwýz K ib DrcwË j hvb nvk Pv qi MYe envi I Pv ms wz Pxb _ KB ïi nq cªv_wgkfv e Px b Gi e env ii m~îcvz Ilya wn m e N U c M _ K ïi K i wewfbœ cökvi Amy Li wpwkrmvi Rb Pv qi e envi nz Pxbv jvkkvwnbx Z cöpwjz Av Q mgªvu mb bvs (2737 wlª c~e ch š eu P wq jb) me cö_g Pv qi Yv Y I DÏxcbv kw³ Avwe vi K ib 350 wlª v ã ÔKÿ - cvõ iwpz GKwU Pxbv Awfav b Pv qi K_v D j L Av Q câg kzvãxi k li w` K Pv qi cöpjb GZB e o hvq h Zv GKwU e emvwqk c Y cwiyz nq ZrKvjxb Pxbv mikvi Pv Drcv`b I e emvi Dci Ki Av ivc K i g~jz G mgq _ KB GKwU Ilywa e _ K Pv cwiyz nq GKwU evwywr K c Y h Kvi Y 780 wlª v ãi Pxbv jlk Ôjÿ -q Õ wjwlz eb ÔPv-wPsÕ G Pv qi Yv Y ey bvi cvkvcvwk Px b Pv qi cªavb Drcv`b Î jv wpwýz Kivi PóvI j Kiv hvq 13

23 eš a g i cömv ii mv _ mv _ Pv Pxb _ K Rvcv b cušqvq Aóg kzvãx Z eš wf ziv Pv Rvcv b wb q Av mb eš wf ziv gw ` ii Avw½bv Ry o dzj, dj I Ilywa e i mv _ Pv MvQI ivcy Ki Zb K vwš `~i Kiv I ivm wbivg qi Rb Pv cvzvi im wb Riv cvb Ki Zv I wkl `ii w` Zb Gfv e wkl `i gv S Zv RbwcÖq nevi ci ^qs Rvcvb mgªvu Zv ` L gy» n q wbr evmv b Pv MvQ ivcy K ib Gici ax i ax i Pxb I Rvcv bi mxgvbv Q o Pv we k i wewfbœ ` k Qwo q c o Pxb-Rvcvb hy I wms dv `i Pv qi K_v Pxb-Rvcvb _ K Pv qi cªpjb BD iv c cušqvq 1610 mv j WvP `i gva g mviv BD iv c Pv qi cöpjb evo Z _vk ji mieivnkvix wn m e PxbB wqj mevi Dc i Dcwb ek we v ii mv _ mv _ Dcwb ek jv Z Pv qii cöpjb ïi nq g½jiv Pxb _ K mvb ewiqv n q ga Gwkqv Z Pv wb q Av m µ g Pv qi we vi NU Z _v K GK gnv `k _ K Ab gnv ` k mviyx - 1. we k i wewfbœ ` k Pv qi cöpjb `k Avie weª Ub czz MxR ivwkqv d«vý ga Av gwikv c~e BD ivc fviz mb Z_ m~î: ^cb wek vm, Qvqv e i Aš iv j (2004) 850 wlªóvã 1598 wlªóvã 1600 wlªóvã 1618 wlªóvã 1608 wlªóvã mß`k kzvãxi gvsvgvws 1650 wlªóv ãi c i 1839 wlªóvã cövwzôvwbkfv e I evwywr KwfwË Z Pv Drcv` bi GB Av qvr bi evb ii fvize l i Avmv g wms dv bvgk GKwU Avw`evmx Mvôx ^-D ` v M Pv qi Avev` Ki Zv e j Rvbv hvq 1823 mv j GK weªwuk cökvmk e emvi D Ï k Avmv gi RvinvU Ges MoMvu q hvb Ges mlv b wms dv bvgk GK Avw`evmx Mvôxi cöav bi gva g ey bv Pv qi müvb cvb Aek GiI Av M 1815 mv j K b j juvi bvgk GK weªwuk cökvmk Avmvg welqk GK cöwz e` b mlvbkvi wms dv RvwZ Mvôxi g a Pv cv bi Af v mi K_v D j L K ib 1782 mv j fvize l cövwzôvwbkfv e Pv qi Avev` ïi Kivi cöv_wgk c` c bb B BwÛqv Kv úvwbi K v Þb jwkw KvjKvZvi wkecyi evuvwbk vj Mv W b Pxb _ K exr G b wzwb mlv b ecb K ib 1788 mv j Rv md e vsk fvi Z Pv Pv li e vcv i Kvh Kix D ` vm bb ciezx Z 1834 mv j fvi Zi ZrKvjxb MfY i Rbv ij m vi DBwjqvg ew Us fvi Z Pv Pvl I evwy R i wewfbœ w`k LwZ q `Lvi Rb GKwU KwgwU MVb K ib, hv i qj Kwgkb bv g cwiwpwz jvf K i GB KwgwUi m`m iv wq jb 7 Rb AmvgwiK Kg KZ v, KvjKvZvi 3 Rb ewyk, 2 Rb bwuf 14

24 f`ª jvk, KvjKvZv evuvwbk vj Mv W bi Wv. Iqvwjm Ges Gi m µuvwi wbhy³ nb RR Rgm MiWb GB KwgwU Pxb _ K Pv qi Pviv, exr Ges KvwiMi Avbvi e e v K i GB KwgwU Z fvize l i cö_g w` Ki cyuwrcwz ØviKvbv_ VvKzi I gwzjvj kxj Aš fy ³ nb (wek vm 2003, fævpvh, mb 1998, Nvl 2004) me wkqy wb q Avmvi ci fvi Zi Kzgvqyb I bxjwmwi ce Z G jvi Pvl n Z _v K wkš Px bi cöwµqvrvz Pv qi wecyj mieiv ni Kvi Y 1832 mvj ch š GB D ` v Mi Kvbiƒc DbœwZ nq wb WvP I weªwukiv ZLb ch š Pxb _ K Avg`vwb Kiv Pv BD iv ci evrv i G b wewµ KiZ wkš mgm vuv ïi nq Pxb-Rvcvb hy i mgq hy i Kvi Y Pv qi evwyr c_ eü n q hvq BD iv ci evrv i e vck Pv qi msku `Lv `q GB msk Ui djvdj wn m e weªwuk mikvi Pv qi wekí Drm LuyR Z wm qb fvize l i Avmvg K wbe vpb K i Pv qi m ve Drcv`b Î wn m e KvjKvZv evuvwbk vj Mv W b cix vg~jk fv e Drcvw`Z Pv MvQ w` q PÆMÖv g GKwU Pv evmvb vcb Kiv nq 1854 mv j wm j Ui gvwjbxqovq Pv qi evwywr K Avev` me cö_g ïi nq, hv 1860 mv ji g a jvjpuv` I gvwu smv ch š we Z nq 1955 mv j wm j Ui Pvù Lvwj Z Avmv gi vbxq Pv KviLvbv vwcz nq 1838 mv ji gvp gv m 12 ev Avmvg Pv jûb cvvv bv nq hv wepvikgûjx Øviv cix v Kiv bv QvovI Pv e emvqx, eªvkvi, wewfbœ e w³, K c v ikb I ˆeÁvwbK `ß i cvvv bv nq gzvgz cvevi Rb Gi djvdji Av m PgrKvi GB NUbvi cicib wek evrv i Pxbv Pv qi cvkvcvwk Avmvg Pv qi Avwef ve N U Gwkqvi wewfbœ As k, BD iv c, Avwd«Kvq, Av gwikvq I A óªwjqvq GB exr w` q Pv Drcv`b ïi nq Pv qi BwZnv m K v gwjqv mvb bbwm mi mv _ hy³ n jv AviI GKwU bvg K v gwjqv AvmvwgKv GBfv e fvize l i Pv wek Ry o we Z nq (wek vm 2004) mviyx - 2. Avmv g Pv qi Drcv`b e w i nvi mb Drcv`b (j cvdû) Z_ myî: ^cb wek vm, Qvqv e i Aš iv j (2004) cö`ë Z_ _ K Avgiv `L Z cvb Avmv g Pv qi Drcv`b e w i nvi Dwbk kz Ki cö_g w` K G m e vck nv i e w cvq hv GKB mv _ Pv evmvb I Pv kªwgk `i e w i nvi K wb ` k Ki Q eª m fvz Øq K fvi Zi Pv qi Avwe vik I Pv Pv li RbK ejv n q _v K wkš Pv Pv li GB cövwzôvwbk Av qvrb I ^xk wzi Î Avmv gi wms dv Rb Mvôx KZ K HwZn MZfv e Pv Pv li NUbv i q hvq Aš iv jb 15

25 GK ch v q GB Drcv`b e w c Z _v K, hv wek evrv i Pxbv Pv qi cöwz wbf ikxjzv n«vm K i Dcwb e ki GB `~` vš e envi weª Ub K wek evrv i Pv ißvwb Z GK QÎ AvwacZ we v i mnvqzv K i wek ivrbxwz Z weª U bi g ovwjcbvi Î Pv qi Dci wbqš Y bv _vkv GKwU A ^w Ki welq wq jv ax i ax i GB wbqš Y cöwzôv weª Ub K wek ivrbxwz I A_ bxwz Z GKK wbqš Y Avb Z mnvqzv K i (fævpvh 1998) mviyx - 3. wek evrv i fviz I Px bi Pv hvmv bi nvi mb Pxb fviz % 4% % 38% % 59% Z_ m~î: ^cb wek vm, Qvqv e i Aš iv j (2004) weª U bi Ab Zg jvfrbk Dcwb ek fvize l Pv qi GB Drcv`b K B BwÛqv Kv úvwbi Ab Zg mvdj wn m e aiv n q _v K GB mvdj B BwÛqv Kv úvwbi Rb h _ó BwZevPK n ji fvize l i GKwU wecyj Rb Mvôxi Rb Zv AkÖ, eâbv, i³cvz I wbcxo bi BwZnv mi Ask n q `uvovq mb BwZnvm Pv Pv li mv _ hy³ kªwgk `i Rxebhvc bi HwZnvwmK iƒcvš ii mv _I hy³ iv óªi fz i ivóª Pv Drcv`b, e Ub I gvwjkvbv evsjv ` ki Pv evmvb jvi GKwU Ab Zg cöavb ˆewkó n Q Gi Drcv`b cöwµqv hv AvaywbK wkí Drcv`b cöwµqv _ K úózb wfbœzi grvi e vcvi n Q cöwzôvkvj _ K GL bv ch š ewkifvm evmvb K ejv n Q G U ( hgb: wdb j wu G U, WvbKvb wu G U) ga hy M Bsj v Ûi KvD U `i gvwjkvbvaxb G U (Estate) jvi Av` j ˆZwi niqv GB ÔPv mvgªvr Õ jvi gvwjkvbv e e v GL bv ch š Avw` Av` jb AUzU Av Q Pv qi Drcv`b cöwµqvi ewkifvm KvR evmv bb mgvß nq kªgwefvrb Abyhvqx KvR fvm Kiv _v K evmvb KZ c i wb ` k Abyhvqx kªwgkiv Zv G K G K m úv`b K i cy iv Kv Ri cöavb wbqš K _v Kb g v brvi, Zv K mn hvwmzv Kivi Rb evmv bi AvqZb Abyhvqx K qkrb mnkvwi g v brvi _v K, Avi _v K wujv evey, jvbb PŠwK`vi, d v±ix m` vi, Awdm Kivwb ev Kivwb evey, mve vd ( Wªmvi, m` vi WvK wcqb) kªwgk `i K wbqš YKvix GB e w³iv G KKRb 2 _ K 5 Rb ch š PvKi ivlvi AwaKvi iv Lb wkš ewkifvm Î Zvi P q ewk PvKi ivlvi NUbv N U 16

26 Pv Pv li Rb f~wg wbe vpb ebf~wg _ K Pv evmvb Pv Pv li Rb ewkifvm Î cve Z ebf~wg ewk cwigv Y e eüz nq fvize l weªwuk Dcwb ek vc bi c~ e cve Z I ebf~wg Pv li Î LvRbv bqv nz bv GZ` ji f~wg e e vcbvi BwZnvm chv jvpbv K i gbymswnzv _ K weªwuk kvm bi ïi i w` K ˆZwi Kiv Ô` e½j ww mwbqvj m v Uj g U i jkb 1793Õ G Gm ú K cöpzi cögvy i q Q wgwj ` cvb nv Z D j L Av Q h, ÔR½j K U h gvbylwu Avev` K i, jv K e j RwgUv ZviB Õ R½jevwo Avev`Kvix Zvj yk, cwzzvev`x gnj, nvijv cöf wz bv g cöpwjz GB Rwg jvi gyl D Ïk wqj Rwgi Avev` e w K i ivr ^ Avq e w Kiv (Bmjvg 1999) weªwuk Dcwb ek vc bi wkqz Kvj c ib GB wbqg cv ë d j h bqv f~wgbxwz NvlYv Kiv nq Zv Pv Pv li Rwg msmö ni Rb mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb K i m ZiÕk cuqlwæ mv j evsjv, wenvi I Dwol vi `Iqvbx jv fi cicib 1793 mv ji 22B gvp MfY i Rbv ij K b viqvwjm wpi vqx e `ve bvgk GK bqv f~wgbxwz NvlYv K ib wpi vqx e `ve c~e f~wgbxwzi gšwjk ˆewkó wn m e Rwgi Dci K `ªxq mikv ii wbqš YnxbZv cv ë d j bzzb Rwg`vi `i gva g mivmwi wbqš Y vc bi cö Póv bqv nq GB cö Póv evsjvi f~wg e e vcbvi Dci `xn gqv`x cöfve ˆZwi K i hvi Ab Zg cªfve wn m e Rwg Z e w³mz gvwjkvbvi DrcwË, cövk wzk `y h vm ev Ab Kvb mgm vq LvRbvi iqvz bv cviqv, ejc~e K LvRbv Av`vq I jv LivR m úwë K e w³ gvwjkvbvq vbvš i nevi K_v ejv hvq Pv- Ki `i Rb GB e e vi Av ikwu BwZevPK w`k wq jv jv LivR m úwë jv Zv `i `L j wb q Avmv (Bmjvg 2003) gvmj Avg j GB jv LivR f~wg jv wq jv gw `i, gmwr`, ˆeòe AvLov, g³e, `imvn I wewfbœ Avw`evmx Mvôxi Avevmf~wg cvnvo I ebf~wgmg~n GB mvgvwrk cöwzôvbmg~n K Gi Av M ivóª KZ K c ô cvlkzv Ki Zv ejv hvq wkš weªwuk f~wgbxwz Z GB mvgvwrk cöwzôvbmg~n K ejc~e K `Lj K i evwywr K Îmg~ ni Kv Q n vš i Kiv nq Aek weªwuk Jcwb ewkk `i Rb GUvB wqj ^vfvwek, Kbbv A_ bwzk we epbvi evb ii ivr bwzk we epbv _ K weªwuk fvi Zi ewkifvm gvbyl K Jcwb ewkk kvmb KvVv gvq wb q Avmvi avivevwnk cöwµqvi Ask wn m e GB mg f~wgi Awaevmx `i K Jcwb ewkk kvm bi cöz ZË veav b wb q Avmv m e nq GB RvqMvq G m Dcwb e ki A_ bwzk bxwz, f~wg I ivr bwzk bxwz GKvKvi n q hvq Ges G K Ac ii cwic~ik wn m e f~wgkv cvjb K i h Kvi Y Pv Pv li f~wg AwaMÖn Yi Î `qv nq bwriwenxb my hvm 17

27 cv ë hviqv Avmvg Pv evmvb vc bi Av M wkívq bi w`k _ K Avmvg wq jv ek cðv`c` GjvKv lvok _ K Aóv`k kz Ki w` K Avmvg K Avgiv cvb R½jvKxY I hvmv hvm e e vq Pig AbybœZ GKwU AÂj wn m e Pv evmvb vc bi c i Aóv`k kz Ki k li w` K I Ewbk kz Ki cö_g w` K G m mb Avmvg n q hvq hvmv hvm e e vq DbœZ GKwU AÂj Pv qi Avev` cv ë `q cy iv GKwU cö ` ki AeKvVv gvmz Pnviv nvvr K i cv ë hviqv GB Avmv gi bzzb wpî wbg v Yi cöavb KvwiMi gv UI Avmv gi vbxq Awaevmxiv wqj bv eis c~ e GLv b wkqy eqb wk íi cöpjb _vk ji weª U bi K ji Kvc oi Zv c Zv wkqyw` bi g a B aÿsm n q hvq ijc_ jv wqj KvjKvZv Kw `ªK Ges iv v jv wqj gvwui ˆZwi hv el vkv j PjvP ji Abychy³ n q co Zv ( gvj v 1981) GLvbKvi cve Z AÂj I ebf~wg Z vbxq wms dv Avw`evmx `i emevm wqj d j GB AÂ j weªwuk mikv ii ivr ^ msmö ni nvi wqj LyeB Kg mgmö fvize l i f~wg wpi vqx e `ve I ivqzvwj e e vi Aš fy ³ _vk ji A bk RvqMvq Zv KvM R Kj gb mxgve wqj Avmvg wqj mikgb GKwU AÂj cve Z I ebvâ ji Awaevmx `i KvQ _ K ivr ^ msmö ni cövwzôvwbk KvVv gv GB AÂ j kw³kvjx wqj bv Pv- Ki `i gva g GB AÂ j Pv evmvb vcb K i GB AÂj K ivr ^ e e vi Aš fy ³ KivUv Dcwb e ki Rb jvfrbk wqj GKw` K ewnwe k Pv qi wecyj Pvwn`v wgwu q iv óªi gzvi cwiwa I AvIZv e w i GB PgrKvi e `ve Pv evmvb vc bi gva gb m e nq h Kvi Y Jcwb ewkk mikvi Pv evmvb vc bi Î me vz K mn hvwmzv K i evmvb GjvKvq kªwgk mieivn I Pv ißvwbi myweav _ e½j iji q K Mvqvj ` _ K we Z K i wm ju Avmvg ch š ewa Z Kiv nq fvize l i Drcv`b e e vq mpjzv e w i Ab Zg cöfvek wn m e h iji q K ejv nq Zvi we wz NUv bvi cq b KuvPvgvj ißvwbb h wba vik wqj Zv GB NUbv _ K evsv hvq Puv`cyi _ K cvu I avb ißvwbi Kvi Y Zv Mvqvj ` ch š vcb Kiv n qwqj Ges `xn w`b GLv bb AvU K wqj Avmv g hlb Pv evmvb vcb Kiv nj ZLbB Zv Avmvg ch š we Z n q Avmvg- e½j iji q Z cwiyz nj Pv qi Drcv`b e w i mv _ mv _ AÂj wn m e Avmv gi i Z I evo Z _v K GKchv q Avmvg K evsjvi mv _ hy³ K i Avjv`v cö `k ˆZwii PóvI (1905) P j GB cö `k MV bi mv _ e½f ½i gz ivr bwzk cö vcu hy³ nevi Kvi Y Zv ewk `~i vqx nq wb e½f ½i cq b weªwuk `i A bk we epbvi g a Avmv gi bzzb K i i Z c~y n q DVvI GKwU welq wqj Zv ejv hvq ^í vqx GB mgqkv jb Avmv gi iv vnv Ui e vck DbœwZ Kiv nq, hv Z mn R evwyr Kiv hvq Dc iv³ Av jvpbvi cö vc U GUv úófv e evsv hv Q Jcwb ewkk mikvi Pv Pv li myweavi Rb KZ ai bi myweav w` qwq jv ïay Rwgi ÎB bq Pv evmv bi kªwgk Avg`vwbi mgq i ji wu KU n«vmk Z g~ j `evi NUbvi K_vI Rvbv hvq Jcwb ewkk mikv ii mg myweav K Kv R jvwm q wm ju-avmv gi Pv evmvb jv ax i ax i fvize l i cöavb Pv Drcv`bKvix AÂ j cwiyz nq ( gvj v 1981) 18

28 mviyx mv ji wn me Abyhvqx ZrKvjxb fvize l i wewfbœ iv R i Ges evg vi Pv Drcv`b cö ` ki bvg Pv Drcv`b (cvdû) 1. evsjv 14,412, gv`ªvr 5,645, DËi cö `k 2,045, cväve 1,419, KvwPb 14,323, evg v 24,7000 gvu = 38,091,000 Z_ m~î: MKU Molla, The new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, Page-92, IBS, Rajshahi weªwuk Jcwb ewkk iv óªi m cömviy Pv-Ki `i Kv Q GB f~wg jvi gvwjkvbv Q o `qv A_ bwzk I ivr bwzk `yb we epbv ZB jvfrbk wqj A_ bwzkfv e Zv jvfrbk wqj, KviY wekvj GKwU f~-lû K LvRbvi AvIZvq G b B BwÛqv Kv úvwbi ivr ^ e w cj eû Y ivr bwzk RvqMv _ K GB mg wk í wb qvwrz wekvj GK Rb Mvôx K iv óªi AvIZvq wb q Avmv Jcwb ewkk ` wó KvY _ K A bk ewk ^w Ki wqj SvoL Êi Avw`evmx `i g a weªwuk Jcwb ekkvjxb mg q cyuwrev` we v ii ms ú k G m Avw`evmx mgv Ri wbr ^ mvgvwrk eüb AvjMv n q GK mgq we iv ai cöeyzv ˆZwi n Z _v K hv ciez x Z RvwZ m PZbZvi AvKv i we `ªv ni AvKv i `vbv euva Z _v K (webqf~ly PŠayix 1998) ïaygvî fvizel bq mviv wek Ry o Jcwb ewkk kvm bi wei me cö_g we `ªvn K i Avw`evmxiv GB we `ªvn jv `g bi Rb Jcwb ewkk kvmk `i A bk KvVLo cvov Z n q Q (Av iwdb 2005) GB we `ªvn wbqš Yi mnr I Kvh Kix Dcvq wn m e Zv `i K Pv evmv bi mykwvb e e vcbvq wb q Avmv Jcwb ewkk kvmk `i Rb ivr bwzk fv e LyeB mỳ ~icömvix I Kvh Kix c` c wn m e we ewpz nq Avi evwywr K Drcv`b e e vcbvi mv _ AcwiwPZ _vkvi Kvi Y GB kªwgk `i w` q Pv-Kiiv LyeB ^í grywi Z KvR Av`vq K i wb Z mg_ nq hv GB jvfrbklv Zi AwaK gybvdv wbwðz K i cve Z PÆMÖv gi ÎI Avgiv `L Z cvb, mlv b Pv evmvb vc bi cicib mlvbkvi cökvmwbk KvVv gv AviI kw³kvjx Kiv nq ZuvZ-gmwjb _ K bxj-pv weª U bi wkívq bi Ab Zg im``vzv wn m e fvize l i A_ bxwz K bzzbiƒ c X j mvrv bv nq GB bzzbiƒ ci Avek Kxq kz wq jv GLvbKvi mbvzbx wkí jv K aÿsm Kiv Kbbv vbxq wk íi aÿsm mvab Qvov weª U bi wk íi m wókxjzvi wekvk m eci wqj bv cyuwrev`x A_ bwzk e e vi wekv k mvgªvr ev `i i G m wek A_ bxwzi GB iƒcvš i fvize l i cövk wzk m ú` I gvby li kªg weªwuk wkí wec ei KuvPvgv j cwiyz nq Avi Ab w` K fvize l i wkícy mg~n weª U bi evrv i cö e ki Î biqv nq msi YbxwZ GKw` K weªwuk wkí KviLvbvi m v Kvc oi Aeva cöevn, Ab w` K ewn we k i evrv ii GB msi Y bxwz vbxq wkí jv K G Kev i wejywßi w` K V j `q hvi R jš D`vniY wn m e XvKvB 19

29 gmwj bi Drcv`b I ißvwb eü niqvi K_v ejv hvq 1817 mv j Zv G Kev i eü n q AZxZ BwZnv mi `xn k vm I M elk `i M elyvi Dcv`v b cwiyz nq (Kwig 1990) Gi e` j h K wlwfwëk wkí jv vwcz nq Zvi Ab Zg ˆewkó wqj ejc~e K kªg Av`vq, wbgœ grywi cö`vb I kvixwik wbh vzb d j G ikg ˆewkó wb q GB wkí jv ewkw`b UKv bv m eci n jv bv Avi Gi cöwzwµqv wn m e 1780 _ K 1800 mvj ch š wu K _vkv ikg Pvlx `i Av `vjb, 1780 _ K 1804 mv ji Avwdg Pvlx `i Av `vjb, 1859 mvj _ K ïi niqv bxj we `ªvn cöf wz msmwvz n Z _v K (Bmjvg 2003) d j B BwÛqv Kv úvwb Pv Pv li Î A bk ewk cix v-wbix v K i Zvic i GB wk í nvz `q gvwk b hy³iv óª `vm e emv wbwl nevi Kvi Y GLv Z wb qvwrz cuywri GKwU eo Ask Avm Z jvm jv Pv Pv l wewb qv Mi Rb Aveªvnvg wjskb Av gwikvi cöwm W U wbe vwpz nevi ci m ` k `vm e emv wb q M nhy ïi nq gyl _ye o c i `vm e emv Ges 1865 mv j mb e emv D VB hvq D V hviqv mb e emvi cuywrcwziv m ve wecyj gybvdvi Avkvq fvize l i Pv Pv l wewb qvm K i (fævpvh 1998) Pv kªwgk `i cöwz GB gvwjk `i AvPi Yi g a I `vm gvwjk `i g Zv cöeyzv dz U D V ivrv hvq ivrv Av m evsjv ` ki Pv wk íi Ab Zg ˆewkó n Q Gi gvwjkvbvi aiy cöwzôvkvj _ KB mvzwu Kv úvwb GB Pv qi e emv K wbqš Y Ki Zv GÛªy B qj Kv úvbx, evw GÛ Kv úvwb, em- Wvbmc GÛ Kv úvwb, kiqv jm GÛ Kv úvwb, WvbKvb eªv`vm Ges A Uvwfqvm w j GÛ Kv úvwb cöf wz Kv úvwb jv Pv qi 61% e emv wbqš Y Ki Zv Pv Avg`vwbi g a 80% Pv Avg`vwb Ki Zv hy³ivr I evwk Pv Avg`vwb Ki Zv gvwk b hy³ivóª, ivwkqv I KvbvWv Pv evmvb vc bi cövq 90 eqi ci 1947 mv j ivóªxq wefvr bi mv _ mv _ Pv evmvb jvi fvm n q hvq evsjv ` ki fv M c o me gvu 750 GKi Rwgi 130wU Pv evmvb, hvi evwl K Drcv`b wqj 18.8 wgwjqb KwR (Lvb 1998) ez gvb mg qi GB Kv úvwb jvi cövavb B we` gvb, GKB fšmwjk AÂj (evsjv) cvjvµ g wzbwu iv óªi wbqš Y (weªwuk fviz, cvwk vb I evsjv `k) _vk ji Pv evmvb Ges Pv kªwgk `i Dc i wbqš Y cöwzôvkvjxb weªwuk Kv úvwb jvi nv ZB _ K M Q cö_g wek hy i mgq Avš R vwzk evrv i Pv qi `vg e o hviqvq G A j Pv evmv bi msl vi e w cvq d j evmvb gvwjkivi AwaK msl K kªwgk wb qvm `evi Póv K i 1930 Gi gnvg `vi mgq Pv qi Pvwn`v K g hvevi Kvi Y Pv qi `vgi n«vm cvq d j Pv evmvb jvi mv _ Pv kªwgkivi msk Ui gy L c o 1930 mv j GKwU Avš R vwzk wbqg K i Pv qi Drcv`b n«vm Kiv nq Z e wøzxq wek hy i mgq Pv qi `vg AveviI e o hviqvq GB A ji Pv wkí Zvi msku A bkuv KvwU q D V cy iv cvwk vb kvmbvg j Pv qi Drcv` bi Î Zgb Kvb cwiez b N U wb Z e `yb A ji Ab vb ˆel g i g Zv ZrKvjxb c~e I cwðg cvwk v bi g a Pv fv Mi Î ˆelg ˆZwi nq cwðg cvwk v b gv_vwcqy Pv mieivn wqj hlv b 0.92 cvdû mlv b c~e cvwk v b Zv wqj 0.23 cvdû (evivbf 1996) Pv mieiv ni GB ˆel gi cvkvcvwk Pv kªwgk `i wbqš YKvix evmvb cwipvjbv KZ c _ K kªwgk `i 20

30 mmgq m ` ni Pv L `Lv n Zv fvizxq es kv yz kªwgk `i Dc i Av_ -mvgvwrk wbcxo bi cvkvcvwk RvwZMZ wbcxo bi NUbvI NU Z _v K 1971 mv ji ^vaxbzv hy i gva g bzzb ivóª evsjv `k m wó nevi ci Pv wkí gvivz K msk Ui m ylxb nq `xn bq gv mi hy A bk evmvb cwiz ³ n q c o cvwk vbx Kg KZ v Kg Pvixiv P j hviqv Z evmvb jv cwipvjbv Kivi Rb ` Rbkw³i msku ˆZwi nq cy iv cvwk vb Avg j Pv ißvwbi cöavb Î cwðg cvwk v b Pv ißvwb eü n q hvq GQvov wek Pv evrv i evsjv ` ki Pv Gi ißvwb evwyr Avš R vwzk ivrbxwzi wkkvi nq (Lvb 1998) GB mgqkv j Pv evmvb jv Z bzzb K i kªwgk wb qvm eü n q hvq d j cöpzi kªwgk ZLb wekí Kv Ri müv b evmv bi evb i P j Av m Av M hlv b evmv bi evb i G m KvR Kiv wqj kvw hvm Aciva mlv b evmv bi evb i wm q KvR Kivi e vcv i evmvb gvwjkiv bxie f~wgkv cvjb K i ejv n q _v K Ô71 ciez x mg q kªwgkiv `kxq I Avš R vwzk ivr bwzk Ges A_ bwzk Ae vi cöfv e evmvb K `ªxK Rxebhvcb _ K ewi q Av m ez gvb mg q G m Pv evmvb jvi Av_ -mvgvwrk weizv f ½ h MwZkxjZv m wó niqvi K_v ejv nq Zvi GKwU eo KviY kªwgk `i evmv bi MwÊ Q o evmvb ewnf~ Z e nëi mgv Ri mv _ m úk ˆZwi niqv 1976 mv ji w` K evsjv ` k Pv Zvi msku KvwU q D V ez gv b evsjv ` ki Pv Drcv`b I evwyr wbqš Y K i evsjv `k wu wjwg UW, GBPAviwm wmwû KU wjwg UW, Rgm wdb j wjwg UW, wjfvi eªv`vm evsjv `k wjwg UW, kiqv jm (evsjv `k) wjwg UW, b vkbvj wu Kv úvbx wjwg UW, GgGg B úvnvbx wjwg UW (wu evw 2004) Z e Drcv` bi aib hvb nvkbv Kb Pv qi evrvirvzkib ev e Ub cöwµqv cy iv` yi evrvi A_ bxwzi mv _ mvgäm c~y 21

31 evsjv A ji gryi kªyx I Pv Pv li Rb kªwgk wbev Pb c~e evsjvi gryi kªyx c~e evsjvq wpi vqx e `ve e e v cöpj bi d j bzzb Rwg`vi kªyxi cvkvcvwk f~wgnxb gryi kªyxii D e N U m ` ji (1996) Av jvpbvq Avgiv `L Z cvb myjzvwb I gvmj Avg j evsjv A j gryi kªyx m ú K Zgb Kvb Z_ cviqv bv hviqvq GUv aviyv Kiv hvq h, m mg q gryi kªyx ej Z Kvb e nr kªyxi Aw Z wqj bv Kbbv hv `i gryi nevi m vebv wq jv A_ vr Ôf~wgnxb K lkõ Zviv gvqaiv, ZuvZ evbv cöf wz ckvi mv _ hy³ n q h Zv evsjvi ZuvZ wk íi aÿsm, bzzb Rwg`vi kªyx KZ K LvRbv e w, wewfbœ cövk wzk `y h v M wbt ^ nevi ci Rwg`vi `i KvQ _ K Kvb ai bi mvnvh bv cviqv cöf wz Kvi Y Zviv gryi n Z eva nq wpi vqx e `ve i ci GB gryi `i cwigvy e w i cögvy cviqv hvq 1888 mv ji Wvdwib KwgwUi wi cv U hlv b `Lv bv n q Q cy iv MÖvgxY evwm `v `i cövq 26% ckv wn m e mivmwi gryiwmwi Ges 13% RxweKvi Î Kvb bv Kvbfv e grywiwmwii mnvqk Av qi Dci wbf i Ki Zv GB wn m e cövq 1 KvwU 30 j MÖvgxY gvby li Rb kªg grywi wqj Rxebavi Yi m ú~y ev AvswkK Dcvq kx Zi mgq KvR K i em š evwo div wkš Avðh e vcvi n Q GB wecyj msl K gryi K wkš Pv wk í wb qvm `qv n jv bv gryi Avbv nj mỳ ~i Dwol v, SvoLÊ, ga I DËicÖ `k, exif~g-evkzov _ K hv AvcvZ A _ Avðh g b n ji Jcwb ewkk weªwuk kvmk `i ivr bwzk KŠk ji we epbvq LyeB djcöm~ Dcvq wn m e cögvwyz n q Q Pv Pv li Rb evsjv A ji evb i _ K kªwgk Avg`vwb m e nevi cq b Aek wfbœ KviYI wqj mb KviY n Q Avg`vwbK Z A ji mxgvnxb `wi`ªzv evsjv A ji gz Dwol v, DËi cö `k, SvoLÊ, exif~g-evkzov A ji GKB cöwµqvq gryi kªyxi D e N U GB gryiiv Zv `i `vwi`ª _ K gyw³i Rb A c vk Z Drcv`bkxj AÂj jv Z gry ii KvR Kivi Rb Avm Zv (we kl K i evsjvi DËi-cwð gi) Z e GB AvMg bi m~pbv nq Dwbk kz Ki gvsvgvws mg q fvi Zi wewfbœ AÂj _ K KuvPvgvj mieivn I ˆZwi cy mieiv ni cö qvr b h ijc_ wbwg Z nq Zv gryi `i kªg MwZkxjZv e w K i (gvk m-1887, Ûvj-1993) GB myweav K Kv R jvwm q gryiiv wenvi, Dwol v I DËi cö `k _ K kxzkv j Rwg Z KvR Kivi Rb Avm Zv kxzkvjuv KvR K i em š i k l ev MÖx i ïi Z ` k wd i h Zv GQvov mmgq PÆMÖvg, Lyjbv, bvivqymä, KvjKvZv cöf wz A j cöwzwôz cvukj, Kqjv I 22

32 jšn wkí jv Z wbqwgzfv e kªwgk wn m e Zviv Avm Zv bxj Pv li Î cwðge ½i wewfbœ Rjv _ K köwgk Avbv n Zv bxjkiiv G `i K Ôey bvõ kªwgk bv g WvK Zv Zv `i A b Ki cwievimn bxj Pv li GjvKv jv Z ^cwiev i Ae v bi NUbvI Rvbv hvq Z e bxj Pv li cö qvr bi PvB Z kªwgk `i e w³mz cö qvr bb Zv `i AvMgb NU Zv ewk GQvov evsjvi G A j ij jvbb wbg v Yi mgq wenvi _ K A bk kªwg Ki AvMgb N U, hviv ^cwiev i G m DËie ½i wewfbœ A j vqxfv e _ K hvq Pv kªwgk wb qv Mi ivr bwzk A_ bxwz Pv evmvb vc bi cöv_wgk mgqkv j vbxq gryi `i K kªwgk wn m e wb qvm `qv n qwqj wkš vqx kªwgk wb qvm `evi Î weªwukiv mivmwi ivr bwzk bxwz MÖnY K i c~ e cöwzwôz K wlwfwëk wkí jv Z µgvmz we `ªv ni Kvi YB h GB bxwz MÖnY K i Zvi wkwâr cö vcu Av MB ey bv Kiv n q Q Z e GB wk í kªwgk wb qvm `evi Î mivmwi ivr bwzk bxwz MÖnY Kivi cq b Gi Drcv`b cöwµqvi m úk i q Q Kbbv GB wk íi Drcv`b cöwµqvi Kvi Y kªwgk `i K vqxfv e Drcv`b A j Ae vb Ki Z nq Pv Drcv` bi GKwU dm ji gšmy g evi cvzv D Ëvjb Ki Z nq cvzv msmön, cö mwms, ivwjs, MuvRb, ïkv bv, mukv, gvb Abyhvqx c _KxKiY I c vwks cöf wz KvR chv qµ g m úv`b Ki Z nq cöwzwu kªwgk cwiev ii wewfbœ eq mi m`m `i G KKwU Kg x BDwbU wn m e KvR Ki Z nq (gvbœvb 1977) d j evmvb gvwjkc _ KB cwievimn (Kg x BDwbU) kªwgk `i K evmv b vqxfv e wb q Avmvi D ` vm bqv nq wkš h mgquv Z Pv evmvb jv ewk cwigv Y vwcz nw Qj ( mvj) m mgqkv jb G K G K mvuizvj cimyvi K lk we `ªvn (1855), bxj we `ªvn ( ), ZzlLvjx K lk Av `vjb ( ), cvebv K lk we `ªvn (1873), gqgbwms ni cvmjcš x `i ( ) we `ªv ni ci Avev iv msmwvz niqv K lk we `ªvn ( ), gyýxm Äi K lk we `ªvn ( ), g n `xm Äi K lk we `ªvn ( ) (Bmjvg 2002) cöf wz we `ªvn jv NU Z _v K Gi djvdj wn m e weªwuk mikvi 1885 mv j cörv ^Ë AvBb ˆZwi Ki Z eva nq hv evsjv A ji K lk `i K Rwgi Dci wkqyuv AwaKvi cvevi Î f~wgkv iv L d j evsjv AÂj _ K vqx kªwgk bqv me we epbv ZB wec`rbk I mgm veûj wqj Gi evb ii Pv evmv bi Rb wbav wiz ebf~wg I Zvi Avkcv k emevmiz wewfbœ z`ª RvwZmËvi (cvî, gwbcywi, Lvwmqv) m`m iv Pv evmv b KvR Kivi e vcv i Abxnv cökvk K i (PµeZ x 2002) h Kvi Y GwkqvwUK mvmvbwui mb cö`k bxi m~î a i exif~g-evkzov, SvoLÊ, KUK, hy³cö `k Ges AÜ«cÖ `k A j Pv-KiÕiv kªwgk msmª ni Rb bv g GB Kv R ZË veavqk wn m e ivóª mivmwi mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb K i vbxqfv e kªwgk wpwýzkiy, msmön I Avmv g cöi Yi `vwqz `qv nq ÔAvoKvwV `iõ (Pv kªwgk msmö ni Rb wb qvwrz `vjvj) Zviv BwZg a evsjv A j gšmygx kªwgk wn m e hvzvqvzkvix wewfbœ RvwZ Mvôx jv _ K kªwgk msmö ni `vwqz cövß nq AvoKvwViv Zv `i K Avmv gi Pv evmvb jv Z KvR Kivi Rb Avnevb Rvbvq AvoKvwV `i bvbv cö jvfbc~y Avnev b mvov w` q A b K Pv evmv b P j Av m Kv Ri Avkvq 23

33 kªwg K iƒcvš ii cöwµqv I cöwzwµqv AvoKvwV `i gva g kªwgk msmª ni GB NUbvi cöwzwµqv ZrKvjxb wewfbœ mvwn Z i g a cviqv hvq W. myü` Kzgvi fšwg Ki (1996) msmön Kiv wkqy muvizvwj KweZvq Zvi wkqy wb`k b cviqv hvq (Mv½yjx 1996) ÒPv Pv li Rb hw` Avmvg P j hvi Zvn j Zvgvi MÖv g Avi wd i Avm Z cvi ebv hviv hviv wm qwqj KB Zviv Zv Avi wd i Avm jvbv? AvRI Zviv KD wd i G jvbv Zzwg ivm K ivbv Avgvi wcöq- AbyZvc Kv ivbv Avwg wbðqb Avmvg hve bvó Ò WvBbxi P qi AvoKvwViv A bk Lvivc-A bk wbôzi AvoKvwViv i³ Lvqbv mz Z e Zviv Avi me wkqy Lvq Ó Pv evmvb jv Z me P q ewk kªwgk Avbv nq cwðge½ I SvoLÊ _ K h mgquv Z GB AÂj _ K kªwgk Avbv nq mb mg q SvoLÊ I cwðge½ A j e vck `ywf PjwQ jv h Kvi Y GB AÂj _ K kªwgk Avg`vwb Kiv A bk mnr nq Pv-Ki `i Kv Q SvoL Êi Avw`evmxiv ÔPgrKvi KzwjÕ wn m e wpwýz nq, GgbwK SvoLÊx `i K ÔKzwj RvwZÕ WvKv nz ( Nvl 2002) SvoLÊ (ZrKvjxb iuvwp) A ji GKwU mv`ªx KweZvq Pv kªwgk wn m e wbhy³ nevi ci Av c cökvk K i GKRb SvoLwÊ Kwe j Lb, Ò Kv_vKvi gvbyl Kv_vq AvBwj! Kv_vKvi evey fvbiv ivuwp ww cv _ K Kzwj Pvjvb Kiwj Avi gvwu KvBUv, R½j mvd KivBqv emvbwj Pv qi Nvwb Ó (ˆmdzwÏb 2002) Pv evmv b Avmvi ci GB Av c Kiv Qvov Avi Zgb wkqz Kivi wqj bv Zvi cögvy wemz `oõk eq i Zv `i Pv evmvb jv Z wbiwew Qbœ Ae vb ZvB e j GB Ae vb Kvbfv eb gvwjkc i cöwz wbwe Kvi m wzi gva g N U wb Gi g a GKK ev mw wjz we `ªvn hgb wqj, Avevi cjvq bi cö PóvI wqj wkqz Î Zv b~ bzg `vwe Av`v qi j cwipvwjz n qwqj Gme welq Avgv `i ciez x Av jvpbvq AviI we vwizfv e D V G m Q Pv evmv b Avmvi ci wewfbœ cövwš K RvwZmËvi gvbyl `i ivóªxq AvBb, kªwgk `i cövc AwaKvi m ú K aviyv wqj LyeB Kg h Kvi Y evmvb gvwjk `i Kg Pvix I AvoKvwViv hv ej Zv Pv kªwgkiv ZvB wek vm Ki Zv Pv evmv b AvMgbKvjxb cwiw wz wb gœv³ K _vck_ bi gva g AviI fv jvfv e evsv hv e 24

34 mviyx - 5. K _vck_b (mgqkvj `qv bb Z e aviyv Kiv n Q AvVv ivõk kz Ki ïi i w` Ki NUbv GwU) cökœ ( iwrw ª Awd mi Kg Pvix Kw_Z) DËi (bvix I cyi li mg ez KÚ ) 1 Zvgiv Kv_vq hv Q? Avmv g 2 Kq eq ii Rb hv Q? 5 eqi 3 Zvgiv wk KvR Ki e? cyi l KÚ: Z wbov bvi KvR bvix KÚ: Pv-cvZv Zvjvi KvR 4 Zvgiv wk nv i ezb cv e? cyi l KÚ: cö_g wzb eqi 5 UvKv I k li `yb eqi 6 UvKv bvix KÚ: cö_g wzb eqi 4 UvKv I k li `yb eqi 5 UvKv 5 Zvgv `i LvIqvi Pvj wk `v g `qv n e? bvix-cyi l GK m ½: wzb UvKv gy ` i 6 Pv ji `vg hw` wzb UvKvi ewk nq Z e mb evowz cqmv K ` e? mikvi ` e m~î: weªwuk Jcwb ewkk kvm b fvi Z µxz`vm cö_v, ØviKvbv_ Mv½yjx, KvjKvZv, 1996 Kzwj/kªwgK Avg`vwbi Rb weªwuk AvB bi Act 111 of 1858 Ges Act 1 of 1882 aviv AbymiY Kiv nq h AvBb Abyhvqx K g wb qv Mi Î kªwg Ki m PZb m wz, ivóª KZ K wewae ^v, evm vb I wk v myweav jv `evi K_v wq jv wkš ev e Î ivóªxq GB AvB bi P q evmvb KZ c i ˆZwi Kiv AvBbB cöv qvwmk Î gyl f~wgkv cvjb K i hlv b kªwgk `i K evmv b cö ek Kiv bvi mgqb ÔwMiwgUÕ bv g GKwU AvRxeb (esk ci úiv) `vmz g~jk Pzw³ Z Ave Kiv nq (Mv½yjx 1996) weªwuk `i cövwzôvwbk AvBbx gvic vp m ú K AcwiwPZ _vkvq Zviv ÔwMiwgUÕ cö_vi Zvrch Dcjw Ki Z cv i wb Avi KvMR- Kj gi AvB bi P q gvz fywgi Afve I ÔAvoKvwV `iõ wg _ Avk vm KB Zviv i Z `q Z e kªwgk Avg`vwbi mgq me RvwZ Mvôx _ KB wbwe Pv i kªwgk Avbv nq wb, G Î GwkqvwUK mvmvbwui K vuvmwi K i Z mnkv i we epbv Kivi cögvy cviqv hvq 1884 mv ji wn me Abyhvqx Avgiv `L Z cvb Pv evmvb jv Z gvu 1,80,831 Rb kªwg Ki g a 5.5% n Q Avmv gi vqx evwm `v Ab w` K 44.7% kªwgk muvizvj cimbv _ K, 27.2% evsjvi cwðgvâj _ K, 21.6% DËi-cwðg cö `k _ K Ges evwk Ask bcvj, gv`ªvr I ev ^ _ K Avbv nq (wek vm 2004) Avi GwkqvwUK mvmvbwui Ômf -Amf Õ K vuvmwi Abyhvqx Avmv gi Awaevmxiv wq jv Ômf Õ d j GB Ômf Õ A_P `wi`ª gvbyl jv K evmv bi kªwgk wn m e wb qvm `qv n jv bv GgbI `Lv M Q A bk `wi`ª I wbt ^ Avmvgevmx evmv b evmv b mvivw`b Ny ii Kvb KvR cvq wb Ab w` K Ab vb iv R i ÔAmf Õ RvwZ Mvôxi m`m `i bvbv cö ivpbvi gva g Pv evmv b wb q Avmv nq weªwuk fvi Z Pv ms wz aviyv Kiv nq weªwuk evey `i Lvbmvgviv (iuvaywb) fvize l Pv qi MYe env ii Av MB Gi e envi AvqZ K i weªwuk cökvmkiv Zv `i evwoi Lvbmvgv `i K Pv evbv bvi KŠkj iß Kiv bvi Póv K i ivbx wf ±vwiqvi Lye Kv Qi gvbyl kvj U K vwbs GKevi dvu DBwjqvg `~ M Avmvi ci ivbx wf ±vwiqv K GKwU wpwv Z Zvi Lvbmvgv K fv jv Pv evbv bvi KŠkj klv bvi 25

35 K_v Rvbvb ciez x Z weªwuk evey `i AbymiYKvix evey `i evwo Z cvbxq wn m e Pv qi e envi ïi nq Dwbk kz K fvize l i wkw Z ga we Ëi Kv Q Pv n q D V eyw e wëk AvÇvi Ab Zg Abym½ KvjKvZv kn ii Dwbk kzkxq evey ms wzi ˆeKvwjK AvÇvq Pv GB mgqkv j GKwU i Z c~y A½ n q D V wel vz mgvr ms vik, bvix gyw³ Av `vj bi cw_k Z gwi Kv c Uvi 1866 mv j KvjKvZvq G j Zvi m v b bvix cyi li GK wgwjz wu cvwu i Av qvrb Kiv nq cvbxq wn m e Pv qi e env ii cvkvcvwk bvbv ikg wwk-kvc ˆZwi nq hvi Qvc c o Gm ei Mv qi wkí PPv Kvc I KUwji Mv q AuvKv Qwei wkíkjv AwfRvZ gn j RbwcÖq n q D V GB fv e Pv ïaygvî cvbxq wn m eb bq, eis D`xqgvb ga we Ëi GKwU mvs wzk Dcv`vb wn m ei RbwcÖq n q D V ( mb I Nvl 2004) Pv wk íi KuvPvgvj = Pv MvQ + DuPz f~wg + mvi, KxUbvkK I Rj + Kzwj Pv Pvl GKwU kªgnb wkí, hlv b Drcv` bi Ab vb DcKi Yi P q GLvbKvi kªwgk `i wbqggvwdk kªg wb qvwrz ivlvb me P q i Z c~y Pv evmvb vc bi Rb Avmv gi DuPz f~wg, KvjKvZv evuvwbk vj Mv W bi Pv qi Pviv (K v gwjqv Avmvwgqv), I Ab vb Avbymvw½K Dcv`v bi cvkvcvwk kªwgk ÔAvg`vwbiÕ cö qvrb me P q i Z c~y wqj kªwgk Avg`vwbi Rb G RwÝ, K Uªv±i `i (AvoKvwV) wb qvm `qv nz h mg Rjv jv _ K kªwgk Avbv n Zv m Rjv jv K ejv n Zv kªwgk mieivnkvix Rjv kªwgk Avbvi Î ewkifvm mgq gvjmvwob e envi Kiv nz ww cv _ K gvjmvwo Z f i evmvb jv Z Pvjvb Kiv n Zv cwiw wzi ey bv ï b Avwd«Kv ev Av gwikvi `vm e emvi K_vB g b c o hvq ivgkzgvi we` vi Zœi ÔKzwjÕ Kvwnbx bvgk eb Z GB m ú K wkqy ey bv cviqv hvq hlv b MÖv gi ag wfi gvbyl `i K Zx_ hvîvi K_v e j Pv evmv b wb q Avmvi NUbv ewy Z Av Q 1914 mv ji AvBwUG Gi GKwU cöwz e` b G m úwk Z wkqy i Z c~y Z_ ewi q Av m kªwgk `i dzmwj q Pv evmv b Avbvi cöw Z mikvwi mwp ei c _ K XvKv wefvmxq Kwgkbvi K KviY `k v bvi bvwuk `qv n j, Zvi DË i Kwgkbvi mv ne Rvbvb, ÒDr. Young found some coolies crying on the river bank and saying that they were being taken to a tea garden under false pretence. If was the clear duty of Dr. Young to bring the matter to the notice of the local magistrate and he took proper steps towards this end. GKB c Îi Ab RvqMvq Kwgkbvi g nv`q evmvb jv Z AgvbweKfv e fywj q h kªwgk `i Avbv nq Zvi ^c hyw³ w` q e jb, gnviv R i Ges ^vaxb Pvgvixwb K wkfv e cözviyv K i KvjKvZvq ^vgxi Kv Q wb q Avmvi K_v e j Pv evmv b G bwqj cö ivpbvi gva g kªwgk Avg`vwbi cwigvy GZUvB e o hvq h, weªwuk mikvi K cwiw wz mvgjv bvi Rb kªwgk cö ivpbv we ivax wej Avb Z eva n Z nq (Mv½yjx 1996) Gfv eb Pv evmvb jv Z AwaK Pv Drcv` bi cöavb ÔKuvPvgvjÕ kªwgk Avg`vwbi Kv R mgvwß N U Avmv g ïay Pv qi PvlB n e evmvb gvwjkiv Zv `i e emvwqk wbivcëvi e vcv i me mgq mrvm _vk Zv fvi Z Aew Z Pv Kv úvwb jvi c iv óªi mv _ `b-`ievi Kivi Rb Pv e emvqxiv wewfbœ G mvwm qkb M o 26

36 Zv j G `i g a me P q eo wq jv ÔAvBwUG ev BwÛqvb wu G mvwm qkbõ GB cöwzôvbwu wewfbœ mikvwi ms v, we `kx Pv evmvb, Avg`vwbKviK I wewfbœ iv óªi mv _ kw³kvjx hvmv hvm i v K i Pj Zv Pv evmvb A j Ab Kvb K wlwfwëk wkí vc bi Î Zviv me mgq evav m wó Ki Zv Pv evmvb gvwjk `i msmvb AvBwUG GZUvB kw³kvjx wq jv h, GKevi Avmv g cix vg~jkfv e AvL I cv Ui Avev` Kivi Póv wn m e cvmjw`qv b`xi DË i 10,000 _ K 15,000 GKi Rwg AwaMÖnY Kivi mikvwi cö ve Av m wkš AvBwUG Gi e vck Pv ci gy L mikvi Zv eü Ki Z eva nq AvBwUG Gi fq wqj Avmv g Ab Kvb K wlwfwëk wkí M o DV j Pv evmv b kªwgk `i K AvU K ivlv hv e bv (wek vm 2004) gviv c o g v jwiqvq Avi `vl nq evev-gvi Pv evmv b AvMgbKvjxb cwiw wz weªwuk fvi Zi wewfbœ RvwZi gvbyl `i K Pv evmv b Avbvi ci cöv_wgk KvR wn m e R½j cwi vi Kivi `vwqz `qv nq GB R½j jv cwi vi Ki Z wm q cöpzi kªwgk wnsmª RxeRš i Avµg Y gviv hvq cö_g cvup eq i Pv evmv b KvR Ki Z Avmv 84,915 Rb Kzwji g a 30,000 RbB cövy nvwi qwq jv Avmv gi R½ j Avi R½ ji gkvi Kvg o g v jwiqvq fy M A bk kªwgk auy K auy K gviv hvq K jivi cö Kvc _ K euvpvi Kvb Kvh Kix D ` vmi evmvb gvwjk `i c _ K bqv nq wb h Kvi Y 1884 mv ji gnvgvwi Z Ab vb AÂj _ K Pv evmv b g Zÿ i nvi 20% ewk wq jv (fu~bqv 1996) mviyx - 6. Pv evmv b g Zÿ i nvi mb nvrv i Rb Rb Rb m~î: weªwuk Jcwb ewkk kvm b fvi Z µxz`vm cö_v, ØviKvbv_ Mv½yjx, KvjKvZv, 1996 R½ ji wnsmª cövyx `i Ke j c o gviv hviqv kªwgk `i m ú K Jcwb ewkk cökvmb _ K Kvb e³e cviqv bv M ji K jivq AwaK g Zÿ wb q Bs ir cökvmk Wv. MÖ e jb, ÒkªwgK mš vbiv K jivq Avµvš n q AwaK nv i cövy nvivq, KviY Zv `i evev-gv qiv mš vb `i wvk g Zv `Lv kvbv K ibv Ó evmvb gvwjk `i Ae njv I `vwqz nxbzvi wbg g ewj GB kªwgk `i g Zÿ K Gfv eb kªwgk `i Nv o Pvwc q evmvb gvwjkiv `vqgy³ n Zv GgbI NUbvi K_v Rvbv hvq Amȳ Zvq Kv bv kªwgk Kg gnxb n q co j Zv K evmv bi PŠnwÏi evb i wb q d j ivlv n Zv GBfv e b` gvq c o KZ kªwgk gviv co Zv Zvi Kvb wn me ch š ivlv n Zv bv ZrKvjxb mikvwi cökvmk W. A vumb GB e³ e i mz Zv ^xkvi K ib (Mv½yjx 1996) weªwuk gvwjk `i Av ikwu KŠkj wqj kªwgk `i gvbwmk e w eü ivlvi Rb Zv `i K ik bi mv _ g` I k Zmvihy³ Lvevi mieivn Kiv n Zv (ingvb, gryg`vi 2001) 27

37 Pv evmv b wbhy³ nevi ci kªwgk `i Zv `i wbw` ó evmv bi evb i hvzvqvz wqj wbwl gvwjkc i wbhv Zb I K jivi cö Kvc _ K gyw³i Avkvq Kvb kªwgk hw` Ab evmv b cvwj q hz Zvn j aiv covi ci Zvi Rb A c v Ki Zv fq¼i kvixwik wbhv Zb, 200 UvKv Rwigvbv I 1 gvm Kvivevm Pv evmv b kªwgk `i K AvU K ivlvi Rb cöwzwu evmv bi wbr ^ gỳ ªv e e v Pvjy wqj (kiqv jm, WvbKvb, wdb j cöf wz evmv bi wmj m ^wjz gỳ ªv ) GB gỳ ªv evmv bi evb i Kvh Kix wqj bv, eis KD evmvbx gỳ ªv wb q evb i M j mb gỳ ªv H kªwgk K wpwýz Kivi gva g wn m e Kv R jvm Zv A bk kªwgk i j P o gvz f~wg Z wd i hvevi Rb kb gv v ii Kv Q ÔevMvbx gỳ ªvÕ w` q wu KU KvU Z M j, kb gv vi mb gỳ ªvi gva gb H kªwgk K wpwýz K i gvwjkc K Lei w`z a i wb q hvevi Rb GB kvixwik I Avw_ K wbivcëv Rv ji gva g Pv evmvb jv Z kªwgk `i `vmz g~jk GKwU e e vq e `x Kiv nz (fævpvh 1998) Kvb kªwgk cwiev ii Q j ev g qi eqm hw` 10/12 eqi nz Zvn j Zv `i evev-gv K Pvc cö qvm Kiv nz hv Z Zviv Zv `i Q j g q K evmv bi Kv R wbhy³ K i weªwuk gvwjkvbvq _vkv Ae vq kªwgk `i Dci kvixwik wbh vzb _ K kyi K i bvix kªwgk `i Dci hšb wbh vz bi NUbv ni-nv gkvb NU Zv bvix kªwgk `i g a A c vk Z my `ix `i K g v brv ii evs jv Z hšb`vmx wn m e i L `qv nz, G `i K ejv nz ÔKzwj g vgõ kªwgk `i Dci kvixwik wbh vz bi AmsL NUbvi ey bv Avgiv ivgkzgvi we` vi Zœi Kzwj Kvwnbx Z cvb GQvov ZrKvjxb mg qi fvizmfv I eªvþmgv Ri cwîkv mäxebx, w` e½j cöf wz cwîkvq cöpzi jlv jwl nq 28

38 weªwuk Jcwb ewkk Avgj ev Kzwj Kvwnbx wøzxq Aa vq RvZxq ivrbxwz Z Pv kªwgk GB A j Pv evmvb cöwzôvi ci `xn Kvj GB kªwgk `i wb q fvize l i K `ªxq ivrbxwz Z Zgb Kvb Av jvpbvi K_v Rvbv hvq wb GB Av jvpbvi m~îcvz K ib eªvþmgvr, fvizmfv I RvZxq Ks MÖ mi mv _ hy³ e w³iv 1860 mv j KvjKvZv _ K cökvwkz mvgcökvk DËie½ I Avmv gi Pv kªwgk `i `ỳ kvi Kvwnbx cöpvi ïi K i 1878 mv j eªvþmgvr cöwzôvi ci Zv ga i msmvb Movi Rb wewfbœ ag cöpvik wb qvm K i GB cöpvik `i g a ivgkzgvi we` vizœ Avmv g ag cöpv ii Rb M j Pv kªwgk `i AgvbweK Rxebhvcb ` L e w_z nb Ges kªwgk wbh vz bi AmsL NUbv ey bv K i KvjKvZvi ˆ`wbK mäxebx Z (K ò Kzgvi wgî m úvw`z) jlv cvvv Z _v Kb ivgkzgv ii GB ey bv ï b fviz mfvi mnm úv`k ØviKvbv_ M ½vcva vq Avmv gi Pv evmvb jv Z hvb mlvb _ K wd i G m ØviKvbv_ Mv½yjx Ôw` e½jxõ bvgk Bs iwr cwîkvq Ô fvwi Bb weªwuk BwÛqvÕ bv g 13wU cöeü j Lb GB cöeü jv ZrKvjxb wkw Z mgv R Pv kªwgk `i kvpbxq Ae v m ú K RbgZ ˆZwi K i ciez x Z 1833 mv j e½xq cöv `wkk m j b GKwU cö v ei gva g Zviv fviz e l i RbMY I mikv ii ` wó AvK ly Kiv bvi Póv K ib wkš Ks MÖ mi ga cš x gwv iu bzviv G K GKwU cöv `wkk mgm v wn m e wpwýz K i Zv cvk KvUv bvi Póv K i Z e Ks MÖ mi g a GB Uvbv cv o bi evb i ivgkzgvi we` vi Zœi ÔKzwj KvwnbxÕ `w YviÄb gy Lvcva vq iwpz ÔPv Ki `c YÕ e vck Av jvob ˆZwi K i (Mv½yjx 1996) grvi e vcvi n Q eªvþmgvr, fviz mfv RvZxq Ks MÖ mi GB cöpviyv Pv evmv bi cwiw wzi Kvb cwiez b Avbvi Rb Kvb Kvh Kix c` c m wó Ki jv bv ZvB e j Pv kªwgk `i g a ivr bwzk cöwµqv eü wqj bv 1921 mv j Amn hvm I LjvdZ Av `vjb hlb Zz ½ ZLb Pv kªwgk `i fz i MvÜxi me fvizxq B gr e vckfv e cöfve m wó K i Pv evmvb jv Z kªwgk `i g a RvwZ/eY /m cö`vq wbwe k l gy Lgy L MvÜxi fviz e l i wbcxwoz RbM Yi ÔÎvZvÔ wn m e Avwef v ei NUbv Pvni n q hvq `xn w` bi Jcwb ewkk kvl Yi k Lj _ K gyw³i Dcvq wn m e Zviv GK Af~Zc~e Av `vj bi m~pbv K ib RvZxqZvev`x BwZnv mi Amn hvm I wljvdz Av `vj bi `i KlvKwli ey bvi Kv Q GB Av `vj bi NUbv AvRI Pvcv c o Av Q hvb nvk H mg q Avmvg I RjcvB woi Pv evmvb jv Z R br b Qwo q c o ÔMvÜxRx wk RqÕ k vmvb MvÜxi Rq Kvgbv K i kªwgkiv Avm j wb R `i ` k wd i hvevi AvKv v KB cör wjz Ki Z P qwq jv kªwgkiv ÔMvÜxRx wk RqÕ k vmvb w` Z w` Z ^ `kf~wgi D Ï k iiqvbv w` qwq jv aviyv Kiv nq Zviv cö_g ei nq KwigMÄ gnkzgvi 29

39 Pi Mvjv f vwji GKUv Pv evmvb _ K ciez x Z wewfbœ evmvb _ K kªwgkiv Zv `i mv _ hvm `q KwigMÄ ijrskb n q Zviv nu U nu U Puv`cy ii Mvqvj ` b`xe `i ch š cušqv jv wkš mlv b Av M _ K ˆZwi _vkv L v ˆmb iv Jcwb ewkk cökvm Ki wb ` k wj Pvjvq mb wj Z Suv K Suv K cvwli g Zv kªwgk gviv hvq, gnbvi Rj mw`b i ³ jvj n q hvq BwZnv m GB Av `vjb K Ôgyj yk divõ Av `vjb ejv nq GB NUbvi Av M kªwgk `i e vcv i Kvb e³e bv _vk ji nz vkv Êi cicib Ks MÖm I wljvdz KwgwU Gi cöwzev ` mfv-wgwqj K i mlv b MvÜx I wljvdz bzv Avjx åvz Øq kªwgk `i mg_ b e³ Zv K ib wkš G Z Zgb Kvb jvf nq bv Z e hlbb Avmvg- e½j iji qi kªwgkiv 1 gv mi ag NU WvK jv ZLbB weªwuk mikv ii UbK bo jv ZwoNwo K i Av cv li Rb Zviv wb q Avm jv `i KlvKwl Z cwick ivr bwzk `j Ks MÖm K Ks MÖm bzviv kªwgk `i K gvwjkc i n q eyws q VvÊv Ki jv Av `vj b K vš I MvÜxi cöwzwbwa Ks MÖm bzv `i K_vq m Z n q kªwgkiv Avevi evmv b wd i hvq kz wn m e wvk Kiv nq : (1) hviv GiciI gyj y K wd i h Z B QyK Zv `i K Kv úvwb hvevi e e v Ki e Ges Ks MÖm Kg xiv mlv b Zv `i cybe vm bi e e v Ki e (2) evwk hviv Av Q Zviv evmv b wd i wm q Kvb Sv gjv QvovB KvR Ki Z cvi e Pv evmvb jv Z kªwgkiv divi c i Avi Kvb eo ai bi Av `vjb msmwvz nq wb GB Av `vj b Ks MÖ mi Av cv li f~wgkv bqv m Ë I Zviv Pv evmvb jv Z mvsmvwbk KvR we Z Kivi my hvm cvq weª U bi AbyKi Y ciez x Z Pv evmvb jv Z UªW BDwbqb M o Zvjvi Póv Kiv n ji Pv evmvb jv Z Zvi Zgb Kvb cöfve c o wb 1930 mv ji c i ^vaxbzv I ^-iv R i `vwe Z Ks MÖ mi bz Z AveviI RvZxqfv e ivr bwzk Av `vjb msmwvz n ji Zv Pv evmv bi kªwgk `i g a Zgb Kvb cöfve ˆZwi Ki Z cv i wb Z e Pv evmv b e nëi Kvb MYAv `vjb M o bv DV ji QvULvU we `ªvn, D ËRbv, ag NU cöf wz msmwvz niqv eü wqj bv G Î e e vck Kg Pvix `i Dci PovI niqv, evmv bi m úwëi wzmvab Kiv cöf wzi g a B NUbv mxgve wqj, hv GLb ch š ejer Av Q GB QvULv Uv we `ªvn jv K br i G b fvi Zi KwgDwb cvwu i wkqy Kg xi gva g Pv evmvb jv Z msmvb M o Zvjvi cöqvm `L Z cviqv hvq Zviv wm ju KvQvo Pv evmvb ÔgR`yi BDwbqbÕ bv g GKwU UªW BDwbqb MVb K i hvi K `ªxq Awdm Lvjv nq wm ju kn i wkjpi, cv_i Kvw `, kªxg½j cöf wz v b kvlv Awdm Ly j ivr bwzk Kg KvÊ cwipvjbv Kiv n Z _v K cö evavb ` Ki K mfvcwz I evwib `Ë K mvsmvwbk m úv`k K i K `ªxq KwgwU MVb Kiv nq Zviv 9wU `vwe K mvg b i L evmvb jv Z ag N Ui gva g Av `vjb Kiv ïi K i wkš evmvb jv Z fvlv I ms wzmz cv_ K i Kvi Y GKmv _ me evmv b Av `vjb M o Zvjv KwVb n q hvq H mgquv ZB Ks MÖm KvR KiwQ jv Ômyigv DcZ Kv kªwgk mwgwzõ bv g hv 1946 mv j ÔkªxnÆ Rjv Pv-kªwgK Ks MÖmÕ bv g AvZ cökvk K i KwgDwb cvwu i c _ K kªwgk `i g a Rw½ Av `vjb M o Zz j gvwjk `i wei Zv cwipvwjz Kivi cö Póv bqv nq wkš Ks MÖ mi fz i gvwjk kªwgk `i g a mgš^ qi gva g ivr bwzk Kg KvÊ cwipvwjz n Zv GB `yb UªW BDwbq bi g a gvwjkc Ks MÖm KB wb R `i Kv Q U b bq Ges KwgDwb cvwu i Kg x `i evmv b cö ek wbwl K i Zvi c ii evmv b Ae vb K i kªwgk `i g Zv Rxebhvcb K i KwgDwbó Kg xiv (evwib `Ë, nbv `vm, ARq fævpv h i bz Z ) kªwgk Av `vjb M o 30

40 Zvjvi cöqvm bq Zv `i K gvgjv, ûgwk, MÖdZvi cöf wzi gva g nb v Kivi cö PóvI iv óªi c _ K jvmvzvi fv e Pj Z _v K Gi g a I kªwgkiv ag N Ui gva g Av `vjb cwipvjbv Ki Z _v K ag N Ui mgq kªwgkiv evmv bi e e vck `i Dci PovI niqv, gvwjkc i jvk `i evwo-n ii Dci nvgjv Kiv I evmv bi m úwëi wzmvab Kiv cöf wzi gva g Zv `i cöwz iva ervq iv L ( gvnvš 2000) `k fv Mi c i 1947 mv ji `k fv Mi ci evmvb cökvm bi fz i bzzb cvwk vbx KZ v `i AbycÖ ek kªwgk `i K xß K i Zzj ji Zv eo ai bi Kvb Av `vjb M o Zzj Z cv i wb KwgDwb `i bz Z wm ju AÂ j bvbv Av `vjb, ZfvMv Av `vjb, Avmvg- e½ ji kªwgk Av `vjb cöf wz Kvi Y cvwk vbx kvmk `i Kv Q KwgDwb iv AvµgY I wbcxo bi j e Z cwiyz nq cvwk vbx gvwjk I mikv ii e vck `gb cxob I KŠk ji d j câv ki `k Ki ci _ K KwgDwb `i cöfve xy n q Av m (mv vrkvi: nbv `vm, KwgDwb bîx, mfv bîx, evsjv `k gwnjv cwil`, XvKv) GQvov kªwgk Av `vj bi cömv ii Rb KwgDwb iv h cv vi wjd ju e envi Ki Zv Zv fvlvmz mgm vi Kvi Y (G KK evmv b G KK fvlvi e envi) mgmö evmv b GKB mv _ Av jvob ˆZwi Ki Z e _ nz (fævpvh 1998) `k wefv Mi d j c~e cvwk v b Ks MÖ mi cöfvei xy n q Av m cvwk v b ZrKvjxb ivóªxq bxwzi Kvi Y fvizxq esk yz wn `y ag vej ^x kªwgk `i K cö_g _ KB m ` ni Pv L `Lv nq (fvizxq Pi e j Mvwj `qv) GKw` K evmvb KZ c i Giƒc bwzevpk ` wófw½ I Ab w` K kªwgk `i fz i mymsmwvz bz Z i Abycw wz GB `yb wgwj q Zv `i Ae v cy iv cvwk vb Avgj Ry o ek bvryk wqj 1952 mv j fvlv Av `vj b Ôevsjv fvlvõ K `ªxq Bmÿ _vkvi Kvi Y Zv Pv evmv bi evovwj kªwgk `i g a Zgb Kvb cöfve ˆZwi Ki Z cv i wb ivóªfvlv Av `vj b KwgDwb `i f~wgkvq fxz n q cvwk vb mikvi I evmvb KZ c Ks MÖm K evmv b Pv-kªwgK BDwbq bi bv g KvR Kivi e vcv i c ó cvlkzv K i gvwjkc i mv _ mn hvwmzvi bxwz MÖn Yi gva g Ks MÖm Avev iv me jv evmv b ÔPv-kªwgK BDwbqbÕ Gi KwgwU `ª Z MVb K i Kvh µg Pvjv Z m g nq gvwjkc kªwgk `i ezb _ K Pv-kªwgK BDwbq bi Rb Puv`v ch š K U ivlvi e e v K i GB mn hvwmzvi c ii gvwjkc Ks MÖ mi Kvh µg K wb R `i c wbqš Y wb q Avmvi Rb 1957 mv ji 9B m Þ ^i GK MY fv Ui Av qvrb K i wbe vp bi Bmÿ wq jv kªwgkiv jevi BDwbqb Pvq wk Pvq bv 99% fvu c o jevi BDwbq bi c Ges Zviv Ks MÖmcš x ÔkªxnÆ Rjv Pv-kªwgK BDwbq biõ c fvu `q Gici _ K gvwjkc GB kªwgk msmvb KB ˆea I ^xk Z msmvb wn m e g b wb q Zv `i mv _ Pzw³ Z Ave nq hv GLbI ejer Av Q cvwk vb iv óªi bxwz-wba vikiv bvbv Bmÿ Z ÔkªwgKiv AwZ gvîvq msmwvz n q hv QÕ ÔkªwgK `i ewkifvmb wn `y Ges Zv fvi Zi mxgvš ez x AÂ ji mv _Õ cöf wz hyw³ jv `uvo Kivq (fævpvh ARq 1998) 1958 mv j mvgwik kvmb Rvwii mgq kªwgk BDwbq bi Kvh µg wbwl, Awd m Zvjv jvmv bv, cyi bv 31

41 bz e ` `i c`z v M eva Kiv bvi Rb Pvc m wó Kiv nq djvdj wn m e ewkifvm cyi bv I cöwzwôz bzviv (Rxeb muvizvj, c~ Y `y wk kvi mb ß, wbkzä wenvix PŠayix, `~ M g P `ª `e) c`z v M eva nq Avi kªwgk BDwbq bi Dci mivmwi wbqš Yi Rb gvwjk I ivóª c i AviI Kv Qi jvk my jgvb (gzje, Puv`cyi) bv g GK bzv K BDwbq bi mg m úwë I bz Z eyws q `q ZrKvjxb Pv kªwgk bzv ARq fævpv h i g Z Ômy jgv bi cöavb KvR wq jv H mgqkvi kªwgk `i K Av `vjb _ K weiz ivlvi Póv Kiv Õ 1965 mv j cvk-fviz hy i mgq kªwgk `i AvPiY I Pjv divi Dci e vck bri`vwi ivlv nq Ges Ôwn `y evey `iõ K vr K i GK RvqMvq briew ` Kiv nq GB mgqkv j KwgDwb bzv gwdr Avjxi bz Z KgjMÄ, kªxg½j, ivrbmi I eo jlv GjvKvi kªwgk `i wb q ÔPv kªwgk msnõ cöwzwôz nq Pv kªwgk `i GKwU wkw Z Ask (mxzvivg, gg v, ivav wklvb ˆKwi, ceb Kzgvi ZvuZx) G Z hy³ nq GB msmvb e vck m vebv RvwM q Zv `i Kvh µg ïi K i wkš g v-pxb gzv`wk K fv½b, bz Z i ZvwË K RwUjZv, cvwk vb we ivax evovwj RvZxqZvev`x cöev ni wec Ae vb bqv cöf wz Kvi Y GB aviv `~e j n Z _v K Pxbcš x jvbb wb q 1970 Gi wbe vp bi mgq Ô fv Ui ev jvw_ gvivi AvnevbÕ cöf wz Kvi Y Pxbvcš x GB KwgDwb bz Z kªwgk `i KvQ _ K wew Qbœ n q c o 1970 Gi wbe vp bi mgq wcwkscš xiv wef³ n q ÔKwgDwb wec ex `i c~e evsjv mgš^q cwil`õ fv Ui c_ Z vm K i kªwgk `i K Ô kªyx kî LZ giõ Avnevb Rvbvq kªwgkiv GB Avnev b mvov bv w` q AvIqvgx jx Mi RvZxqZvev`x Avnev bi cöwz ewk AvK ó nq wkš GB AvKl Y Kvb mvsmvwbk Kvq`vq nq wb GKmgq weªwuk `i kvl Yi wei Ae vb bevi Kvi Y MvÜx hgb Pv evmv bi kªwgk `i g a ÎvZv wn m e Avwef~ Z n qwq jb Zgwb cvwk vbx kvl Yi wei Ae v bi Kvi Y kl gywrei kªwgk `i Kv Q gyw³i w`kvix Z cwiyz nb 1970 Gi wbe vp bi mgq Ab `i e _ Zv K Kv R jvwm q AvIqvgx jxm Kg xiv evmv b evmv b mgv ek Ki Z _v K Zv `i wgwqj mgv e ki gva g kªwgk `i gyw³i ^cœ, ^ ` k divi AvKv v RvwM q Zvjvi gva g RbwcÖqZv AR bi cö Póv bq ( gvnvš -2000) Pv kªwgkiv Ô kl gywreõ I Ô bškv KÕ wb R `i gyw³i cözxk wn m e MÖnY K i GQvov 1956 mv j kªggš x _vkv Ae vq kl gywre Pv evmvb bz e `i mv _ `Lv K ib Ges e jb, Ô Zvgv `i mkj `yt Li LeiB Avwg ivwl Gme `ytl `~i Kivi Rb Avgiv cö Póv b ev Õ kl gywre I bškv cªzx Ki GB Zzgyj cöfv ei d j Pv evmvb jv Z 1970 Gi wbe vp b bškv cözxk cövq 100% fvu cvq (ZrKvjxb jevi BDwbq bi M elyv I Z_ m úv`k cwigj wms evovbk I mfvcwz iv R `«cömv` fzbvwr i KvQ _ K mv vrkv i cviqv Z_ ) Gw` K my jgv bi `Lj Kiv kªwgk BDwbq bi g a I my jgvb nuvi Av `vjb ïi nq 1969 Gi gvp gv m my i `ªbv_ eybviwr, RqPuv` eybviwr, cebkzgvi ZuvZx, iv R `ª cömv` eybviwr cöf wz bzviv Gi bz Z `q Gi evb ii ÔPv kªwgk msn Õ _ KI my jgvb nuvi Av `vjb ˆZwi nq Pv evmv bi evb i ZLb AvBqye we ivax Av `vjb Zxeª gvîvq Pj ji evmv b my jgvb nuvi Av `vjbb wq jv K `ªxq Bmÿ cvwk vb mikvi KŠkj wn m e D P wkw Z kªwgk `i K mikvwi PvKwi w` q Av `vj b fvuv Avbvi Póv K i wkš mb cwikíbv e _ K i w` q wkw Z kªwgk mš vbiv Av `vjb AviI Zxeª K i ivóªxq gzv _ K AvBqy ei cz bi cicib 32

42 AvBqye Lv bi wb Ri jvk my jgvb gzv Q o cvjvq kªwgk BDwbq bi gzv `Lj K i iv R `ª eybviwr MÖ c wb R mvaviy m úv`k n q gv. BmivBj wgtv K mfvcwz K ib Pv kªwgk BDwbqb AkªwgK bz Z _ K gy³ n ji gvwjk kªwgk mgš^ qi bxwz _ K Avi ewi q Av m wb gvwjkc wcwkscš x Pv-kªwgK ms Ni mv _ Pzw³ Z bv wm q 1970 mv ji 20 k AvM evwo fvov i` Kivi Pzw³ Kivi gva g jevi BDwbqb K Zv `i ˆeaZv `q kªwgk bz Z wn m e evmvb jv Z Zviv e vck Rbmg_ b c ji ivr bwzk fv e kªwgkiv kl gywre I bškv KB ewk cq ` K i h Kvi Y 1970 Gi wbe vp b Pv kªwgk mš vb I Pv kªwgk BDwbqb m úv`k iv R `ª cömv` eybvwr bškv cözx Ki wei ^Zš cöv_ x wn m e wbe vp b `uvov ji nv Z MvYv K qkuv fvu Qvov me fvu bškvq wm q c o (fævpvh 1998, gvnvš 2000) ^vaxbzv Av `vjb I AZtci 1971 mv ji ^vaxbzv hy i mgq Pv kªwgk `i GKwU wekvj Ask cöz I c iv fv e gyw³hy AskMÖnY K i cy iv wm ju, gšjfxevrvi AÂ ji gyw³ hv v `i Kv Q Pv evmvb jv wq jv wbivc` Avkªq j Amn hvm Av `vj bi mgq e vsk I iv vnvu eü _vkvi Kvi Y kªwgk `i ezb I ikb eü wq jv d j cö_g w` K ezb I ik bi `vwe Z (gvp gv m) evmvb jv DËß _vk ji e nëi Av `vj bi cöev n Zv ^vaxbzv Av `vj bi w` K avwez nq K qkwu evmv b msmövg KwgwU MwVZ nq AvgBj Qovi kªwgkiv gv_v wcqy 30 UvKv I ikb Puv`v wn m e w` q gyw³hy KwgwU MVb K i Aciw` K gymwjg jxm Kg x `i Øviv DØy n q Pv köwgk `i g a wenvix gymwjgiv Ôgymwjg `i ^v_ Õ i v Kivi Rb kvwš KwgwU MVb K i GB KwgwUi me P q ewk cövavb wq jv `IivQov, fvovdov, Lvw`g, gvkvoqov, wm `yi Lvb cöf wz evmv b A bk wenvix gymwjg cvk mbv `i mn hvwmzv Ki ji evmv bi kªwgk `i K i v Kivi cö PóvI bq 25 k gv P i nz vkv Êi ci eo jlv mxgvš, kvnevrcyi, mvbvi cv, mgbevm, j xqov cöf wz v b kªwgkiv jvwv wb q _vbv AvµgY K i avgvb Pv evmv b Zwjqvcvov, bvqvcvov, RM`xkcyi, w`jkzgv R vjvb, KzPvB, LvBQov cöf wz evmv bi kªwgkiv Zxi-abyK, Kv wb q wgwqj K i I mok ijc_ Ae iva K i iv L GQvov ijc_ Zz j djv, wegvbe `i Ae iva, KvjfvU f ½ djv, cvk mbv `i mv _ m yl hy Zxi-abyK, ivb dj wb q hy AskMÖnY Kiv cöf wzi gva g Pv kªwgkiv hy AskMÖnY K i hy i mgq Pv kªwgk `i AskMÖn Yi ai bi ey bv w` Z wm q gywneyj Avgxb e jb, ÒPv evmv b G m `wl Ab ikg ` k, kªwgkiv Kv R bv wm q exi e k Zxi-abyK, `v-jvwv wb q `uvwo q Av Q, hv Z cvk mbviv iv v w` q XyK Z bv cv i Zv `i Pv Li f½x I kix ii ZR Ggwb AwMœgq wq jv h, kî K G zwb kl Ki Z cv i R b i g Zv Avwg nzevk n q `wl Zv `i Amxg mvnm QvU QvU cyj ev Kvjfv U i wbku Sv c Zviv mk Ae vq e m Av Q eo iv vi cv ki AvKvk Quvqv Mv Qi Dci KD KD e m Q Zxi-abyK wb q Kv_vI Kv_vI iv v ch š Luvov Av Rv Pv L fv m m wpî Ó `k ^vaxb nevi cii Pv evmv bi kªwgk `i Ae vi Zgb Kvb DbœwZ nq wb fvi Z kiyv_x wn m e Avkªq bqv kªwgkiv ` k divi ci ` k _ K hviqv kªwgk `i mv _ Zv `i Ø Ø ˆZwi nq A b K ` k _ K hviqv K cvwk vbx `i `vjvj wn m e wpwýz K i Z e me P q eo 33

43 mgm v ˆZwi K i AvIqvgx jx Mi GKwU MÖ ci (gvbœvb MÖ c) kªwgk msmvb Ôjvj evwnbxõ Zviv ewnivmz jvk `i wb q evmv b evmv b Ae vb bq Pv kªwgk `i evwo Z jyucvu, kªwgk bz e `i Dci nvgjv, nz vkvê cöf wz NUbvi gva g Zviv evmvb GjvKvq Îv mi ivrz Kv qg K i Zv `i Drcv Zi Kvi Y Pv kªwgk bz e ` 1971 mv ji 16B ww m ^i _ KB AvZ Mvcb K i 1972 mv ji 12B Ryb Ôjvj evwnbxõ KZ K Pv evmvb jv Z e vck ZvÊejxjv Pvjv bv nq Ges GL bv ch š GB w`bwu Pv evmvb jv Z ÔKv jv w`emõ wn m e cvwjz nq ( gvnvš 2000) Av ikwu nvgjvq 72 mv ji 30 k m Þ ^i KvwjNvU Pv evmv b QvÎ bzv emš eybviwr wbnz nb G m ú K iv R `ª eybviwri gva g Rvbv hvq, jvj evwnbxi GB Drcv Z kªxg½ ji AvIqvgx jxm bzv gv: Bwjqvm I AvjZvdzi ingvb bz Z `b jvj evwnbxi Drcv Z AwZô n q kªwgk bzv iv R `ª eybvwr i bz Z Pv kªwgkiv 1973 mv j kl gywr ei mv _ `Lv Ki Z hvq kl gywre Zv `i K e j, ÔIiv (jvj evwnbx) GZ wkqy Ki Q, Avi Zvgv `i mv _ Kvb jvk bvbõ kl gywre ii GB e³e K jvj evwnbxi wei cöwz iv a bvgvi Bw½Z wn m e a i nwemä Rjv AvIqvgx jx Mi (jvj evwnbx/gvbœvb Gi wec MÖ c) mnvqzvq Pv kªwgkiv Zxi-abyK wb q jvj evwnbxi wei `~e vi cöwz iva M o Zv j GB Av `vj b nwem Äi GgGjG gvwbk PŠayix jevinvdm K mnvqzv K i Av `vj bi NuvwU wn m e wucivqov Pv evmvb e eüz nq e vck cöwz iv ai gy L jvj evwnbx evmvb GjvKv _ K wcqy n U cy iv cvwk vbx kvmbvg j ivr bwzk bz Z wn m e kl gywr ei Ae vb, ^vaxbzv ciez xkv j jvj evwnbxi wei cöwz iv a bvgv Z Drmvnx Kiv I mg_ b `qv cöf wz Kvi Y e w³ kl gywre I Zvi cözxk bškv Pv evmvb jv Z kªwgk `i g bi g a vqx Avmb M o bq Pv evmvb jv Z `xn Kvj ivr bwzk PZbvq bškv I kl gywrei ingv bi GK QÎ RbwcÖqZv AUzU wq jv Z e Gi e wzµg h G Kev i wqj bv Zv bq G m ú K cwigj wms evovbk ( jevi nvd mi Z_ I M elyv m úv`k) Rvbvq 1980Gi `k K G m Pv evmvb jv Z Rvm `i wkqy ivr bwzk wfwë M o D V, Z e Zv ewk w`b vqx nq wb Avwki `k K Gikv` mikvi gzvq _vkv Ae vq Pv evmvb jv Z Zvi ivr bwzk cwiwa we Z Kivi cöqvm bb wlª vb bzv I Gikv` mikv ii GbwRI welqk gš x gvb Kj mykxj AwaKvix K Gikv` `vwqz `b Pv evmv bi kªwgk `i mv _ hvmv hvm Kivi Rb gvb Kj mykxj AwaKvix Ge vcv i jevi nvdm bz e `i mv _ Avjvc K ib Ges kªwgk `i GKwU msl vmz I RvwZMZ ZvwjKv Rgv w` Z e jb H mgqb mikv ii mv _ wb f Rvj fv e `i KlvKwli myweav _ kªwgk `i fvlvi wfwë Z 5wU kªyx wefvm Kiv nq `kiqvjx, Iwoqv I Z j `i fvi Z ^Zš RvwZMZ Ae v bi Kvi Y Lye mn RB kªyxkiy Kiv nq cwðge ½i wewfbœ Rjv _ K AvMZ kªwgkiv wbr wbr Rjvi (exif~g, evkzov) AvÂwjK evsjvq K_v ej ji Zv `i K evmv bi Ab vb kªwgkiv evovwj wn m e KL bvb wpwýz K i wb GQvov SuvoL Êi Avw`Awaevmx `i Kvb RvwZMZ cwipq wqj bv GB `yb A ji Avw`evmx `i GK Î Rsjx, ey bv cöf wz bv g WvKv n Zv wkš iv óªi mv _ m úk vc bi Rb Rsjx, ey bv cwipq cv ë ivlv nq evsjx I mv`ªx GB 5wU kªyxi wfwë Z GKwU ZvwjKv ZrKvjxb mikvi K `qv n j mikvi GK KvwU UvKvi GKwU Abỳ vb Zv `i Rb eivï K i (1985 mv ji 24 k Rvbyqvwi) 34

44 Z Zxq Aa vq Pv evmv b we` gvb RvwZ Mvôx I Zv `i cöv_wgk cwipq cövwzôvwbk cwim i ÔcwiwPwZÕ Pv evmv bi kªwgk `i mv _ evsjv `kx Pv msm`, evsjv `k Pv evw, evsjv `k Pv kªwgk BDwbqb cöf wz cöwzôvb KvR K i GB cöwzôvb jvi wewfbœ cökvkbvq cöavb Av jvp welq wn m e Pv wkí m úwk Z Z_ cö`v bi cöeyzv j Kiv M Q Zv `i Kvb cökvkbvq ev bw_ Z Pv kªwgk `i RvwZMZ cwipq m ú K Kvb b~ bzg Z_ cviqv hvq wb Pv msm `i evwl K cöwz e`b ( ) I Pv ev W i evwl K cwimsl vb (2004) cöf wz bw_ Z g~j Av jvpbvi welq wn m e Pv wk íi jvf- jvkmvb, Rwgi cwigvy, Avg`vwb-ißvwb I Pv evmv b bqv wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg m~wpi Z _ i mv _ Avbymw½K wn m e Ab vb ÔKuvPvgv jiõ gz Pv kªwgk `i msl vmz cwigvy m ú K I Z_ `qv Av Q Z_ cö`v bi GB cöeyzv úózb Pv wk íi ÔA_ bwzkõ gvb` Êi mv _ m úwk Z i L Dc vcb Kiv n q Q Ab w` K evsjv ` ki wewfbœ RvwZmËv ev Avw`evmx welqk M elk `i wewfbœ M elyv K g I Rwic cöwz e` b cve Z PÆMÖvg, DËie½ I Ab vb A ji DcRvwZ, Avw`evmx, b Mvôx, RbRvwZ, z`ª RvwZmËvi msl vi LwZqv b Pv evmv bi wewfbœ RvwZ I m cö`v qi D j L ch š cviqv hvq bv Pv kªwgk _ K Pv Rb Mvôx e wzµg wn m e evsjv `k Pv kªwgk BDwbq bi Kv Q AbvbyôvwbKfv e (Pv kªwgk BDwbq bi Z_ I M elyv m úv`k Ges Pv Rb Mvôx Avw`evmx cwil `i AvnevqK cwigj wms evovb Ki e w³mz D ` v M msm nxz I msiw Z) Pv kªwgk `i RvwZ, m cö`vq, UvB Uj m úwk Z GKwU `xn ZvwjKv i q Q GB ZvwjKv ˆZwii D ` vm bqv nq g~jz Avwki `k K 1986 mv j ZrKvjxb Gikv` mikv ii Dc `óv gvb Kj mykxj AwaKvix K `vwqz `qv nq Pv kªwgk `i Dbœq bi c` c bqvi Rb mykxj AwaKvix G e vcv i jevi nvd mi (evsjv `k Pv kªwgk BDwbqb) mv _ hvmv hvm K i Pv kªwgk `i msl vmz I RvwZMZ cwigvy m ú K GKwU aviyv `evi Rb jevi nvdm K Aby iva Rvbvb ZLb jevi nvd mi Z_ I M elyv m úv`k wn m e cwigj wms evovbk Rvbvb h, RvwZ-m cö`vq wbwe k l GKwU ZvwjKv (cövq `ok RvwZ-m cö`vq-uvb Uj) cö Z K i mykxj AwaKvix K w` j wzwb GZ wekvj ZvwjKv ` L e jb, ÔZvwjKv Av iv QvU Ki Z n e, Kbbv cöwm W Ui (ZrKvjxb ivóªcwz Gikv`) Kv Q GZ eo ZvwjKv cvvv j wzwb wei³ n eb Avcbviv ZvwjKv Av iv QvU K ib Õ mykxj AwaKvixi GB wb ` ki ci jevi nvd mi bzviv wb R `i g a A bk Avjvc-Av jvpbv K i 35

45 fvlvi wfwë Z GKwU ZvwjKv cö Z K ib jevi nvdm _ K Pv kªwgk `i Avw`evmf~wgi ivr wfwëk Ae vb (AÜ«cÖ `k, ga I DËicÖ `k, Dwol v, SvoLÊ, cwðge½) GB ZvwjKv ev cwiwpwz ˆZwii cö ve _vk ji kl ch š fvlvi wfwë Z GB ZvwjKv cö Zi e vcv i mevb GKgZ cvly K i ( jevi nvd mi Z_ I M elyv m úv`k cwigj wms evovb Ki KvQ _ K cviqv Z_ -2003) Kbbv Zv `i g Z fvlvwfwëk cwiwpwz ivr wfwëk cwiwpwz KI wb ` k K i Avi ivr wfwëk cwiwpwzi Av ikwu mgm v n Q Zv Pv kªwgk `i G ` ki gvbyl `i mv _ GKvZ nevi Î mgm v ˆZwi Ki Z cv i (A b K Zv `i K fvizxq bvmwik wn m e wpwýz K i DU Kv Sv gjv ˆZwi Ki Z cv i) mviyx -7. jevi nvdm KZ K wbwg Z K vuvmwi K vumwii bvg fvlv Avw` evmf~wg `kiqvjx fyrcywi ga I DËi cö `k Dwol v Dwoqv Dwol v Z j Z j AÜ«mv`ªx mv`ªx SvoLÊ evovwj cwðg e ½i AvÂwjK evsjv fvlv cwðg e ½i exif~g-evkyov Rjv m~ît M elyv I Z_ wefvm, jevi nvdm, kªxg½j, gšjfxevrvi M elyvkvjxb mg q Pv evmv bi wewfbœ RvwZ-m cö`v qi mv _ K_v ej Z M j Zviv ewkifvm Î Zv `i jevi nvd mi Dc iv³ K vuvmwi m ú K Zgb wkqy Rv b bv e j g b n q Q eis Zv `i g a RvwZ cwip qi P q wbr ^ UvB Uj I m cö`vqmz cwipq `evi cöeyzv ewk j Kiv M Q hgb: ZuvwZ, fu~bqv, evovbk, fybvrx, Kvby, f~wgr cöf wz wkš Zv `i g a hviv wkw Z I jevi nvd mi mv _ hy³ Zviv UvB Uj I m cö`v qi cwip qi cvkvcvwk RvwZMZ cwipq `q GB RvwZMZ cwip qi wfwë wn m e Zv `i Avw`evm v bi cöv `wkk Ae vb KB K `ªxq welq wn m e we epbv Kiv n q Q G Î wkw Z e w³ `i g a AvZ cwipq LuvRvi Ask wn m e Avw`evmf~wgi ivr bwzk Ae v m ú K cwîkv gvidz LuvRLei bqvi cöeyzv j Kiv M Q Pv kªwgk `i RvwZMZ cwipq m ú K LuvRLei bqvi Rb wbqwgzfv e jevi nvd m e m _vkvi mg q mlv b Dcw Z bzv `i (fy ck wms ivdwzqv, cwigj wms evovbk mn Ab vb bzviv) fvi Zi ivr bwzk cwiw wz wb q Av jvpbv Kv j wbr ^ RvwZ Mvôxi m` m i cöv `wkk ivr bwzk Ae vb wb q Drmvn `Lv M Q SvoL Êi we Rwc bzv ARy b gyûvmn ivdwzqv, evovbk, muvizvj cöf wz RvwZ Mvôxi m`m `i fvi Zi cöv `wkk I RvZxq ivrbxwz Z bovpov wb q Zv `i g a Av jvpbv Ki Z `Lv M Q GB mg e w³ `i g a mv cöwzk mg q fvi Zi wewfbœ cö `kwfwëk GK ai bi AvZ cwipq `evi cö Póv j Kiv M Q hv `i Avw`evmf~wg fvi Zi Dwol v A j Zviv wb R `i K Dwol v, AÜ«cÖ ` ki jvkrb wb R `i K Z j, DËi I ga cö ` ki jvkrb wb R `i `kiqvjx e j cwipq `q SvoLÊ cö `k _ K AvMZ jvkrb Av M Kvb cö `kwfwëk cwipq w` Z cviz bv, ZLb Zviv wb R `i K iuvpxi (SvoL Êi ivravbx) Avw` Awaevmx wn m e cwipq w` Zv wkš ^Zš ivr wn m e SvoLÊ cöwzwôz nevi ci Zv `i A b KB wb R `i SvoLÊx wn m e cwipq `q 36

46 G `i g a A b K wb R `i gvz fvlv mv`ªx KI AvZ cwip qi vik wn m e e envi K i cwðge ½i Avw` Awaevmxiv Kvb GKK cwip q wb R `i K cwiwpz Kiv Z Pvq bv, Zv `i g a m úà vqmz cwipqb cövavb cvq Zviv evsjv ` ki evovwj `i _ K wb R `i K cv_ K K i, muv evsv Z wm q Zviv Zv `i K_ fvlvi D PviYMZ ^vzš I evovwj `i _ K ms wzmz wfbœzv K i Z `q hgb Zviv Zv `i ag K mbvzbx ag wn m e wpwýz K i wbr ^ c~rv I Drme wn m e Uzmy c~rv, wek Kg v c~rv, Kig c~rv, Szgyi bvp cöf wz K Pv evmv bi Dwoqv, `kiqvjx I Z j iv cwðge½ _ K Avmv ev½vwj `i K Rswj wn m e wpwýz K i GgbwK G `i A b K wb RivI wb R `i K Rswj wn m e cwipq `q Ab vb RvwZ Mvôxi K qkrb m` m i Kv Q Rswj cwipq ˆZwi nevi KviY wr Ám Kivq Zviv Rvbvq Ô h nzz GB RvwZ Mvôxi m`m iv Av M eb R½ j _vk Zv m nzz Zv `i K Rswj ejv nq GQvov Zv `i g a eªvþ Yi cöpjb bv _vkv, evwo Z Zxi abyk ivlv, AwaK g` cvb Kiv, Szgyi bvp bvpv cöf wz Kvi Y Zv `i K Rswj ejv nq Rswj kãwu K evovwj ev Ab vb Ômf Õ I ÔAvaywbKÕ RvwZmËvi jvkrb hfv e ÔAvw`gÕ I ÔAmf Õ A _ e envi K i GLvbKvi wewfbœ RvwZmËvi jvkrb mb A _ Rswj kãwu K e envi K i bv eis GLv b Rswj aviyvwu Ab vb K vuvmwi jvi g Zv Av ikwu K vuvmwi ev kªyx wn m e fvev nq wkš ez gv b Rswj aviyvwui mv _ bwzevpkzvi cö ek N U Q e j Avgv `i g b n q Q h Kvi Y c~ e hv `i K Rswj wn m e wpwýz Kiv nz Zv `i A b KB GLb GB cwipq K Zv `i cöwz bwzevpk ` wófw½i ewntcökvk wn m e g b K i Pv kªwgk `i wb R `i GB cwiwpwzi evb i beÿb qi `k Ki w` K Av ikwu bzzb cwiwpwzi cömvi N U GB mgqkv j Dbœqb ms v mw, wnw, AvBGjI cöf wzi c _ K Pv kªwgk `i g a wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv nq GB Kg m~wp jv Z A bk wkw Z Pv kªwg Ki mš vb Zvi evevi PvKwi m~ Î wb qvmcövß nq GQvov Gi Av M evmv bi wewfbœ Awdwmqvj KvR, kn i UzKUvK e emv cöf wzi gva g Pv kªwgk `i A bk mš vb Pv kªwg Ki KvR _ K m i Av m Giv wb R `i K Pv kªwgk wn m e cwipq w` Z ms KvP eva K i Pv kªwgk `i wewfbœ RvwZ Mvôx _ K ei n q Avmv GB e w³iv wb R `i K Pv Rb Mvôxi m`m wn m e cwipq w` Z _v K ez gv b cövwzôvwbk wk vi mv _ m úwk Z e w³ `i g a GB cwiwpwzi e envi e vckfv e e w cv Q Pv kªwgk `i cwiwpwz K K `ª K i ivrbxwz wb Pi GB KweZvwUi gva g Lye my `ifv e dz U D V Q - ÒBs iriv me RvZ K GK RvZ evbv jv w` b iv Z KvR Kiv jv eu a Pv L Vywj, K lk _ K cö gvkb w` q bvg ivl jv Kzwj ^vaxb ` k Pv kªwgk Dcvwa, eob PgrKvi fv Ui mgq K`i ev o, fvu M j K fvb Kvi weªwuk Avg ji Mvjvgxi wbkvb, mevi Dc i Szj Q nvj Avg j Pv Rb Mvôx bv g cö gvkb w` Z `iw`iv Zv ej Q Ó cwigj wms evovbk (2002) 37

47 cuvp K vuvmwii evb ii K_v Pv evmv b we` gvb m cö`vqmg~ ni Avw` cwiwpwz _ K ez gvb ÔAvZ cwipqõ GKwU bzzb cwipq wbgv Yi Avfvm w` Q GB cwip qi gšj ˆewkó wn m e m cö`vqmz cwiwpwz _ K K qkwu e nëi RvwZMZ cwip qi w` K AMÖmi nevi cö Póv j Kiv M Q mvgvwrk I A_ bwzk Ae vi mgiƒczv Zv `i A bk ˆewkó K GKB Pnviv w` q Q Avw` Ae v b _vkv Ae vq GB m cö`vqmg~n hvi hvi ^Zš ˆewk ó i wfwë Z wb R `i Rxebhvcb e e v cwipvjbv Ki Zv wemz `ok eq ii Jcwb ewkk Ges Dcwb ek DËi bqv Jcwb ewkk kvm b Ae vb c~e ez x cv_ K K A bk ùxz K i Q GKB A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk KvVv gvq `xn w`b Ae vbkv j gvwjkc, iv óªi wewfbœ cöwzôvb, evrvi e e v, AvKvk ms wz cöf wzi mv _ wg_w Œqv ˆZwi n q Q wkš Pv evmv bi Rxe bi GB mgiƒczv I cv_ K K evsvi Rb Pv evmv bi kªwgk wn m e Zv `i Rxe bi GB iƒcvš i K evsvi cö Póv bb ej jb P j AvcvZ A _ g b n Z cv i, h e nëi K vuvmwii wfwë Z Zv `i K fvm Kiv n q Q Zv ev e ÎI mz wkš Gi fz ii A bk RvqMvq m cö`vq I fvlvmz cv_ K we` gvb Pv evmv bi kªwgk msmvk I wkw Z e w³iv `kiqvjx, Iwoqv, Z j, mvw`ª I evsjx GB 5wU K vuvmwi Z wb R `i fvm Ki ji Ggb A bk m cö`vq i q Q hviv Kvbfv eb GB 5wU K vuvmwi Z c o bv cvbbkv ÔRvwZÕ mikg GKwU Rb Mvôx RvwZi bvg cvbbkv ÔcvBbKvivÕ wb R `i K wpwýz Ki Z wm q ÔRvwZÕ kãwu e envi K i ZvB Avwg Zv `i K RvwZ wn m eb D j L KiwQ ÔcvBbKvÕ RvwZi evsjv ` ki Pv evmvb jv Z Ae vb Avgiv eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm KZ K cwipvwjz Ôevsjv ` ki Avw`evmx wpwýzkiy cökíõ bv g GKwU Rwi ci cöv_wgk djvd ji gva g Rvb Z cvwi mlv b Zviv wb R `i K GKwU ^Zš RvwZ Mvôx wn m e cwipq `q Zviv wb R `i K ÔcvBbKv RvwZÕ I Zv `i ag K ÔKwei ag Õ bv g wpwýz K i D³ Rwi ci gva g cövß Z_ vbyhvqx Zv `i fvlv wejvmcywi, Lv` vfv m Zviv wbivwgl fvrx GQvov Zv `i wb R `i g a ^Zš MvÎ (ev Nj, jbmv, gvwnl cöf wz), Dcvmbvjq (Kwei gw `i) cöf wz _vkvi K_v Zviv cöv_wgkfv e Rvbvq GB cöv_wgk Z_ I ciez x Z cybivq AbymÜvb I ch e Yi wfwë Z Zv `i K eª v Ki M elyv I g~j vqb wefvm KZ K ^Zš b - Mvôx wn m e wpwýz Kiv nq fvi Zi b - Mvôxi me fvizxq ZvwjKvq cvwbkv bv g GKwU b - Mvôxi D j L i q Q, hv `i Ae vb ga fviz `Lv bv n q Q jevi nvdm KZ K fvlvwfwë Z cö ZK Z ZvwjKvq cvbbkv `i evovwj K vuvmwi Z djv n q Q Avgv `i M elyvi g~j welqe wqj Pv evmv bi kªwgk `i mvs wzk Ae vi cwiez b K evsv GB cwiez bkxjzv K evsvi Póv Kiv n q Q cöv_wgkfv e GKwU z`ª RvwZ Mvôxi cwiez b K evsvi gva g m Î ÔcvBbKv RvwZiÕ ^vz š i K_v we epbv K i Zv `i GB M elyvi Rb wbev Pb Kiv nq 38

48 Kwei I cvbbkv `i BwZe Ë Pv evmvb jv Z cvbbkviv wb R `i K GKwU ^Zš RvwZ wn m e cwipq `q evmv bi Ab RvwZ Mvôxi Kv Q wb R `i ^vzš Zz j ai Z wm q Zviv Zv `i agx q cwip qi K_v Rvbvq Zv `i a g i ^vz š i K_v ej Z wm q Zviv wb R `i cöavb DcvmK Kwe ii K_v D j L K i cöexy cvbbkviv wb R `i ag K Kwei ag wn m e cöpvi K i ZvB cvbbkv `i ag K eys Z wm q Avwg Kwei m ú K Rvbvi Póv K iwq Kwei m ú K cvbbkv `i `qv Z_ I gzvg Zi evb i L vzbvgv BwZnvmwe` I mgvrweávbxiv Zv `i jlv jwl I M elyvq Kwei m ú K hv Z_ w` q Qb Zv Rvbvi Póv K iwq HwZnvwmK `i ÔcvBbKv RvwZiÕ cöavb DcvmK Kwe ii Rb Kvj m ú K w wz gvnb m bi ( mb 1999) e³ e i mv _ dilvi, nvrvwi cömv` wø e`x, ˆmq` AvZ&ni AveŸvm wirwf, fvwwfj, Bidvb nvwe ei Zgb Kvb i Z c~y wøgz cviqv hvq bv gvmj Avg ji HwZnvwmK `i g a AvKe ii RxebxKvi Aveyj drj D j L K ib (1595 L óv ã), ÔÔwmKv `vi jv`xi mg q Kwei RxweZ wq jb Ges wzwb cyivzb cö_vm Z c _i wei Zv K i wbr Dcj mz K cöpvi Ki Z A bk wn `x KweZv i L M Qb Ó GB Dcjw mz ej Z wm q Kwei GKw` K avwg K m cö`v qi Af š i cö_vm Z AvPviwePvi I cy ivwnzz š i we ivwazv K i Qb, Aciw` K m cö`v qi evb ii c w_exi m ½, Ab vb m cö`v qi m ½, m ú K i g a f` fvm I cö Qbœ ev cökvk we iv ai fve K er b K i Qb wzwb Zv evsv Z wm q G K G K e j hvb, ÔÔmvay cy ivwnz eo wbcyy KmvBÕÕ, ÔÔgb iv½v bv K i hvmx Kvco ivov K i QÕÕ, Ò`ywbqv wb R nv Z ev bv bv g~wz dj PvqÕÕ BZ vw` GZ mȳ úófv e AvZ cwipq `evi cii Kwei K cwipq Kwi q w` Z wm q W. gvnv ` Gbvgyj nk Ôe ½ mywd cöfveõ eb Z Kwei K wpkwzqv m cö`v qi wkl Ges mywd-mš iƒ c ey bv K ib Aek Bidvb nvwee GB g Zi we ivwazv K i Kwei K mywd wn m e bq, gyiqvwn` ev G Kk iev`xiƒ c `Lvb ( mb 1999) Kwe ii Rxeb m ú K HwZnvwmK `i GB ZK -wez K i evb i Avgv `i Kv Q i Z c~y n Q cvwbkv m cö`v qi m`m iv wkfv e Kwe ii Abymvix n jv GB Av jvpbvi Avgiv w wz gvnb mb _ KB cvb wzwb Kwei K ivgvb `i wkl wn m eb `Lvb ivgvb ` ivgvby Ri wkl µ g câg cyi l ivgvb ` wq jb AvPvix m cö`v qi i, wkš ZrKvjxb mg q ewkifvm ÔbxP RvwZiÕ eo eo f³ Zvi Kv Q `x v bq Zvi ev iv wkl I evnvëi f ³i g a ewkifvmb wq jv ÔAš R kªyxõ (bxpz RvZ) _ K Avmv Zv `i g a Ô mbvõ wq jb Rv Z bvwcz, ÔabœvÕ Rv Z RvV Pvlv, Ôiwe`vmÕ Rv Z Pvgvi, ÔKweiÕ Rv Z wq jb Rvjv, ÔcÙveZxÕ wq jb bvix ivgvb `i GB mkj wkl iv Quvqv I AvPv ii wbqg Ges eªvþyev `i we ivwazvkvix wn m e Avwef~ Z nb Quvqv I AvPv ii wbqg Ggb wq jv h ÔAvnvi Kv j hw` evb ii KD `L Z cvq Zv ZB fvrb bó nq, KviY Zv Z ` wó `vl nq ivgvb `i GB mkj wkl `i g a Kwei 39

49 wq jb me P q cöfve m wókvix Kwe ii mgqkv j fvi Z a g i mv _ a g i, m cö`v qi mv _ m cö`v qi `Lv nw Q jv, wkš Zv A bkuv we ivac~y fv e Kwei G `i g a mv cö`vwqk fve `~i K i mz LuvRvi gva g mgš^ qi Póv K ib Kwe ii GB evyx wb q Zvi wkl iv ejywp vb, AvdMvwb vb, wzeÿz, ZywK vb, Lyivmvb, evj&l&-eylviv, Bivb cöf wz v b hvîv K ib Kwe ii A bk wk l i fz i me P q Kv Qi wq jb myiz Mvcvj I ag `vm Kwe ii cyî Kgvj (hv K cvwbkv `i i Abyc `vm Kwe ii Av ikwu iƒc wn m e Avgvi Kv Q ey bv K ib) Kwe ii ÔfveÕ Øviv cöfvwez wqj Kwe ii Ab vb wkl iv Kwe ii g Zz i ci Kgvj K ej jb GKwU Kweicš x m cö`vq MVb Kivi Rb Kgvj DËi w` jv, ÔAvgvi wczv wpikvj mv cö`vwqkzvi wei B hy K i Qb Zvnvi bv gb hw` m cö`vq vcb Kwi, Zvnv wcz nz vb Kiv nb e Õ Kwe ii wkl iv ej jv ÔKgvjB Kex ii esk WyevB jvõ ( mb 1999) Kgvj K ev` w` q ag `vm Kwe ii ÔfveÕ/ag cöpvi Kivi Î cöavb f~wgkv cvjb K ib cy iv SvoLÊ GjvKvq wzwb Kwe ii gzev` cöpvi Kiv ïi K ib ag `v mi GK wk l i wczv DMÖbvg hše b GK cvwbkv bvix K fv jv e m we q K ib cvwbkviv GB we q Z we ivwazv Ki ji msl vq Zviv GZUvB z`ª wq jv h, Zv av c wu K bvb ag `vm K cöavb i wn m e i L Zvi wkl iv ag `vmx `i (Kweicš x) AvLov vcb K i vbxq wewfbœ cve Z ebevmx z`ª z`ª RvwZ Mvôx K Kwei cš vq AvK ó K ib LyÛv, IivI, cvwbkv cöf wz SvoLÊx eb I cvnvoevmx m cö`vq/rvwz jv Rxe nz v Z vm K i Kwe ii gz MÖnY Ki Z _v K Kweicš x i `i g Zv ZvivI wb R `i AvPv ii A bk wkqyb Z vm K i Ô PŠ KvÕ Abyôvb Ki Z _v K aviyv Kiv hvq 1475 Lªxóv ãi KvQvKvwQ mg q SvoL Êi wejvmcy ii w` K ag `v mi gva g Kwe ii gzev` cvwbkvmn Ab vb m cö`vqmg~n MÖnY K i ( mb, 2000) cvbbkv `i Pv evmv b AvMgb ÒAvmv g M j MvQ bvov j UvKv Avi Kv`vj Pvjv j mvbv wkš Avmv g G m `wl i fvb Kv_vq mvbv! Avi Kv_vq UvKv!Ó ïay cvbbkvivb bv, Pv evmv bi ewkifvm RvwZ Mvôxi m`m `i K Pv evmv b AvMg bi cªw Z m ú K wr Ám Ki j Zviv GB KweZvwU D Z K i mvmibj, LvBQov, mg kibmi Pv evmv bi cvbbkv `i mv _ Avjvc Kv j Zviv cö Z KB Avjv ci gvslv b GB `ybwu evk Avgv K kvbvq GB `ybwu ev K i gva g úóz GKwU DbœZ ev ^ Qj Rxebhvc bi AvKv v _ K Pv evmv b AvMg bi NUbv wee Z nq Avi GKB mv _ mb AvKv vi ev evqb bv niqvi KviYI Rvbv hvq Z e Pv evmv b Zv `i AvMgb m ú K me P q we vwiz Z_ `q cvbbkv `i cöavb ag xq i Abyc `vm cvbbkv I mvmibj evmv bi cöavb cvbbkv gyiweÿ jvjy `vm cvbbkv Zviv GB Z_ Zv `i evc `v`v `i gy L ky b Q e j Zviv Rvbvq Zv `i fvl 40

50 g Z, Ô1853 _ K 1856 mvj ch š wejvmcyi A j Kvb e wó nq bvb cvbbkv `i GKUv eo Ask ZLb wejvmcy i _vk Zv mlvbkvi ebr½ j cïcvwl wkkvi Kivi cvkvcvwk mgzj f~wg Z K wl KvR K i Zviv Zv `i RxweKv wbev n Ki Zv e wó bv niqvq mlv b e vck Lv` NvUwZ `Lv `q Ges GK chv q `ywf `Lv `q ZLb `ywf _ K euvpvi Avkvq Zv `i GKUv Ask P j Av m wîcyiv iv R Avi Av ikuv Ask AvoKvwV `i nvz a i Avmv gi Pv evmvb jv Z P j Av m aviyv Kiv nq Zv `i cö_g AvMgb N U igv evmv b ïi i w` K cövq 20/25 nvrvi cvbbkv evsjv A ji Pv evmv b Av m wkš Dwbk mv ji ïi i w` K AÎ A j e vck g v jwiqv `Lv `q ZLb cvbbkv `i GKUv eo Ask cvk ez x wîcyiv iv R P j hvq Õ ÔAvcbviv mbvzbx bv gymjgvb?õ Pv evmv b Avmvi ci ïi _ KB cvbbkv `i agx q cwipq wb q mgm v ˆZwi nq wenvwi gymjgvb Qvov Pv evmv bi ewkifvm kªwgkb wb R `i K mbvzbx wn m e cwipq w`z wkš cvbbkviv wb R `i K bv mbvzbx bv gymjgvb, Gi KvbUvB ej Z cvi Zv bv cö_gw` K Pv evmv b wewfbœ AÂj _ K Avmv wewfbœ RvwZ Mvôxi gvslv b Zviv Zv `i ÔRvwZiÕ ^Zš ˆewkó wuwk q ivlvi Póv K i cö_g w` K Zviv aywz, cvzjyb I gv_vq cvmwo ci Zv Ges PŠ Kv- AviwZ Abyôv bi mgq gv_vq Kwe ii Uzwc (wîfyrvk wz Ges Dc ii w`k _ K ek j ^v `L Z) ci Zv m mgq evmv bi Ab vb mbvzbxiv `ymv, Kvwj, wke, RMbœv_, fmevb kªxk òi Dcvmbv Ki Zv wkš cvbbkviv G jvi KvbUv ZB AskMÖnY Ki Zv bv Avkcv ki gvbylrb Zv `i ag m ú K wr Ám Ki j Zviv ej Zv Avgv `i a g i bvg ÔKwei ag Õ wkš GB ag m ú K wvkgz eys Z bv c i ewkifvm jvk Zv `i ag K mbvzbx ev Bmjvg GB `yb a g i h Kvb GKwUi Ask wn m e g b Ki Zv evmv bi Avkcv ki mbvzbxiv Zv `i gv_vq Uzwc ` L Zv `i K gymjgvb wn m e fve Zv Zviv ej Zv, Ô h nzz Zvgiv gymjgvb m nzz Zvgiv Aek B Mi i gvsm LvI Õ GB Awf hvm K i Avkcv ki mbvzbxiv Zv `i evwo Z Avmv eü K i `q cvbbkviv h gymjgvb bv Zv evsv Z Zv `i A bk mgq j MwQj mbvzbx `i wek vm hvm Zv AR bi Rb Zviv gv_vq cvmwo I Uzwc cov eü K i `q mgv Ri mevi mv _ Pjvi Rb mbvzbx `i wewfbœ c~rv-cve Y AskMÖnY Ki Z _v K Gfv e ax i ax i Zviv Ab vb mbvzbx `i mv _ mym úk M o Zv j i Abyc `vm e jb GKevi kªxg½j m` ii GK gvijvbv Zuv K W K wb q wr Ám K i, ÔAvcbv `i ag m ú K Zv A bk K_v ïwb, Avmj NUbvUv Avgv K LyBjv e jb Zv Õ ZLb Abyc `vm Zv `i a g i wewfbœ w`k m ú K eyws q ejvi ci mb gvijvbv e j, ÔAvcbviv Zv Avgv `i a g i KvQvKvwQ Õ mvmibj evmv bi Avkcv ki gymjgvbiv cvbbkv `i ag m ú K wr Ám Ki j Zviv Zv `i a g i Bmjvg a g i KvQvKvwQ ˆewkó jv m ú K ewk ewk ej Zv, hv Z mlvbkvi gymjgvbiv Zv `i K gymjgvb f e Sv gjv Kg K i wewfbœ evmv b cvbbkv `i mv _ AvjvcKv j `Lv M Q Zviv Zv `i wb R `i ag K mbvzb a g i Ask g b K i cvbbkv `i ag xq cwiwpwzi Î Kvb mywbw` ó GKK e vl v cviqv hvq wb 41

51 PZz_ Aa vq cvbbkv `i Rxeb ag I ag vpvi m wó ZË I Kwei m úwk Z wek vm Ôhvi ` n Kvqv Av Q mb n Q cvbbkv Õ i Abyc `vm cvbbkv Gfv eb cvbbkv m cö`v qi m wó m ú K ey bv `b wzwb Rvbvb gvbe cöv Yi cöavb Dcv`vb n Q cvwb, Avi cvbbkv `i Rb mb cvwb _ KB cvbbkviv g b K i Ôhvi ` n exi Av Q mb n Q Kwei Õ ( mb 2000) Kwe ii Avwefv e ÔKweiÕ bv gi Zvrch e vl v Ki Z wm q i Abyc `vm e jb Ôhvi Kvqvq exi Av Q mb Kwei Õ Kwe ii Avwef ve m ú K cvbbkv `i wewfbœ ag xq i `i mv _ Avjvc Kv j h Z_ cviqv hvq Zvi mvi K_v n Q, ÔKwei Kvb gvby li c U Rb bqwb m wókzv Zv K ˆZwi Kivi ci Zv K wr Ám Ki jv Zzwg KB hvb Z PvI? ZLb Kwei ej jv, Avwg Kvkx hvb Z PvB ZLb m wókz v Zv K Kvkxi Kvb GK `xwn Z cùcvzvi Dc i d j iv L ZLb H `xwni cvk w` q GK Rvjv cwievi hvw Qj cw_g a H Rvjv bvixi cvwb wccvmv cviqvq m `xwni Nv U cvwb L Z wm q ` L cvwbi g a cùcvzvq GK gvbe wkï ï q Av Q wkïwu K Kuv` Z ` L H Rvjv bvixi Lye gvqv nq Ges Kv j Zz j m wkïwu K evwo wb q Av m wkš Zvi ^vgx GK A Pbv wkï K evwo e q wb q Avmv Z Lye ivm K i Ges wkïwu K Avev iv cvwb Z i L Avm Z e j wkš mb Rvjv bvix G Z ivwr nqbv Ges ^vgxi g Zi wei m wkïwu K wb Ri Kv Q i L `q Gfv e GK Rvjv cwiev i Avkª q jvwjzcvwjz n Z _v K mb wkïwu GKUz eo nevi c ib m evwoi cv k Aew Z i ivgvb `i Avkª g hvzvqvz ïi K i Rvjvi N i gvbyl n q mbvzbx `i Avkª g Kb Av m GUv wb q ivgvb `i Ab vb wkl iv Lye wei³ nq Zviv Kwei K A Qyr wn m e wpwýz K i ivgvb `i Avkªg _ K ei K i `q g bi K ó Avkªg _ K ei n q M ji m eyw K i ci w`b fvi ejv ivgvb `i cykz i wm q ï q _v K fv i ivgvb ` cykz i Mvmj Ki Z hvevi mgq Kwei B Q K i wb Ri kixi ivgvb `i cv q jvwm q `q Mv q cv jvmvi ci Kwei Kuv` Z _v K, Gmgq ivgvb ` Zvi gv_vq ivg ivg e j nvz eywj q w` q P j hvq ciw`b mkv j Kwei Avevi ivgvb `i Avkª g wm q nvwri n j ivgvb `i Ab vb wkl iv e jõ Zvgv K bv GKevi A Qyr nevi Kvi Y ei 42

52 K i w` qwq, Zywg Avevi Avm Qv?Õ DË i Kwei ivgvb ` KZ K Quvqv jvmvi NUbv Rvbv j mevi gyl eü n q hvq Gici _ K Kwei ivgvb `i wkl Z MÖnY K i GB KŠkj Kwei bq KviY Kwei eys Z c iwq jv wb R i n Z n j Av M Ab Kv iv wkl n Z n e Gm ú K Kwe ii e³e n Q ÒKwei K wkl evbvbqv i ivgvb ` wb R ab nb jvó ivgvb `i wkl nevi ci Kwei G K G K Zvi Kvwikgv `LvB Z _vk jv Rvjvi Q j n q ivgvb `i wkl Z MÖnY Kiv Z MÖv gi gvj viv Kwe ii Dci w ß wqj Zviv GKevi Kwe ii cvjk wczvi GKgvÎ Mi wu Pzwi K i L q dj jv Avi nvwç jv Zv `i evwoi Qv `i g a d j P j Mj Gmsev` cviqvi ci Kwei evwo Z G m H Mi i bvg a i WvK w` ZB Mi wu RxweZ Ae vq wu bi Qv` _ K b g Avm jv GNUbvi ci Kwe ii bvg Pvwiw` K Qwo q co jv Ges ivgvb `i wkl _ K wb RB i Z cwiyz nj Kwei Zvi ag cöpv ii bvbv ch v q mkj a g i `ezv `i mv _B `Lv K i GKevi fmevb kªxk òi Avkª g wk ei mv _ Kwe ii `Lv nq wke I Kwei cvi úwik Ávb wewbgq K i Gfv e we k i mkj Ávbx e w³i mv _ Av jvpbvi wfwë Z Kwei Zvi bzzb ag cöpvi K i Õ ( mb 2000) Kweicš v cvbbkviv Zv `i wb R `i ag K ÔKwei ag Õ e j ewkifvm cvbbkvb Zv `i GB ag K GKwU ^Zš ag wn m e g b K i Z e Zviv ÔKwei ag Õ K mbvzb a g i Ask g b K i mbvzb a g i e nëi c~rvmy jvi g a `~M vc~rv Z Zv `i AskMÖnY ewk cwigv Y _v K Gi evb i Zviv Zv `i wb R `i wewfbœ Dcvmbv KB ewk i Z `q Zv `i me P q eo ag xq Drm ei bvg n Q ÔgvNx c~wy wmsnvmb Õ Ô PŠ KvÕ I ÔAviwZÕ Zv `i wbqwgz Dcvmbv Abyôvb Ô gvnvš Õ I Ô `Iqvš Õ K Zviv ag xq i wn m e gvb K i fviz I evsjv ` ki cvbbkv m úªv`v qi Ab Zg cöavb ag xq e w³ wn m e Abyc`vm cvbbkv K g b Kiv nq cvbbkv `i a g i Ab Zg ˆewkó wn m e e `i wbq gi we ivwazv K i wb R `i (Kwe ii) wbqg cöwzwôz Kiv I PPv Kivi K_v Zviv Rvbvq Rb, g Zz, we qmn wewfbœ K Z vbyôv b e `cš x `i wbqg AbymiY bv Kiv Zv `i Ab Zg ˆewkó wn m e Zviv `vwe K i Z e Zv `i agx q AvPvi, wbqgkvbyb I cwiwpwzi Î gymjgvb I mbvzbx GB `yb a g i mgš^ qi cö Póv j Kiv M Q ewkifvm evmv b cvbbkv `i agx q AvPvi I Zvi PPv i Î mgiƒczv cviqv M Q Z e Gi e vl vi Î evmvb Abyhvqx wewfbœzv `Lv M Q hgb: gnvjqov I kvqvcvov evmv b cvbbkv `i ag K mbvzb a g i GKwU Ask wn m e e L v Kiv nq Zviv cvbbkv `i agx q wewaweavb m úwk Z Kvb MÖš bv _vkvi K_v Rvbvq i Abyc `v mi Kv Q fviz _ K Avbv wnw ` fvlvq iwpz wkqy MÖš Av Q wkš Abyc `v mi c o Avi KD wnw ` fvlv fv jv gz co Z cv i bv d j a g i wewawewavb mevb Abyc `v mi KvQ _ K R b wb q Zv PPv K i igv I mvmibj evmv b K qkrb gvnvš (GB wbqg jv Rvb ji Zvi cwigvy LyeB Kg) agx q MÖ š i GB mgm v _ K gyw³i Rb wkqyw`b Av MI cvbbkviv 43

53 wnw ` fvlv klvi Rb ÔmnR wbq g evsjv _ K wnw ` klvõ eb wk b wnw ` fvlv klvi Póv Ki ji ez gv b GB cöeyzvi nvii K g G m Q GB cwiw wz Z Abyc `vm wb R D ` vmx n q Ôkªx Kwei frb gvjv (cvbbkv 2003)Õ bv g evsjv ey gvjvq I QwÎkMwo Ges fyrcywi fvlvq GKwU cyw Kv cökvk K i GB cyw Kvi D Ïk wn m e ejv nq- Ô g N XvKv m~h hgb gn K f` K i ewi q Av m Zgwb AvgivI wcwq q cov cvbbkv RvwZ Z_v kªx KweiRxi evyx cöpvi Kivi Rb nv Z Kjg Zz j wb qwq kªx KweiRxi eb jv wn `x A i jlv _vkvq, Avgiv hviv bexb Zv `i c wn `x eb jv cov LyeB KóKi KweiRx Zvi ag cwipvjbvi Rb eû wbqgbxwz Aej ^b K i Qb hv Avgiv eywsbv Ges cvjb Kwi ZI cvwibv cvbbkv Avw`evwm m cö`v qi GKwU z`ª Ask fviz _ K G m evsjv ` k emevm KiwQ cvbbkviv e nëi wm j Ui gšjwfevrvi I nwem Äi Pv evmvb jv Z emevm Ki Q Avgv `i wbr ^ fvlv ms wz Av Q, G jv cöpvi Ki Z n e Õ f~wgkv Z wbszg cvbbkv wb Ri a g i cöpv ii h AvKzwZ cökvk K i Q Zv Abyc `vm, dzj `vm, wekvk mn Av iv A b Ki gv S `Lv M Q i Abyc `v mi mv _ AvjvcPvwiZvi GK ch vq m Avgvi Kv Q evsjv fvlvq Kwe ii K qkwu eb Abyev` K i cökvk K i `evi Rb `vwe K i ag xqmö š i cö qvrbxqzv cvbbkviv A bkw`b hver Dcjw Ki ji mv cöwzk mg q Zvi ZxeªZv Av iv e w c q Q Pv evmv bi e`cš x m cö`vq jvi ( `kiqvjx, Dwol v) wbqgbxwzi cöfve cvbbkv `i g a I co Q A bk evmv bi cvbbkviv wbr ÔRvwZiÕ wjwlz wbqg bv _vkvq e `i wbqg AbymiY Ki Q ( hgb: dz ji evb, Uvjy `v mi QvU Q ji we q eªvþy w` q e `i wbq g cov bv n q Q) GQvov hme cvbbkv covïbv K i Ôwkw ZÕ n q Q I kn ii Ab vb wn `y I gymjgv bi mv _ Pjv div Ki Q Zviv wn `y a g i A bk wbqg K my `i I gvwr Z g b K i gymjgvb `i wecix Z wb R `i K GKwU e nëi agx q K vuvmwii Aš f y³ Kivi gva g wn m e wn `y a g i g a Zv `i cwiwpwz K AvËxK Z Kivi cöeyzvi j Kiv M Q GB cöeyzv GL bv mȳ úó bv n ji cvbbkv `i ez gvb cör b i m`m `i (LvBQov evmv bi ^Rb cvbbkv, jwâz cvbbkv, cùcyi evmv bi g`b I f~ry cvbbkv, bvqvcvovi wklb cvbbkvmn AviI A b K) g a GB cöeyzv j Kiv M Q cvbbkviv Zv `i wb R `i ag xq wbqg I b Z jv cvjb Kivi cvkvcvwk mbvzbcš x (wn `y a g i) wewfbœ AvPviAbyôvbI cvjb K i GB PPv GKB mv _ cvkvcvwk Pj Q wb P Zv `i wb R `i agx q AvPvi I Abyôvb jv ewy Z nj gvnx c~wy wmsnvmb GUv Kweicš x `i me P q eo ag xq Drme GB mg q Kwei mv ne Avwef ~Z nb e j Zviv g b K i Kwei gw ` i GB Dcvmbv Abyôv bi Av qvrb Kiv nq evsjv ` ki wzbwu evmv b Kwe ii gw `i i q Q `yb ai bi Kwei gw `i `L Z cviqv hvq GKwU e w³mz I Av ikwu mvgvwrk gw `i e w³mz gw `i A bk evmv bb i q Q ( kvqvcvov, cùcyi, AvwjbMi) Z e mvgvwrk gw `i/gvrvi i q Q cùcyi I kgv evmv b me P q eo cwim i ÔgvNx c~wy wmsnvmbõ AbyôvbwU Av qvrb Kiv nq kgv evmv b GLvbKvi Abyôv b ewkifvm evmv bi cvbbkviv 44

54 AskMÖnY K i cùcyi evmv bi Abyôvb RuvKRgKc~Y fv e Av qvrb Kiv n ji Zv `i mv _ Ab vb evmv bi m úk Lvivc nevi Kvi Y Zv Z ewkifvm evmv bi cvbbkviv AskMÖnY K i bv mvaviyz gvn gv mi `k _ K PŠÏ Zvwi Li g a Zv AbywôZ nq GKB w` b Gi Av qvrb K i bv, ci ú ii mv _ Av jvpbvi wfwë Z Gi w`b ZvwiL AvM-wcQ K i wvk Kiv nq gvnvš GB Dcvmbv cwipvjbv K i _v K Dcvmbvi mgq Kwei gw `iwu iw½b KvMR I Kvco w` q mvrv bv nq wekvj _ K Dcvmbvi Av qvrb ïi nq, Kwe ii gw `i K wmsnvm bi Av` j mvwr q mevi mvg b _v Kb gvnvš wb R evwu Z mvrv bv Ae vq Avg, KuvVvjmn wewfbœ cvzv I djg~j ivlv nq gvnvš Gmgq Kwe ii `vnv Mvb g š i g Zv K i cvv Ki Z _v Kb, Avi Pvi cv k emv Ab vb AskMÖnYKvixiv mg ^ i Kwe ii Mvb MvB Z _v K Gfv e ivz `kuv-gmviuv ch š GB Dcvmbv P j PŠ Kv cvbbkviv Zv `i g Zz I we qi Abyôv bi mgq GB PŠ Kvi Av qvrb K i gvnvš GB Abyôvb cwipvjbv K i _v K N ii gvslv b Dcvmbvi Rb cª qvrbxq DcKiY jv ivlv nq gvnx c~wy wmsnvm bi g ZvB gvnv š i gš cv Vi mv _ evwk mevb Kwe ii `vnv Mvb Ki Z _v K ivz `kuv GMv ivuv ch š Pjvi ci mevb GK mv _ L Z e m PŠ Kvi Av qvrb Kivi mgq Ab vb evmv bi cvbbkv `i `viqvz `qv nq AviwZ Kv iv Rb n j, g bi B Qv c~iy n j, wec` _ K gy³ n j ev wec` gyw³i Rb cöv_ bv K i AviwZi Av qvrb Kiv nq `Iqvš `i w` q GB Dcvmbv cwipvjbv Kiv hvq PŠ Kvi P q GKUz QvU cwim ii n ji Gi Dcvmbv c wz GKB ikg GB Abyôvb ek N ivqv cwi e k Av qvrb Kiv nq Ges wb R `i evmvb Qvov Ab evmv bi cvbbkv `i G Z `viqvz `qv nq bv e `wm cvbbkv `i cöwzw` bi agx q Dcvmbv K e `wm ejv nq mkv j Nyg _ K D V gvwu Z cv jvmvi Av M GKevi, `ycy i LvIqvi c i GKevi I mü vi Av jv Wvevi Av M Av ikevi Zviv Kwe ii bv g GB e `wm K i _v K cöwzev i 5 evi K i Kwe ii bv g wb Ri g½j Kvgbv Kivi gva g GB e `wm Ki Z nq gvbmv Kiv cvbbkv m cö`v qi Kvb e w³ Kvb wkqy cviqvi Avkv Ki j ZLb m Kwe ii bv g gvbmv K i B Qvc~iY n j m GKv GKv Kwe ii bv g Dcvmbv Kivi gva g Kwe ii cöwz mš wó cökvk K i gvbmv Kiv A bk ewk e w³mz chv qi Dcvmbv Kwei gw `i 45

55 evsjv ` ki Pv evmvb jv Z me gvu 3wU Kwei gw `i i q Q cùcyi evmv b 2wU I 1wU gw `i kgv evmv b Aew Z Kwei gw `i K cvbbkviv Zv `i m ev P agx q Dcvmbvjq g b K i me P q eo Kwei gw `iwu fvi Zi Kvkx Z Aew Z, hlv b Kwe ii g Z `n mgvwnz Kiv Av Q e j Zviv Rvbvq cöwzeqi gvnxc~wy gvi mgq GLv b Zv `i me P q eo Dcvmbvi Av qvrb Kiv nq Kwe ii GB gw `i K Zviv Kwe ii mgvwa wn m e g b K i Zv `i wek vm c w_exi h Kvb v b Kwe ii mgvwa ˆZwi Kiv m e Zv `i g Z Kwei Kvb wbw` ó v bi gvbyl wq jb bv, Zvi Rb Kvkx Z n ji wzwb mviv we k i me gvby li g½ ji K_v f e Qb RvwZ-ag -ey wbwe k l h KD Kwe ii Dcvmbv Ki Z cv i I Dcvmbvjq vcb Ki Z cvi e wkš Gi cöavb kz n Q Zv `i K Aek B Kwe ii fv ei Abymvix n Z n e Kwei gw `i vc bi wbqg n Q Kvkxi Kwei gw `i _ K GKgy Vv gvwu G b GKwU cweî I my `i v b vcb Ki Z n e Zvici cvbbkv m cö`v qi gvnvš, `Iqvš, agx q i, gyi eÿx cöf wz `i K W K GKwU PŠ Kv Abyôv bi Av qvrb K i Zvi agx q I mvgvwrk ˆeaZv w` Z n e cövq 30 eqi Av M igv evmv b me cö_g Kwei gw `i vcb Kiv nq ciez x Z cùcyi evmv b GKwU QvU AvKv ii Kwei gw `i vcb Kiv n ji 1988 mv ji w` K Av ikwu Kwei gw `i vcb Kiv nq cöwzwu gw `i vc bi mgq evsjv `k I fvi Zi cvbbkv `i `viqvz `qv nq GB gw `i Zv `i agx q PPv i Ab Zg cözxk wn m ei we ewpz nq Dc iv³ agx q Dcvmbv I Dcvmbvjq jv cwipvjbvq agx q AvPvi-AvPiY cwipvjbvkvix wn m e gvnvš I `Iqvš f~wgkv cvjb K i gvnvš cvbbkv m cö`v qi cöavb agx q e w³ wn m e gvnvš `vwqz cvjb K i _v K gvnx c~wy wmsnvmb, PŠ Kv, we q, klk Z vbyôvb cwipvjbv Kiv n Q Zv `i cöavb KvR gvnvš wbev wpz Kiv nq ˆcwÎK m~ Î gvnvš `i g a eqm, Ávb I mvgvwrk MÖnY hvm Zv Abymv i ivqb i q Q GKwU agx q Abyôv b GKvwaK gvnvš Dcw Z _vk Z cv i Ges m Î me P q Ôfv jvõ gvnvš K w` q Zv cwipvjbv Kiv n q _v K Z e cvbbkviv Zv `i wbr evmv bi gvnv š i P q Ab evmv bi gvnvš w` q Abyôvb cwipvjbv Kiv K AwaK m vbrbk g b K i evsjv ` ki cvbbkv m cö`v q me gvu mvzrb gvnvš i q Q hv `i cwipq msw ß fv e wb æ `qv n jv - 46

56 mviyx - 8. evsjv ` ki cvbbkv m cö`v qi gvnvš `i cwipq bvg eqm evmvb ckv `xck `vm cvwbkv 70 bvqvcvov evmvb cv g vb gvwbk `vm cvwbkv 46 igv Pv evmvb kªwgk Pv evmvb Kig `vm cvwbkv 45 Lyigv Pv evmvb Pv kªwgk Aveªb `vm cvwbkv 60 mvmibj Pv evmvb Pv kªwgk Kzkj `vm cvwbkv 70 mvmibj Pv evmvb Pv kªwgk ivg `vm cvwbkv 65 KvjvQov Pv evmvb Pv kªwgk m~î: Abyc `vm cvbbkvi KvQ _ K cövß Z_ (2005) `Iqvš bzzb wkïi Rb, AviwZ mn QvULv Uv agx q Abyôvb cwipvjbvi KvR `Iqvš K i _v K GQvov gvnv š i mn hvmx wn m ei Zviv f~wgkv cvjb K i _v K cöwzwu evmv bb `yb-wzb Rb K i `Iqvš i q Q gvnv š i gva g agx q wk v AR b K i h Kvb e w³ `Iqvš n Z cv i A bk mgq Zviv mgv Ri Pvj Ki f~wgkv cvjb K i Ab vb evmv bi agx q Abyôv b Zv `i K cöwzwbwa wn m e cvvv bv n q _v K mvgvwrkfv e gvnvš iv hgb gzvkvjx nq `Iqvš iv ZgbUv nq bv gvnvš I mvgvwrk gyi weÿ `i wb ` k Zviv cwipvwjz nq cvbbkv `i agx q weavb g Z evjk eqm AwZµg Kivi cib Zv `i K GKRb i ev gvnv š i gva g Kwe ii `x v wb Z nq `x v bevi ci Zviv cwic~y fv e Kweicš x cvbbkv wn m e agx q ^xk wz cvq ez gv b cvbbkv m ú`v qi cöavb agx q i wn m e Abyc cvbbkv K gvb Kiv nq Abyc cvbbkv `vwe K ib h ïay cvbbkv m cö`vqb Ab vb m cö`v qi K qk nvrvi gvbyl K m Kwe ii `x vq `xw Z K i Q Gi g a iwe`vm, nvwomn K qkwu m cö`v qi m`m i q Q 47

57 câg Aa vq cvbbkv `i cwiez bkxjzv wbivwgl _ K Avwgl cvbbkv `i ag xq I mvgvwrk wbqg f½ Ki j Av M K Vvi kvw fvm Ki Z nz GB wbq gi `kwu i Z c~y Ask wqj Avwgl RvZxq Lv` MªnY Kiv G m ú K Abyc cvbbkvi mv _ AvjvcKv j m Rvbvq, ÔKwe ii wb ` k Av Q Kvb cïcvwli gvsm LvIqv hv ebv Kbbv h cªvyxi ` n cövy mâv ii gzv gvby li bb, mb cövyx K nz v K i Zvi gvsm LvIqvi AwaKviI gvby li bb Kwe ii GB wb ` k K gvb K i Zv `i m cö`v qi Kvb m`m B Avwgl Lvqbv Õ GB wbqg Agvb Ki j mgvr _ K ei K i `qvi gz K Vvi kvw fvm Ki Z nz cökvk cvbbkv I cȳ ú cvbbkvi evwo Z Avwg 3/4 w`b Ae vbkv j Zviv Avgv K Kv bv ejvq Lvev ii mv _ Avwgl RvZxq Lv` cwi ekb K i wb GKw`b Zv `i QvU fvb ^cb cvbbkvi mv _ `ycyi ejv nv U j Lv` MÖnYKv j m Avgvi mv _ gyiwmi gvsm w` q fvz Lvq, Zv K GB Avwgl LvIqvi e vcv i wr Ám Ki j m Avgv K Rvbvq, ÔAvgiv evox Z cövqb wb Riv wg j KeyZ ii, gyimxi gvsm, gvq cöf wz LvB wkš mgv R mevi mv _ e m GB Lvevi LvBbv Õ ciez x Z G e vcv i cökvk cvbbkvi mv _ Avjvc Kv j Rvbv hvq wemz `k-c bi eqi hver Zv `i g a Avwgl Lvev ii cöeyzv e w cv Q m wb R ^v K `ªi `vwqz cvjbkv j gv I wkï `i Avwgl RvZxq Lvevi LvIqvi Dc `k `q, Zvi K_v ï b cvwbkv m úà vqmn Pv evmv bi Ab vb Mf ezx gv I Zv `i wkï `i gvq-gvsm, `ya cöf wz Lv` MÖn Yi cöeyzv e o Q e j m Avgv K Rvbvq wbr mgv R LvIqv wbwl nevi KviY wn m e Zvi g b nq Kwe ii hy M jvkrb eb R½j _ K cïcvwl wkkvi K i wbt kl K i djwq jv, ZvB Kwei cwi e ki fvimvg wvk ivlvi Rb cïcvwl gviv wbwl NvlYv K i wkš ez gv b gyiwmi dvg I gv Qi Pvl nevi Kvi Y gvq-gvsm wbt kl nevi AvksKv bb, d j Avwgl LvIqv Z Kvb mgm v nevi K_v bv wkš A b K GL bv cyi bv wbqg AbymiY K i wkš ^v i K_v wpš v Ki j Avwgl ewk K ib LvIqv DwPZ mvmib j evmv bi cvbbkv m cö`v qi gyi weÿ jvjy `vm cvbbkv Rvbvq Av M GgbI wbqg wq jv, KD hw` Avwgl L Zv Zvn j Zv K 2/3 eq ii Rb mgvr _ K ei K i `evi kvw i weavb wq jv wkš Zvi wb Ri evwo Z Avgv K iv Zi Lvev ii mv _ gvq `qv nq G m ú K Zv K wr Ám Ki j m Avgv K Rvbvq, gvq LvIqvi cöpjb cvbbkv mgv R A bk 48

58 Av M _ KB ïi n q Q gvq LvIqv GK mgq mvgvwrkfv e ax i ax i MÖnY hvm n Z _v K 1972 mv j fvi Zi wîcyiv iv R mgmö fvize l i cvbbkv `i PŠivkxi mfv ( K `ªxq mfv) nq, GB mfvq ag xq i iv e m wm vš bq, ÔgvQ cvwb Z _v K, h nzz cvwb Avgiv L Z cvwi, m nzz gvqi LvIqv hv e Õ Gici _ K cvbbkviv mvgvwrkfv e gvq LvIqv ïi K i G m ú K ^cb cvbbkvi gzvgz n Q 1972 mv ji c i Avi Kvb PŠivkxi mfv AbywôZ nq wb, ez gv b hw` Kvb PŠivkxi mfv nq Zvn j KeyZi I gyiwm LvIqvUvI ag xqfv e Rv qr Kiv bv n e Z e me wkqy L ji Zviv KL bv Mi i gvsm Lv e bv Kbbv Ggwb ZB cvbbkv `i ag xq cwipq wb q Ab vb mbvzbx m cö`v qi g a m `n i q Q, Zvic i Zv `i g a KD hw` Mi i gvsm Lvq Zvn j Zv `i K Pv evmv bi mgvr _ K ei K i `qv n e cvbbkv `i g a ez gv b ïay gvnvš iv ag xq Av`k Abymv i Avwgl LvIqv _ K weiz _v K wkš mvaviy cvbbkv `i g a GB cöeyzv Kg e j Rvbv hvq aywz-cvzjyb _ K kvu -c v U Pv evmv b Avmvi ci cvbbkviv Zv `i wcz cyi li cvkvk aywz I cvzjyb co Zv evmv b XvKvi wkqyw` bi g a B aywz ev` w` q Zviv nvdc v U cov ïi K i Kbbv evmvb KZ c i wbqg Abyhvqx nvdc v U I MwÄ c o evmv bi KvR Ki Z n e Avi GB bzzb cvkvk gvwjkc _ KB mieivn Kiv nz gv_vi cvmwo civ Zviv ev` `q GKB Kvi Y gvnvš I `Iqvš iv MjvqI wewpî gvjv c o Ab vb cvbbkv `i cvkvk evmv bi Ab vb kªwgk `i g ZvB nvdc v U, dzjc v U, jyw½, kvu, MwÄ, cöf wz Avi bvixiv kvwo-e vdrb c o ebevm _ K mycvwi LvIqv bv cvbbkv `i g a KD gvsm LvIqv, Ab m cö`v q we q Kiv cöf wz agx q wbqg f½ Ki j Av M mvgvwrk kvw fvm Ki Z n Zv Av M GB wbqg jv ek K Vvifv e cvwjz nz mvmibj evmv b cvvvi gvsm LvIqv I f~wgr m cö`v q we q Kivi Kvi Y `k ev iv eqi Av M `ybrb cvbbkv K ev iv eq ii Rb mgvrpy Z Kiv n qwqj mv cöwzkkv j GB wbqg jvi A bkuvb cv ë M Q bvqvcvov evmv bi wjlb `vm cvbbkv f~wgr m cö`v qi GK g qi mv _ cög K i cvwj q we q K i Zv K wbr evwo Z wb q G m Q GB NUbv wb q ek wkqyw`b cvov cöwz ekxiv KvbvNylv Ki ji ciez x Z GUv wb q Zgb Kvb D Pev P nq wb bvqvcvov evmv bi gyi weÿ `xck `vm cvbbkvi Q j nevi Kvi Y m GKUz evowz myweav c ji Ab vb `i Î Gi Lye GKUv e wzµg nq bv mgv Ri wbqg fv½ j kvw fv Mi ci Avevi mgv R wd i Avmvi Rb GKwU Abyôv bi Av qvrb Ki Z n Zv Ômycvwi LvIqv bvõ bv g GB Abyôv b Aciv ai kvw wn m e mgv Ri mevb K `yb w` bi e vck fuywo fvr w` Z nz i Abyc cvbbkv I jvjỳ vm cvbbkv GB wbqg ek K Vvi fv e cvwjz nevi K_v Rvbvq G m ú K Abyc cvbbkv e jb, ÔGB mycvwi LvIqv bvi KvR GZ mnr KvR bv, mgv Ri mevb K Gi Rb ivwr Kiv bv n Q Avmj KvR GB KwVb Kv Ri f q KD mgv Ri wbqgf½ Ki Z mvnm K i bv Õ wkš Gi wfbœ gzvgz cviqv hvq wjlb cvbbkv, ^cb cvbbkv, cökvk cvbbkvi KvQ _ K Zv `i gzvgz n Q, ÔAv M cvbbkviv Ab vb mgv Ri mv _ wgk Zv bv, 49

59 GLb evovwjmn Ab vb mgv Ri mv _ DVvemvi Kvi Y Zv `i `Lv `wl ZvivI cvbbkv `i cyi bv wbqgcvjb K i bv Z e mgv Ri cöwz kª v `wl q Zviv Ôïcvwi LvIqv bvõ Abyôv bi Av qvrb Ki ji Zv Av Mi gz GZ K Vvifv e cvwjz nq bv mevb K W K GK ejv LvB q w` jb me mgm vi mgvavb n q hvq Õ wbqgfv½vi wbqg ag xq wek vm I AvPvi m úwk Z Dc iv³ cöw Z cvbbkv m cö`v qi m`m iv Avgvi Kv Q wee Z Ki ji Avwg Avgvi gvvk g i mgq Gi wkqy cwiez b `L Z c qwq cövq `ok eqi a i Pv evmv b G `i Ae vb Ges Ab vb Rb Mvôxi mv _ bvbvgvwîk m ú K i d j GB cwiez b jv n q Q e j Avgvi g b n q Q cvbbkv `i g Zÿ i ci jvk Kei `qv I gylvwmœi cwie Z gy L cvwb wqwu q `evi K_v Zviv Avgv K Rvbv ji mvmibj evmv bi Uvjy `vm cvbbkvi QvU Q j Avgv K Rvbvq Zvi QvU Lvjvi g Zÿ i ci wpzvq cvov bv nq Kbbv m gwnjv g Zÿ i Av M Zvi jvk cvov bvi Rb KvV I K ivwm bi e e v K i wm qwqj GiKg fv e A b Ki jvk cvov bvi K_v m Rv b Zvi g Z GB jvk cvov bv wbf i K i Avw_ K mvg _ i Dci we qi wbq gi Î Avwg agx q wbqg I ev e PP vi g a e vck cv_ K `L Z cvb Avwg wb R Uvjy `v mi Q j mỳ b `v mi we q Z AskMÖnY Kwi mlv b GKwU NUbvi cwi cöw Z Avwg Zv `i agx q I mvgvwrk wel qi cwiez bkxjzv wb q i Z c~y wkqy Z_ cvb cöv_wgkfv e wicb cvbbkv I wekvk cvbbkv Avgv K AvKvi-Bw½ Z cwiez b jv m ú K nvjkv aviyv `q hlb cvbbkv `i ag msµvš e vcv i Avgvi cöavb DËi`vZv Uvjy `v mi mv _ Zv `i a g i wbqgkvbyb wb q we qi Av Mi w`b iv Zi ejv Avjvc KiwQjvg ZLb wekvk cvbbkv I mỳ b `vm cvbbkv Avgv K W K evb i wb q G m ejj, ÔGBme K_v KZ Avi ïb eb P jb Avcbv i Avmj K_v ïbv Z wb q hvb Õ Zviv Avgv K cùcyi evmv bi `Iqvš cy ú wms cvbbkvi evwo Z wb q hvq mlv b Av M _ KB ek K qkrb cvbbkv Zi Y Dcw Z wqj wekvk cvbbkv Avgv K ZLb ej Z _v K, ÔAvgv `i cvbbkv mgv Ri A bk wbqg Avcwb gy L gy L ïb Qb, wbqg Abyhvqx G jv wvk Av Q wkš GB wbqg jvi A bk wkqy Avgiv cwiez b Kivi Póv KiwQ, Kbbv ev e GB wbqg jvi A bk wkqyb Avi gvbv nqbv Õ Zvici Zviv G K G K Zv `i ag xq I mvgvwrk cwiez b jv m ú K Avgv K aviyv `q Zv `i e³ e i mvigg `uvovq wbgœiƒc cvbbkviv GK mgq cvnv o R½ j _vk Zv, ZvB Zv `i mvgvwrk I agx q wbqgkvbyb jv mlvbkvi Dc hvmx K i ˆZwi n qwqj Pv evmv b Avmvi ci wewfbœ RvwZ Mvôxi Avjv`vfv e AvZ cwipq ˆZwi nq cvbbkv m cö`v qi Dc iv³ mvs wzk, mvgvwrk, ag xq ˆewk ó i Kvi Y Zv `i K Rswj ejv n Z _v K Pv evmv bi me P q Ômf Õ I ÔAvaywbK K vuvmwiõ wn m e `kiqvwj `i K g b Kiv nq Kbbv Zv `i mvs wzk ˆewkó jvi mv _ evsjv `k I fvi Zi wn `y a g i mvaviy PPv i wgj i q Q Zviv Uwjwfk b, e`, MxZvq h ai Yi wbqgkvbyb `L Z cvq Zvi ewkifvmb `kiqvjxiv PPv K i cvbbkv m cö`v qi g a 50

60 `kiqvjx `i cöfve cov ïi n q Q Rb, g Zz I we qi Î Zviv `kiqvjx `i wkqy wkqy wbqg AbymiY Ki Q we kl K i we qi mgq Kb v `vb, cycö_v, jvkbv_ cwäkv AbymiY K i we qi jmb wvk Kiv cöf wzi AbymiY GLb wbqwgz NU Z `Lv hvq wekvk cvbbkvi evb nxiv cvbbkv, Uvjy `vm cvbbkvi Q j mỳ b `vm cvbbkvi we q Z Dc iv³ wbqg jv AbymiY Kiv n q Q GQvov we q Z cvkv Ljv, nwi Yi cözxk wn m e Mv Q Zxi gviv, we q cov bvi AvM ch š mevb bv L q _vkv, K bi evwo Z ei Avmvi ci Zv K mivmwi XyK Z bv w` q wkqy Y evb i ewm q ivlv cöf wz wbqg jv Zviv cv ë dj Z Pvq GB wbqg jv GLb Av Mi gz PPv Kiv nq bv KviY Zv `i ez gvb cörš GB wbqg jv K Kzms vi g b K i GB wbqg jvi PPv Ggwb ZB K g Avm Q, wkš a g i wbq g GL bv Zv i q M Q ZvB wewfbœ evmv bi cvbbkv `i ez gvb cörb GBme cyi bv wbqg cvëv bvi e vcv i wpš v fvebv Ki Q Ge vcv i Zviv K qkrb gvnvš I `Iqv š i mv _ Avjvc K i Q LvBQov evmv bi gnb `vm cvbbkv, cù evmv bi cȳ ú wms cvbbkv, kvqvcvov evmv bi `xck cvbbkvmn A b KB Zv `i mv _ GKgZ n q Q wkqyw` bi g a Zviv GKwU mfv Avnevb K i wjwlzfv e GB wbqg jv Dc vcb Kivi Rb cö wz wb Q kvqvcvov evmv bi wejvj `vm cvbbkv ÔcvBbKv mgvr Dbœqb ms võ bv g h msmvb ˆZwii D ` vm bq Zvi gva g GB welq jv K wewa gvzv ek cwiez b Kivi K_v m fve Q ciez x Z GB welq jv wb q i Abyc `vm cvbbkv I Uvjy `vm cvbbkvi mv _ Avjvc nq Zviv Zv `i GB agx q wbqg jvi wkqy wkqy cwiez bi e vcv i Avgv K Rvbvq Z e G jv K Zviv mgv Ri AatcZ bi djvdj wn m e ` L i Abyc `vm Rvbvq, Ô h e `i we ivwazv K i Kwei Zvi a g i cöpjb ïi K iwqj cvbbkviv mb e `i wbq g Avevi wdiv AvmZv Q Õ cvbbkv m cö`v qi g a 7wU Mv Îi K_v Zviv Avgv K Rvbvq Zv `i cöv_wgk fvl g Z GK Mv Îi mv _ Av ik Mv Îi we q niqvi wbqg bb Ges GK Mv Îi mv _ Av ik Mv Îi DuPzwbPz wefvrb i q Q Abyc `vm I jvjy `vm cvbbkvi mv _ Avjv ci mgq Zviv Avgv K GB wbqg K Vvifv e cvwjz nq e j Rvbvq ciez x Z dzj, wekvk, wjlb, cy ú wms Gi mv _ Avjv ci gva g Avwg Rvb Z cvwi ez gv b GB MvÎ Abyhvqx wefvrb bb ej jb P j K Kvb Mv Îi Zv `i ewkifvmb Zv wvkgz Rv bb bv R Uv cvbbkv, Kzgvwi cvbbkv, wklb cvbbkv mn A b Ki mv _ Avjvc n j Zviv GKB K_v Rvbvq Kwei m ú K ewkifvm cvbbkv `i g a wgkª aviyv cvb j xkzgvix cvbbkv Rvbvq ÔKwei n Q Avgv `i `ezvõ cö`xc cvbbkvi g Z ÔKwei Avgv `i fmevb Õ gxiv cvbbkvi g Z, ÔfMevb kªxk ò wewfbœ mg q wewfbœ iƒ c c w_ex Z Avwef~ Z nq Kwei mikgb GKwU iƒc Õ GK K_vq ejv hvq Kwei m ú K Kvb GKK aviyv mvaviy cvbbkv `i g a cviqv hvq wb wbqgfv½v cvbbkv `i g a ag cwiez bi wkqy wkqy cöeyzv j Kiv M Q i Abyc `v mi `yb Q jb cvbbkv `i ag Z vm K i Q eo Q j ag cwiez b K i gymjgvb n q gv. Ave`yi ingvb bvg avib K i Q Avi QvU Q j MÖnY K i Q Lªx vb ag Avgvi mv _ Avãyi ingv bi `Lv nq 51

61 evwo Z bv c q GjvKvevmxi civg k gmwr ` wm q Avwg Zvi `Lv cvb Bmjvg a g i ZwiKv-B- gvnv w`qv avivq wek vmx Avãyi ingvb Rvbvq, Ôc w_ex Z Bmjv gi evb i Kvb ag bb gymjgvbiv ev ` evwk mevb fyj c _ Av Q, cvbbkvivi fyj c _ Av Q Õ m Zvi evev K Zv `i a g i A bk e vcv i wrávmv K iwq jv wkš Zvi evev Abyc `vm Zv K mwvk Kvb Reve w` Z cv i wb e j m Rvbvq Kwei bex bv gvbyl? gvby li m wó n q Q wkfv e? cvbbkv `i agx q wewaweav bi g~j cȳ K KvbUv? GiKg A bk cö kœi DËi cvbbkv `i Rvbv bb Zvi g Z, Ô h a g i Kvb wjwlz cȳ K bb m ag KL bv wvk n Z cv ibv h Kvi Y cvbbkv `i ag Avi K qk eq ii g a wejyß n q hv e, bexwri Avg ji GiKg A b KB bzzb ag Pvjy K iwqj wkš Zv wu K bvb cvbbkv `ii GKmgq GK Avj vi c _ wd i Avm Z n e Õ GQvov AviI K qkwu evmv b GiKg fv e cvbbkviv Bmjvg ag MÖnY Ki Q e j Avãyi ingvb Rvbvq evovwj wn `y I gymwjg `i we q K ii A b K ag cwiez b Ki Q cökvk cvbbkvi GK Lvjv Zv evb bvqvcvov evmv bi Mvqvjv ( `kiqvjx) m cö`v qi gvae Mvqvjv K we q K i GLb cvbbkv `i ag Z vm K i `kiqvjx wbqgkvbyb AbymiY Ki Q Gfv e mbvzb a g i `kiqvjx avivi mv _ mgš^q K i wb R `i a g i g a ms vi Avbv, cwic~y fv e wb R `i ag Z vm K i wn `y I Bmjvg ag MÖnY Kiv cöf wz cöeyzv j Kiv M Q i Abyc `vm cvbbkvi mv _ AvjvcPvwiZv hfv e e o DwV evsjv ` ki cvbbkv ÔRvwZiÕ me P q cöfvekvjx ag xq i wn m e Abyc `vm cvbbkv K g b Kiv nq igv Pv evmv b 1901 mv j Rb bqv Abyc `v mi evev-gv Pv evmv bi kªwgk wqj Zvi R b i K qk eqi Av MB Zvi evev-gv fvi Zi wejvmcyi (wenvi I SvoL Êi gvsvgvws GKwU AÂj) _ K GB Pv evmv b KvR Kivi Rb G AÂ j Av m Zvi evev-gvi gyl _ K ï b Q gvz f~wg Z Zviv ek my L wqj, wkš GKevi Zv `i cy iv GjvKvq Livi Kvi Y Kvb dmj nq wb Gmgq AvoKvwViv Zv `i K Qq gv mi UvKv AwMÖg w` q Avmv g wb q Av m evmv b Avmvi ci AviI Qq gv mi UvKv AwMÖg w` q Zv `i K ÔwMiwg UÕ wucmb `qv bv nq kz wn m e Uvbv GKeQi Pv evmvb Qvov Ab Kv_vI KvR Kiv hv e bv GB GKeQi h mviv Rxe bi e vcvi Zv eys Z cv i K qkeqi c ib kz cö qvr bi Avi Kvb evib ez bi AwZwi³ UvKv `qv n jv bv Abyc `v mi R b i ci Zviv gv P qwqj wcz f~wg Z wd i hv e, wkš GB evmvb _ K Avi ei niqv hvq wb ˆK kv ii ïi _ K Abyc `vm K Pv evmv bi kªwgk wn m e KvR ïi Ki Z nq evmv bi Ab vb wk kv ii mv _ fvi ejv evmv b h Z nz Zv K cö_g wek hy i mgq Pvwiw` K ZLb hy i Wvgv Wvj, Pv evmv bi KvRKg cövq e Üi c _ evmv bi g a gvwjkiv ev¼vi K i mlv b me kªwgk K jywk q _vkvi wb ` k w` jv 52

62 Gmgq Avmv gi wel vz Kwei mvak Ô i Ab½ `v miõ mv _ Abyc `v mi cwipq nq Ab½ `v mi ms ú k Avmvi ci Zvi g b nq, Ô`ywbqv Ry o GZ hy -`v½v-nv½vgv GB me wkqz _ K gyw³i GKgvÎ c_ Kwe ii wb ` wkz c _ mvabv Kiv Õ kªx mz Kwei mnvq Ab½ `v mi KvQ _ K `x v bevi ci m Kwe ii gzev` cöpvi Kivi Rb evwo _ K ewo q c o cövq `k eqi evmv b evmv b Kwe ii ag cöpvi I Kwei `x v `evi ci Abyc `vm ÔKvkx ZÕ hvb AviI D PZi mvabv Kivi Rb Kvkx Z `yb-wzb eqi mvabv Kivi ci Abyc `vm Avevi gvz f~wg Z ( igv evmv b) wd i Av mb D PZi mvabv K i wd i Avmvi ci Abyc `v mi mybvg Pvicv k Qwo q co Z _v K ax i ax i e nëi wm ju I Avmv g ÔnvRvi nvrvi (Abyc `v mi fvl g Z)Õ cvbbkv Zvi wkl Z MªnY Ki Z _v K cö_gw` K Kwei ag cöpvi Ki Z wm q Abyc `v mi bvbv mgm vq co Z nq wewfbœ cš vi jvkrb Zv K bvbvikg AvµgYvZ K ( Zvgiv Avgv `i ag bó Ki Z PvI, GUv Avevi wk ag? Zvgv `i ag fyj cöf wz) K_v ej Z _v K ZLb Abyc `vm Kwe ii GKwU evyx memgq g b ivl Zv, Zv n Q, Ômevi Kv Q hv e mevi K_v ïb e, Z e wb Ri hvqmvq AUj _vk e Õ GBfv e bvbv KŠkj Aej ^b K i m GKmgq cy iv cvbbkv mgv Ri cöavb ag xq i Z cwiyz nq Kwe ii Mªš QvovI e`, MxZv, Dcwbl`mn mbvzbx `i ewkifvm ag xq MÖ š i Dci Zvi AMva cvwê Z i Kvi Y Ab vb m cö`v qi g a Abyc `v mi f³ I Abymvwi ˆZwi nq Zjx, Mvo, iwe`vm, nvriv cöf wz m cö`v qi g a A b K Abyc `v mi nvz a i Kwe ii `x v MªnY K i fvi Zi wejvmcyi, Kvwk, wîcyiv cöf wz A ji cvbbkv `i g a Abyc `v mi wkl ˆZwi nq mlvbkvi cvbbkviv gvnx c~wy wmsnvmbmn Ab vb Abyôv b evsjv `k _ K Abyc `vm K `viqvz K i wb q hz Ôkªx mz Kwei mnvqõ gv b mz c _ hv Z Kwei Avgv `i mnvq nq, GB evyx cöpvi KivUvB GLb Abyc `v mi cöavb KvR cvbbkv `i agx q wbqg Abyhvqx ˆK kvi DËxY nevi ci cöwzwu cvbbkv K i i gva g Kwei `x v wb Z nq Abyc `vm cvbbkv GB i i `vwqz cvjb K i _v Kb fvi Z wbqwgzfv e hvzvqvz Kivi Kvi Y Kwe ii jlv eb I Ab vb ag xq cȳ KI m evsjv ` k divi c _ wb q Av m cvbbkv `i g a a g i wewfbœ e vl v I wbqgkvbyb Rvbvi me P q wbf i hvm e w³ wn m e GKvi Y Abyc `vm KB g b Kiv nq Abyc `vm ebvg mgi `vm Avwki `kk ch š evsjv ` ki ewkifvm Pv evmv bi cöavb ag xq i wn m e GKKfv e Abyc `vm KB gvb Kiv nz Avi mvgvwrk bzv PŠaywii `vwqz cvjb Ki Zv kvqvcvov evmv bi mgi `vm cvbbkv mgm vuv ïi nq Avwki `k K G m GmgqKv j A bk ag xq wbqg I mvgvwrk wbq gi g a ˆecixZ ˆZwi nq Abyc `vm mvgvwrk wbqg ag xq wbq gi Av jv K cvjb Kivi c bb Avi mgi `vm ag xq wbq gi P q mgv Ri Pvwn`v K ewk i Z `q MvayjxjMœ ev` w` q Ab vb mbvzbx `i gz cwäkv AbymiY K i we qi jmœ wvk Kiv, Ab Mv Î we q Kiv, K b cy bqv cöf wz c` c bevi e vcv i mgi `vm D ` vm wb j Abyc `vm 53

63 Gi we ivwazv K i me evmv bi cvbbkviv GB `yb g Zi c Ae vb wb q Avjv`v n q hvq Gici _ K cöwzwu evmv bi cvbbkv `i g a Abyc `vm I mgi `vm - GB `ybr bi AbymiYKvix `i g a Ø Ø we` gvb 2004 mv j mgi `vm gviv hvq Ges Zvi v b Zvi Q j wjcb `vm K PŠayix wn m e `vwqz bevi Rb ewkifvm evmvb _ K Aby iva Kiv nq wkš wjcb `vm Zvi e emvqxk e Zvi Kvi Y GB `vwqz wb Z A ^xkvi K i mv cöwzk mg q (2005) wjcb `vm i Abyc `v mi wkl Z MªnY Kivi gva g GZw` bi we ivwazvi Aemvb NwU q Q Avi Abyc `vmi wewfbœ mvgvwrk cwiez b K ag xqfv e g b bevi Póv Ki Q e j Rvbvq Abyc `v mi GB cwiez bi cq b dyj `vm I wekvk `vm cvbbkvi f~wgkv i q Q e j Abyc `vm Rvbvq Gm ú K Abyc `vm Rvbvq, Ôwewfbœ evmv bi cvbbkv `i g a bvbv mg q bvbv gz ˆZwi nq wkš dzj ev wekv ki gz wk l i mn hvwmzv cvb j GB jv `~i Kiv hvq Õ ÔK g i Kvi Y ag wvk _v K bvõ ÔAv Mi w` b gvby li Afve wqjbv, c Ui mvabv kl KBiv Kwe ii mvabv Kivi Rb A bk mgq cviqv hvb Zv cvbbkviv Zv `i a g i me wbqgkvbyb cvjb Ki Zv ebjv wec` Avc`I Kg nb Zv GLb gvby li ïay euvbpv _vkvi Rb h cwigvy KvR Ki Z nq Zv Kivi ci ag Kivi Avi mgq cviqv hvqbv bzzb cvjvcv bi Av iv ewk mgm v, Zv `i cov kvbv Ki Z nq, fwel Zi wpš v Ki Z nq GB me KivUvI a g i Ask wkš a g i mvabv Av ik wrwbm, Gi Rb cª qvrb we i mgq h mgq evbi Kiv GLbKvi gvby li c m e bv ZvB a g i Kvi Y Kg wvk _v K bv Õ GBfv e Abyc `vm cvbbkv `i ag PP vi ez gvb nvj e vl v K ib Z e GB Ae v wb q Zvi Av ci i q Q `ytl K i Abyc `vm e jb, ÔAvwg GZw`b a i evmv b Avwm A_P GB mg qi cvjvcvbiv Avgvi Kv Q wkqz Rvb ZI Pvq bv GB h Avcwb Avgvi Kv Q GZ `~i w_kv Avm Qb GZ wkqz wrmvbzv Qb, GB AvMÖn hw` Avgv Mv cvbbkv `i g a _vk Zv Zvn j g b Kvb `ytl _vk Zv bv Kwe ii gz GZ eo GKRb gvby li Abymvix nbqv AvR K cvbbkviv Zv i fybjv hvbzv Q Õ Ôcvi j Kwe ii eb jv evsjv KBiv w` qbõ Kybyc `v mi mv _ Avjvc Kivi ci Abyc `vm GKUv e cv i evievi i Z `evi Póv K i, Avi Zv n Q Kwe ii jlv eb qi evsjv Abyev` bv _vkv Ggwb ZB Kwe ii eb Avi Av Mi gz cviqv hvqbv Abyc `v mi Kv Q ez gv b Kwe ii h eb jv Av Q Zvi me jvb wnw ` I fvrcywi fvlvq jlv RxweZ `i g a ewkifvm cvbbkvb GB wnw ` fvlv co Z cv i bv Abyc `v mi c I me evmv b wm q wm q Kwe ii evyx ïwb q Avmv m e bq ZvB Abyc `vm g b K ib A bk ewk cö qvrb n q c o Q GB eb jv evsjv Abyev` K i djv ÔKwe ii eb evsjv Kiv bv _vkvi Kvi Y cvbbkviv GLb e`, MxZv GB jv cozv Q GBfv e Pj Z _vk j cvbbkviv GK mgq Avevi e `i wbq g wdiv hvb ev h wbqg jvi gva g e `i we ivwazv KBiv Kwei Zvi ag Uv ˆZwi Ki jv mb wbqg jvb hw` cvbbkv bv Rvb ev ZvB j m jv cvjb Ki ev Kg b Õ Ôcvi j cvbbvkv `i Rb Kwe ii eb jv evsjv KBiv `qvi e e v K ibõ, GB Aby iva evi evi Kivi gva g Abyc `vm Zvi AvjvcPvwiZv kl K ib 54

64 grywi I ckv AvUvk UvKv grywii wek íi müv b Pv evmv bi Ab vb kªwgk `i grywi I RxweKvi Ab vb Dcv qi Ae v _ K cvbbkv `i Ae v Lye GKUv wfbœ bq evsjv `k Pv evw I evsjv `k Pv kªwgk BDwbqb Gi g a m úvw`z Pyw³ Abyhvqx 2005 mv ji wbqg Abyhvqx Pv kªwgk `i ezb cyi l AvUvk UvKv bvix `i Î QvweŸk UvKv ewkifvm evmv bi gz LvBQov evmv bi GKB ezb KvVv gv we` gvb GB ez bi evb i mßv n wzb KwR AvUv, wpwkrmv myweav, Avevmb cöf wz my hvm-myweav gvwjk c kªwgk `i K w` q _v K ez bi Î mßv n Qqw`b Kg w`em Abyhvqx Zv `i K ezb `qv nq PvKwii gqv` kl niqvi c i Zv `i cöwf W U dv Êi e e v i q Q LvBQov evmv bi cvbbkv m cö`v qi ewkifvm m`m GB kz vbyhvqx Pv evmv bi kªwgk wn m e Ae vb K i Pv evmv bi Kvb Kv Ri mv _ hy³ bv n j evmv b _vkvi wbqg bb GB k Z i Kvi Y ewkifvm cwiev iib Kgc GKRb m`m evmv bi Kv Ri mv _ hy³ _v K cvbbkv m cö`v qi ewkifvm m`m B Pv evmvb jv Z GB kz mv c Ae vb K i Z e Gi e wzµgi i q Q LvBQov evmv b Aš Z wzbwu cwievi i q Q hv `i cwiev ii Kvb m`m B mivmwi Pv evmv bi Kvb Kv Ri mv _B hy³ bq GQvov cuvp-qqwu cwievi i q Q hviv Pv evmv bi Kv Ri mv _ hy³ _vk ji ïaygvî GB Av qi Dc i wbf ikxj bq ewkifvm cwiev ii GKRb K i m`m Pv evmv b KvR Ki ji Ab m`m `i bvbvwea Kv Ri mv _ hy³ _vk Z `Lv M Q z`ª e emvqx, f vb PvjK, wi vpvjk, KvV e emvqx, iv v wbg vy kªwgk cöf wz Kv Ri mv _ hy³ _vk Z `Lv M Q ^vaxbzvi ci _ K GB cöeyzv ïi n q Q Kbbv Zv `i c~e c~i l `i g a Pv kªwg Ki evb ii ckv MÖn Yi cöeyzv wqj LyeB Kg ZLb evmv bi evb i KvR Ki Z M j gvwjkiv Lye mgm v Ki Zv mnb `vm cvbbkv Avgv K Rvbvq evmv b ZLb kªwg Ki e vck msku wqj wkš ^vaxbzvi c i Pv wk í msk Ui Kvi Y gvwjkiv evmv b bzzb kªwgk bqv eü K i `q cyi bv kªwgk `i g a hviv e ev Kg gnxb n q c o Zviv 10 _ K 20 nvrvi UvKvi wewbg q Zv `i jevi KvW Ab kªwgk `i Kv Q wewµ K i `q ( hgb: LvBQov evmv bi cy ú `vm cvbbkvi QvU evb ivav cvbbkv K Zvi fvbiv wg j GKwU jevi KvW wk b w` q Q) 55

65 mviyx - 9. LvBQov evmv b cvbbkv `i g a wewfbœ ckv ckvi bvg Pv kªwgk evmv bi vd `vkvb`vi I z`ª e emvqx w`b gryi wikkv I f vb PvjK M nkg me gvu Z_ m~î: wbr ^ Rwic _ K cövß djvdj (2005) msl v 13 Rb 2 Rb 5 Rb 6 Rb 2 Rb 7 Rb 35 Rb Pv evmvb jv Z wkqz cwigv Y Abvev`x Rwg Pvlevm K i A b K RxweKvi ewkifvm Ask wbe vn K i G Î Rwg cviqv wbf i K i evmvb KZ c i mv _ mym ú K i Dci gnvjqov evmvbwu fšmwjk fv e GKUz ewk cwigv Y AmgZj I Ab vb evmvb _ K A c vk Z z`ª f~wg DuPzwbPz niqvi Kvi Y evmvb vcbkvjxb mg q GLvbKvi ewkifvm f~wg R½jvKxY _ K hvq dzj cvbbkvi mv _ Avjv c Rvbv hvq, Zvi evev jyµ `vm cvbbkv hlb GB evmv b Avkªq bq ZLb wu evwo Qvov Avi Kvb evwo evmv b wqj bv GKcv k wqj Pv evmvb Avi ewkifvm Ask wqj R½jvKxY RbmsL v e w i mv _ mv _ h bzzb Nievwo jv ˆZwi Kiv n q Q Zv meb R½j cwi vi K i Gi g a hviv Avevi GKUz cöfvekvjx wqj Zviv gvwjk c i mv _ mym úk ervq ivlvi gva g AwaK cwigv Y Rwg wb Ri `L j wb q Avev` K i cvbbkv m cö`v qi jyµ `vm cvbbkv LvBQov evmv b GiKg GKRb cöfvekvjx e w³ wq jb Zvi Rwgi cwigvy ïay cvbbkv m cö`v qi g a B bq mgmö LvBQov evmv bi g a D j L hvm cwigv Y ewk wqj GQvov mnb `vm cvbbkvii wkqy cwigv Y RwgRgv i q Q Ges Zvi evwoi cv ki GKwU Rwg Z Ni Zz j m eª vk zj K fvov w` q Q Z e ïµ `v mi me Q j, mnb `vm I AviI K qkwu cwievi ev ` Ab vb cvbbkv `i Ae v ewkifvm Pv kªwg Ki g ZvB AwZ `wi`ª evmvb KZ c i `qv ezb I Ab vb myweavw` K Aej ^b K i ewkifvm cvbbkv Zv `i Rxeb AwZevwnZ K i gvwjkc _ K h Avevmb myweav `qvi K_v ejv nq Zv ewkifvm mgq kz Abyhvqx ev evwqz nq bv i Uv cvbbkv I gnb `vm cvbbkvmn A b Ki evwo `xn w`b e env ii d j e envi Abyc hvmx nevi ci gvwjkc K G e vcv i A bkevi ejv nq wkš Kvb BwZevPK c` c bv ` L gnb `vm wb R avi- `bv K i evwo wbg v Yi Kv R nvz w` q Q Avi e Uv cvbbkvi Avw_ K mvg_ bv _vkvi Kvi Y m fv½v Kuz on ib emevm K i GiKg fv½v Kuz oni cùcyi I kvqvcvov evmv bi `Lv M Q GB K vuvmwii Avw_ K mvg_ evb cvbbkv `i N ii fz i AvmevecÎ ej Z GKwU LvU, GKwU Uwej, GKwU Avjbv Qvov Avi Zgb wkqy `Lv hvq wb GB cvbbkviv evmvb gvwjk `i ˆZwi Kiv mxgvbv f ½ wb R `i gz K i Zv `i wekí LuvRvi Póv Ki Q 56

66 gvbyl nevi bzzb msáv Pv evmv bi Ab vb m cö`v qi g Zv cvbbkv bvixiv cvwievwik m úwëi fvm cvq bv Z e Pv evmv b GB cvwievwik m úwë ej Z evmvb KZ c _ K wjr bqv Avevw` Rwg jv KB evsv bv n q _v K LvBQov evmv bi ïµ `vm cvbbkvi Rwgi fvm Zvi `yb g q wjiv I Pqbv cvbbkv KvD KB `qv nq wb Z e Zv `i we qi mgq 20 nvrvi UvKvi g Zv cy `qv nq Ab vb `i Î Zvi cwigvy 2 _ K 5 nvrvi UvKvi g a mxgve _v K Pv evmv b KvR Kivi cvkvcvwk cvbbkv bvixiv Ab vb ckvi mv _ hy³ LvBQov evmv bi Kzgvix I j xkzgvix cvbbkv KvR K i emikvwi Dbœqb ms v Kqvi-Gi iv v wbgv Y cök í Pzw³wfwËK GB Kv R cöwz Kg w`e m 42 UvKv K i `qv nq `yb evb GK mv _ Kv R wb qvm bv cviqvq cy iv gvm cvëvcvwë K i Zviv KvR K i Zviv Zv `i Av qi cy ivuvb ^vgxi nv Z Zz j `q Z e GB A_ wkfv e Kv_vq e q n q Q m e vcv i Zviv memgq LuvRLei bq e j Rvbvq Kzgvixi Av qi ewkifvm A_ e q nq Zvi GKgvÎ Q ji cov kvbv eve` Ges GUv g~jz Kzgvixi B Q ZB n Q Ge vcv i Kzgvix Rvbvq, ÔGZ Kó K i evmv b, evmv bi evb i KvR Kwi ïay mš vb `i K gvbyl Kivi Rb Õ wk vb GLb gvbyl nevi kz mš vb K wkw Z Kivi GB cö Póv Ab vb `i g a I `Lv M Q gnjqov evmv b cwipvwjz GK Rwi c `Lv M Q cvbbkv m cö`v qi g a 20 _ K 60 eqi eqmx m`m `i g a 37 Rb wk v AR b K iwb I 3 Rb K i Q Avi 5 _ K 20 eqi eqmx `i g a wk v MÖn Yi msl v 24 Rb I wk v AR b bv Kivi msl v gvî 1 Rb Pv kªwgk ev Ab vb A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ê wb Ri mš vb `i wbhy³ bv K i jlvcov wkwl q PvKwi-evKwi Kiv bvi B QvB ewkifvm cvbbkvi GKmgq Pv evmvb jv Z AwaK kªwgk mieiv ni cö qvr b kªwgk `i ewk mš vb Rb `v b DrmvwnZ Kiv n Zv e j cökvk cvbbkvi gva g Rvbv hvq ez gv b AwaK mš vb Rb `v bi cöeyzv A bk n«vm c q Q cvbbkv m cö`v qi 10 Rb weevwnz `i g a hv `i eqm 40 _ K 60 eqi Zv `i g a `yb qi AwaK mš vb Av Q 6 R bi Avi 20 _ K 40 eqi eqmx `i g a gvî 1 R bi `yb qi AwaK mš vb i q Q mš vb Rb `v bi nvi Kgvi KviY wr Ám Kivq ^cb cvbbkv `wi`ªzv I iwwi-wuwfi gva g m PZbZv e w K KviY wn m e wpwýz K i 57

67 e` j hviqv N ii vcz Pv kªwgk `i ewkifv MiB GKwU gvwui ˆZwi Ni I ivbœvnib m ^j hviv Rwg em v Pvl, ỳ ª e emv ev kn i KvR K i GKUz ewk DcvR b K i Zviv `yb _ K wzbuv wu bi Ni Zz j _v K Z e cvkv N ii cwigvy LyeB Kg gnvjqov evmv b g ^vi wgivr evob, dyjcvbbkvi Ni I eª vk zj Qvov Avi Kvb cvkv Ni `Lv hvq wb ewkifvm cvbbkvi N ii fz i GKwU PŠwK, GKwU Uwej, `yb-wzbuv wcuwo Qvov Avi Zgb wkqy bb, Ae vcbœ `i N i wuwf mu, kv- Km, Wªwms Uwej I mvdv mu i q Q cvbbkv `i g a dzj, wekvk, Uvjỳ vm cvbbkvi evwo Z Dc iv³ AvmevecÎ jv Kg- ewk `Lv M Q evwo wbg v Yi Î Avw_ K mvg_ I i wpmz cv_ K Abyhvqx AeKvVv gvmz wfbœzv i q Q ewkifvm cvbbkvi evwoi DVvb iv vi w` K gyl Kiv Ges evwoi DVv bi mxgvbv `yõgkuv MvQ I Zvi w` q mxgvbv wba viy Kiv n q Q wkš GKUz wkw Z I kû i i wpm úbœ e w³ `i evwoi DVvb hgb wfz ii w` K `qv ev Pvicvk eov w` q Niv dzj cvbbkv I Uvjỳ vm cvbbkvi evwoi DVvbI Zgwb wfz ii w` K `qv G m ú K dzj cvbbkv Rvbvq, ÔPvicv k gvbyl Rb Awkw Z I mviv Y g` Lvq GB cöwz ekx `i mv _ wgk Z Zv `i wb R `ib mgm v nq Q j g q `i K Zv `i mv _ wgk Z w` j ZvivI mvivrxeb GB kªwgk `i gzb evmv b c o _vk e I g` Lv e mš vb `i K gvbyl Kiv I f`ªfv e Rxebhvcb Kivi Rb ZvB GB e e v Õ G Kvi Y evmv bi g a hviv GKUz wkw Z I i wpevb nq Zviv evmv bi mvaviy kªwgk `i mv _ DVvemv eü K i `q cvbbkv `i g a dzj, wekvk, wicb cvbbkviv h Kvi Y evmv bi kªwgk `i P q kn ii ev Avkcv ki evovwj `i mv _ DVvemv ewk K i GB m ú K wicb cvbbkv I wklb cvbbkv Rvbvq, ÔmKv j evmvb _ K ei nb Ges iv Z Nygv bvi Rb evwo wdwi cvi j evwo K i kn ib P j AvmZvg, Kbbv evmv b Kvb Ôf`ª jv KiÕ c _vkv m e bv Õ 58

68 e` j hviqv Drme I we bv`b Kwe ii frb _ K K jr Mvj -PjMwo GKUv mgq wqj hlb Pv evmv b we bv`b ej Z `~M v, Kvwj, wke, c~rvb wqj cöavb GQvov Uymy c~rv `Ê bvp, Szgyi bv Pi Abyôv bi mgq evmv bi mkj m cö`vqb ^Ztù Z fv e AskMÖnY Ki Zv GL bv `~M v c~rv Pv evmv bi cöavb ag xq Drme `~M v c~rvi mgq kªwgkiv Uvbv 10 w`b GB Drme cvjb K i GB Drme cvjb Kivi Rb B evmvb KZ c Avw_ K mnvqzv w` q _v K kªxg½j eª vk wewwwc g v brvi gv. BKev ji mv _ Pv kªwgk `i we bv`b I Drme m ú K wr Ám Ki j wzwb Rvbvb, Ô`~M v c~rv Drm ei 10 w`b mg Pv evmv bb kªwgkiv m e v P Avb ` Drme I d wz K i _v K G mg q Zviv A bk evmv b mvßvwnk wkw i UvKv Zvjv wmz ivl Z eva Kbbv G mgq UvKv PvB Z M j kªwgkiv UvKv Zv w` eb bv eis w ß n q D V Õ cöwzwu evmv b `~M v Drme cvj bi Rb GKwU KwgwU i q Q cvbbkv m cö`v qi gnb `vm cvwbkv LvBQov evmv bi `~Mv c~rv KwgwUi m`m G m ú K gnb `vm Rvbvq, Ô`~Mv c~rvi KwgwU Z Avwg AvwQ mvgvwrk `vwqz cvj bi Rb `~M v c~rv cvbbkv m cö`v qi wbr ^ Abyôvb bv, mgv Ri mevb K i ZvB AvgivI G Z AskMÖnY Kwi Õ Pv evmv b GB e nëi Drme jvi cvkvcvwk cöwzwu m cö`v qi wbr ^ wkqy Drme i q Q GB Drme jvi mgq Ab vb m cö`v qi m`m iv Puv`v w` q mnvqzv K i _v K Szgyi bvp I `Ê bvp cwðge½ I SvoL Ûi Avw` Awaevmx `i Drme n ji G Z me m cö`v qi m`m iv AskMÖnY K i cvbbkv m cö`v qi m`m iv wke PZz `kxi Abyôvb cvjb K i _v K wke PZz `kxi mgq LvBQov evmvb cvk ezx wbgvb wke evwo Z wzbw`be vcx wke ivwîi gjv nq GB gjv Z evmv bi me RvwZi m`m iv AskMÖnY K i 2005 mv j AbywôZ gjvq LvBQov evmv bi Kzgvwi cvbbkv, gywbœ cvwbkv mn A b K ek Drmv ni mv _ AskMÖnY K i cöwzwu evmv b `~M v gê ci mv _ GKwU K i Pviw`K _ K D y³ Ni i q Q, hv K bvp Ni ejv n q _v K weªwuk gvwjkiv Zv `i wb R `i ` ki ms wzi Av jv K W vý nvd mi Av` j GB bvp Ni jv ˆZwi K i bvpni jv evbv bvi g~j D Ïk wq jv evmv bi kªwgk `i we bv` bi GKwU mvaviy Î wn m e Gi e envi Kiv bvp, Mvb, hvîv, cvjv I mvgvwrk Ab vb Abyôvb jv GB bvp N ib AbywôZ nevi K_v Z e Avgvi gvvk g i mgq ewkifvm evmv bi bvp Ni jv Z mü vi c i g `i I Mv bi Avmi em Z `wl gnvjqov, jvwkqv evmv bi bvpni evmv bi cöfvekvjx `i avb I Lo ivlvi vb wn m e e eüz n Z `Lv M Q GQvov ewkifvm evmv b iweev i kªwgk `i mvßvwnk nvwrivi UvKv bvpni _ K w` Z `Lv M Q bvpni jvi GB envj Ae v m ú K jvjy `vm Rvbvq, ÔweªwUkiv mvivw`b e emv evwyr kl 59

69 K i W vý nvd m hz Av gv` dywz i Rb, evmv bi kªwgkiv hv Z mvivw`b Kv Ri k l Av gv` dywz I g `i g a Wy e _v K GRb bvpni jv ˆZwi K iwqj weªwuk gvwjkiv GLb Avi evmvb jv mivmwi ZË veavb K i bv d j bvpni jvi wk n jv bv n jv GUv wb q Zv `i Lye GKUv gv_v e _v bb Õ Avwki `k K Pv evw _ K cöwzwu bvpn i GKwU K i Uwjwfkb `qv nq K qkwu evmvb Qvov ewkifvm evmv b GB wuwf jv ez gv b bó n q M Q `k ev ivwu evmvb Ny i ïay gvî cùcyi evmv bi UwjwfkbwU Avwg GL bv Pvjy Ae vq `L Z cvb cö_g hlb evmv b evmv b wuwf `qv nq ZLb iv Zi ejv gvby li Xj bvg Zv wuwf `Lvi Rb dzj I wekv ki evev jyµ `vm KL bv wuwf `L Z bv Avm ji Zv `i Q j g q `i wuwf `L Z wb la Ki Zv bv wuwf Z Av M ewkifvm mgq fvizxq wnw ` P v bjb ewk Pj Zv me P q ewk wfo n Zv iweevi w`b gnvfviz `Lvi mgq mkvj bõuvi w` K bvpn i mkj kªwgk KvR Kg d j wuwf `Lvi Rb wfo Ki Zv, Kv_vI wzj avi Yi RvqMv ch š _vk Zv bv ewkifvm evmvb iveevi eü _vk ji bvqvcvov, mg kibmimn K qkwu evmvb mbw`b Lvjv _vkvi Kvi Y kªwgkiv Av `vjb K i gvwjk `i K evmvb eü ivl Z eva K i ez gv b A b Ki N i e w³mz wuwf i q Q LvBQov evmv bi g ^vi wgivr evob, myrq wms ivdwzqv, dzj cvbbkv, wekvk cvbbkv, gnb `vm cvbbkvi N i wuwf i q Q G `i A b K e Üi w`b evwo Z wmww mu G b wm bgv ` L mv cöwzk mg qi wmww jv (H mg q RbwcÖq wnw ` wm bgv Ô Z i bvgõ, ÔgvWv iõ, Ô ivwõ cöf wz) evmv bi `vkv bb cviqv hvw Qj wmwwi e vck Pvwn`vi Kvi Y evmv bb GB wmwwi `vkvbwu M o D V Q A c vk Z Zi Y `i g a cöxwz wrbzv, ivbx gylvr x, Rywn PvIjv, mvjgvb Lvb, ARq `emb, mvbd Avjx Lvb cöf wz bvqkbvwqkv e vck RbwcÖq ewkifvm cvbbkvi N ii `qv j GB mg bvqk-bvwqkvi cv vi kvfv c Z `Lv M Q mv cöwzk mg q Pv evmvb jv Z ÔevwàÕ bv g GK Anwgqv Mvq Ki ÔPjMwoÕ bv g GKwU K v mu RbwcÖq wn m e `L Z cviqv M Q H mg q evmvb jv Z evwài GKwU Mvb gvby li gy L gy L wdiwqj cvbbkv `i i Abyc `vm _ K ïi K i m` wk kvi cö`xc `vm cvbbkvi Kv QI GB Mvb RbwcÖqZv jvf K i Q Mv bi cö_g Kwj jv wbgœiƒc: ÒPjMwo j hv ev Zv K gvi Mvq cvnv ov wkbv iv m Mvq mvwi mvwi Pv IwK evmvb gv K ïbv ev evev K eysv ev j hv ev Zv K gvi Mvq Ó GB Mvb GZ RbwcÖq nevi KviY m ú K Rvb Z PvB j wicb cvbbkv Rvbvq, ÔPv evmv bi gvby li `ytl-kó, cög-fv jvevmv wb q Gi Av M Kvb AvaywbK Mvb KD Mvq wb GQvov G Z Pv evmv bi RbwcÖq Szgyi Mv bi myi e envi Kiv n q Q Z e Gi Av M ÔK jr Mvj Õ bv g GKwU Anwgqv Mv bi K v mu Qq gvm AvM ch š Zzgyj RbwcÖq wqj kªwgkiv wb R `i RvwZ Mvôxi Mv bi cvkvcvwk wnw ` I Anwgqv Mvb ïb Zv Pv evmv bi Q jiv GLb A bk 60

70 AvaywbK n q Q, evwà Avmv gi Pv evmv bi Q j Ges Zvi mg Mvb evmv b ïwus Kiv n q Q d j GB Mvb jv Pv evmv bi mevi Kv QB mgvbfv e RbwcÖq n q Q Õ kªxg½j kn ii GwW wfwmww m Uv ii gvwjk k vgj Rvbvq, ÔevMvwbiv (Pv kªwgkiv) ewkifvm mgq wnw ` Mvb I wm bgvi K v mu ewk bq Zviv me P q ewk cq ` K i bvpmv bi K v mu, Kbbv Zv `i ms wzi g a bvpmvbb ewk GKwU K v mu hlb evmv b RbwcÖq nq ZLb Zv Uvbv Qq gvm P j Õ Gi Av M ÔK jr Mvj Õ bv g GKwU K v mu Zzgyj RbwcÖq wqj ez gv b ÔPjMwoÕ Pj Q e vckfv e Anwgqv K v mu jv ew vi µm K i Avbv nq Ges `vkvb`viiv Zv cvb iu Kwc K i wewµ K i evmv bi e iv gnvfviz, ivgvqy, mxzvi ebevm cöf wz wm bgv ewk bq Kvb GKwU evwo Z wmww Avbvi ci cvov cöwz ekxiv mevb Qwe `L Z Av m g q `i g a KvjKvZvi evsjv Qwei RbwcÖqZv ewk mvweîx, gywbœ, gxiv cvwbkv Rvbvq evsjv Qwe Z msmv ii myl-`ytl ewk _v K ZvB KvjKvZvi evsjv K v mu Avb j `L Z e mb we bv` bi GB avivi evb ii cöwzwu m cö`v qi wbr ^ we bv`b e e v c~e _ KB wqj cvbbkv `i wbr ^ we bv`b ej Z wqj Kwe ii Mvb GB Mvb jv PŠ Kv I AviwZi mgq Zviv cö Z KB MvB Zv mü vi ci A bk cvbbkvi N i nvi gvwbqvg, Zejv, LÄwb wb q Mv bi Avmi em Zv cöwzwu evmv bb 4/5 R bi Kwe ii K qkõk Mvb gyl wq jv gnvjqov evmv b mnb `v mi N i em Zv Mv bi Avmi jyµ `vm, gnb `vm, ZwPÎ `vmmn A b KB em Zv GB Mv bi Avm i Mvb MvB Z MvB Z KLb fvi n q h Zv ZviI Lqvj _vk Zv bv Kv iv cvbbkv m cö`v qi i Abyc `vm cvbbkv evmv b Avm j Zv K wb q em Zv Kwe ii Mvb I evyx kvbvi Avmi wkš ez gvb cör b i ewkifvm m`m B GB Mvb jv wk L iv L wb GL bv evwo Z nvi gvwbqvg, Zejv, LÄwb _vk ji Av Mi g Zv Mv bi Avmi e m bv e wzµg wn m e cùcyi I kgv evmv bi cvbbkv `i g a Kwe ii Mvb MvIqvi PPv GL bv wu K Av Q ewkifvm evmv b ïaygvî agx q Abyôv b Kwe ii Mvb jv Kiv nq Gm ú K i Abyc cvbbkv Rvbvq, ÔGLb cvbbkviv wmww, wuwf _ K Mvb avi K i Mvq wkš GKmgq cvbbkv `i a g i g a B we bv` bi e e v wq jv Kwe ii nvrvi nvrvi Mvb GKB mv _ agx q Dc `k I g bi zav guv bvi KvR Ki Zv Õ 61

71 mgvr msmvb I gzv KvVv gvi cwiez b bz Z i bzzb gvîv cöwzwu Pv evmv b kªwgk `i evm v bi GjvKv jv K Avkcv ki evovwjiv I gvwjkc ÔKzwj jvbbõ e j wpwýz K i kªwgkiv Zv `i evm v bi GjvKv jv K ÔcvovÕ wn m e wpwýz K i Kvb cvov Z Kvb GKK ÔRvwZiÕ emevm j Kiv hvq wb GKwU evmv b GKB RvwZ Mvôxi hzrb m`m _vk e Zv `i cö Z K K wb q m RvwZ Mvôxi ÔmgvRÕ ˆZwi nq GKB evmv bi ewkifvm RvwZi m`m `i g a Ômgv RiÕ Aw Z i q Q LvBQov evmv b GiKg K qkwu Ômgv RiÕ Aw Z j Kiv M Q LvBQov evmv bi wewfbœ Ômgv RiÕ ZvwjKv wb gœ `qv nj: mviyx LvBQov evmv bi wewfbœ m cö`v qi cwipq UvB Uj/m cö`vq K vuvmwii bvg fvlv cvbbkv mv`ªx wejvmcyix Pvlv Dwol v Dwoqv f~ubqv evovwj evovwj ivdwzqv evovwj evovwj f~wgr evovwj evovwj ïk e` Dwol v Dwoqv Mvqvjv `kiqvjx f~rcywi evob evovwj evovwj Gyov mv`ªx mv`ªx iwe`vm evovwj evovwj evovbk mv`ªx mv`ªx bv qk (Nvlx) Dwol v Dwoqv Z_ m~î: vbxqfv e msm nxz (2005) cöwzwu m cö`v qi Ni jv ewkifvm Î GKB mv _ Aew Z LvBQov evmv b cvbbkv `i 9wU Ni i q Q hlv b 14wU cwiev ii 77 Rb m`m emevm K i GB 77 Rb wg j MwVZ LvBQov evmv bi cvbbkv mgvr HwZn MZ wbqgvbyhvqx cvbbkviv Av M wewfbœ eb R½ j emevm Ki Zv ZLb Zv `i emev mi G KKwU GjvKv K ejv nz cvov cöwzwu cvov Z GKRb K i m` vi _vk Zv g~jz m` vib GB cvov jv wbqš Y Ki Zv, m` vi `i cöavb wn m e whwb `vwqz cvjb Ki Zb Zv K ejv nz Ô PŠivkxi m`v i (Pvi cvnv oi m`v i)õ GB m`v iiv cöwz eqi lvjcwb (GLv b cvwb ej Z `~i Z i GKwU aviyv K evsv Q) mfvi gva g cy iv cvbbkv mgv Ri wewfbœ mgm v wb q Avjvc-Av jvpbvi gva g wm vš wb Zb Pv evmv b Avmvi ci Zv `i GB mvgvwrk KvVv gv wu K wq jv Z e ax i ax i Zv `~e j n q GKwU ÔHwZ n iõ 62

72 As k cwiyz nq wemz `yb eqi Av M Ô PŠivkxi m`v iõ ev Ô PŠayixÕ wn m e `vwqz cvjbkvwi Agi `vm cvbbkvi g Zz N U Zvi g Zÿ i ci GLb ch š bzzb Kvb PŠayix wbev Pb Kiv nq wb bvqvcvov evmv bi `xck `vm K Ô PŠayixÕ wbev Pb Kivi e vcv i cö ve Avm ji GB e vcv i mevb GKgZ n Z cv i wb wbr mgv Ri HwZn MZ GB mvgvwrk KvVv gvi evb i cöwzwu evmv b GKwU mve Rbxb mvgvwrk KvVv gv wn m e ÔcÂv qzõ e e v i q Q GwU ˆZwi nq wewfbœ m cö`v qi cöwzwbwaz kxj e w³ `i wb q Z e me mgv Ri cöwzwbwa G Z mgvbfv e bvi _vk Z cv i GB KwgwU ˆZwi nq g~jz jevi nvdm I gvwjk c i gzvg Zi wfwë Z wewfbœ evmv bi câv qz KwgwUi MVb ` L g b n q Q GLv b Dwoqv, wenvwi gymwjg I `kiqvwj RvwZ Mvôxi cövavb ewk jevi nvd mi mfvcwzmn ewkifvm bzv Dwoqv nevi Kvi Y câv qz jv Z Zv `i jvkrbb ewk `kiqvwjiv Pv evmvb jv Z Ab vb RvwZ _ K mvgvwrk wbqg, wk v, msl v cöf wz Î ek GwM q _vkvi Kvi Y wbr hvm Zv e jb Zviv câv qzmn Ab vb mkj Î msl vmwiô wenvix gymwjgiv gvwjkc i bk br i _vkvi Kvi Y câv q Z cöwzwbwa ivlvmn Ab vb A bk myweav fvm K i Gi evb i ewkifvm ÔRvwZiÕ Ae v cªvq GKB ikg hlv b câv qzmn Ab vb Î AskMÖnY Kivi Rb ÔRvwZMZÕ Kvb myweav cviqv hvq bv cvbbkv `i Ae v Gi P q Lye GKUv e wzµg bv Kbbv Ggwb ZB wewfbœ evmv b Zv `i mslv LyeB Kg, Zvi Dc i me evmv bi g a msnwzi Lye GKUv fvj bv GQvov gvwjkc I jevi nvdm Kv iv mv _B cvbbkviv Avjv`v K i mym úk i L P j bv h Kvi Y gnvjqov evmv bi mzb `vm cvbbkv I Ab vb `yb-gkrb Qvov Avi Kvb cvbbkv câv q Zi m`m n Z cv i wb cvbbkv m cö`v qi ek K qkrb cöwzwbwaz kxj m` m i mv _ K_v e j Rvbv hvq evsjv ` ki 45wU evmv b cvbbkv `i emevm i q Q Ges Zv `i msl v Kvb g ZB 2000 Gi ewk n e bv ewkifvm evmv bb Zv `i msl v `ybõ GKkÕi ewk bv Avi mvgvwrk bz Z i Î evmvbwfwëk wfbœgz _vkvi Kvi Y Zv `i g a Kvb mve Rbxb bz Z M o D V wb Z e Gi g a I K qkrb evmv bi vbxq gzv KvVv gvq cöfvekvjx wn m e cöwzôv jvf K i Q GB cöfve ˆZwii cq b A bk ewk KvR K i Q evmv bi me ii kªwgk `i g a bz Z g~jk f~wgkv cvjb Kiv, wewfbœ ivr bwzk ` ji mv _ msl Zv, evmv bi evb ii gzvkxj `i mv _ m úk, A_ bwzk m gzv, wk v `x vq AMªmiZv cöf wz mvmibj evmv bi jvjy `vm cvbbkvi mv _ Ab vb evmv bi m úk Lvivc _vk ji mvj _ K Uvbv cvup eq ii Rb g ^vi wqj KzjvDov _vbv AvIqvgx jx Mi hym m úv`k wn m e `vwqz cvjb Kivi Kvi Y ïay cùcyi evmv bb bq cy iv KzjvDov _vbv Z Zvi fv jv cöfve i q Q cùcyi evmv bi Avkcv ki cöfvekvjx e w³iv cöwz iv Z Zvi evwoi ˆeVKLvbv Ryqv Ljvi Rb e envi K i Dc iv³ Kvi Y Uvjy `vm we kl gzv fvm K i evevi gzv K Kv R jvwm q Uvjy `v mi Q jiv mvmibj evmv b we kl gzvi AwaKvix kg mibmi evmv bi wbg j `vm cvbbkv 2004 mv ji BDwbqb cwil` wbe vp b `uvov ji cvk Ki Z cv i wb vbxqfv e e vck RbwcÖqZv _vkv m Z I Avw_ K mgm vi Kvi Y Zvi c wbev P b Rqjvf Kiv m e nq wb ivrwk Pv evmv b cvbbkv m cö`v qi m`m msl v Kg _vkv m Z I Avw_ K mvg_ I evmvb K `ªxK 63

73 cöfv ei Kvi Y mlv b câg `vm cvbbkv 2004 mvj _ K wbev wpz BDwbqb cwil` m`m wn m e `vwqz cvjb Ki Q GB mg e w³iv Pv evmv bi gvb MY e w³ wn m e wpwýz LvBQov evmv bi cvbbkv `i gyi weÿ wkqyw`b Av MI wqj ïµ `vm cvbbkv 2005 mv ji Rvbyqvwi gv m Zvi g Zÿ n j ZviB fvb ZwPÎ `vm cvbbkv K gyi weÿ wbev Pb Kiv n q Q eqm, gav, mvgvwrk MÖnY hvm Zv I bz Z i Yvejxi Dci wbf i K i GB gyi weÿ wbev Pb Kiv nq GB gyi weÿi KvR n Q wewfbœ mvgvwrk Abyôvb I mvgvwrk mgm vi mgvav bi Î cöavb f~wgkv cvjb Kiv evmv b cvbbkv `i Kvb Abyôv bi Av qvrb Kiv ev Ab evmvb _ K `viqvz G j Zv Z AskMÖnY Kivi Î Zviv Av M Zv `i gyi weÿ K Rvbvq Zvici gyi weÿ Zvi wb Ri evwo Z ev Ab Kv iv evwo Z ÔRvwZiÕ mevb K wb q e m mevi gvzvg Zi wfwë Z wm vš bq D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq, mvmibj evmv bi mv _ Ab vb evmv bi cvbbkv `i m úk Lvivc Ab vb evmvb _ K mvmibj evmv b Kvb Abyôv bi `viqvz `qv n j mlvbkvi gyi weÿ Uvjy `vm cvbbkvi wb ` k mlvb _ K Kvb cvbbkvb AskMÖnY K i bv hw` gyi weÿi wb ` k Agvb K i KD e w³mzfv e Zv Z AskMªnY K i Zvn j m evmv bi Ab vb cvbbkviv Zv K mvgvwrkfv e er b K i lvjcwb mfv I cvbbkv mgvrkj vy ms v gzv KvVv gvi Dc iv³ web v mi evb i cvbbkv `i ez gvb cör b i m`m `i g a hviv fwel Z bz Z mvg b Avm Q Zviv Avevi wfbœfv e wpš v Ki Q bvqvcvovi wjlb `vm cvbbkv, LvBQovi wekvk cvbbkv, dzjcvbbkvmn wewfbœ evmv bi Zi Y bz Z wg j cvbbkv m cö`vq K bzzb K i cybm Vb Kivi K_v fve Q Zv `i g a me P q wkw Z e w³ wklb `vm cvbbkv (weg dj) G e vcv i D ` vmx n q 2004 mv j ÔcvBbKv mgvr Dbœqb ms võ bv g GKwU msmvb Movi e vcv i D ` vm bq Zvi mggbv Ab vb cvbbkv Zi Y `i mv _ Avjvc K i GKwU mfv Avnevb K i cöwz evmv b m GKwU wpwv `q cùcyi evmvb Qvov evwk me evmvb _ KB GB mfvq cöwzwbwaiv AskMÖnY K i mb mfvq cvbbkv `i wcwq q covi KviY wb q e vck Av jvpbv nq ivóªxq I GbwRI mn hvwmzv MÖnY K i cvbbkviv wkfv e wb R `i Dbœqb NUv Z cv i G e vcv i D ` vm bqvi Rb Zviv wm vš bq ez gv b GB welq wb q Zv `i g a Avjvc-Av jvpbv Pj Q Zvi GB D ` v Mi c ewkifvm cvbbkv Zi Y mvov `q wkš ewkifvm evmv bi cvbbkv gyi weÿiv GB D ` v Mi we ivwazv K i Zviv bvbvfv e Póv Pvjv Z _v K GB mfv hv Z AbywôZ bv nq ez gv b GB Zi Yiv wewfbœ evmv bi cöavb gyi weÿ `i ev` w` q wøzxq chv qi gyi weÿ `i K m ú ³ K i GB ms vi ciez x mfv Av qvr bi Póv Ki Q 64

74 bškv- jevi nvdm I Gi c -wec cvbbkv m cö`vqmn Pv evmv bi ewkifvm RvwZ-m cö`vq evsjv ` ki GKwU cöavb ivr bwzk `j AvIqvgx jx Mi wbe vpbx cözxk Ô bškvõi f³ wbe vpb Qvov Pv evmv b ivr bwzk Kg KvÊ nq bv ej jb P j Pv evmv bi h me Awaevmx ivr bwzk ` ji mv _ hy³ Zviv kn i wm q GB Kg Kv Êi mv _ hy³ nq 10/12wU evmv b m irwg b ch e Y K i I vbxq cvbbkvmn wewfbœ m cö`v qi mv _ Avjvc K i `qvj wjlb, wgwqj, wgwus ev Ab Kvb ivr bwzk Kg KvÊ `L Z cviqv hvq wb M elyvkvjxb mg q wm ju A ji AvIqvgx jx Mi RbwcÖq bzv W. GmGg wkewiqv wbnz nb Ges Zvi nz vkvê wb q cy iv wm ju wefvmmn mviv ` k h Zzgyj Av jvo bi m wó nq m m ú K Avgiv cî-cwîkv gvidz Rvb Z cvwi wkš H mg q jvmvzvi nizv ji fz i wikkv w` q evmvb GjvKvq h Z c iwq Zgb Kvb mgm v QvovB kn ii PŠgnbv A j AvIqvgx jx Mi wkqy Kg x `i wc KwUs Qvov Zgb eo ai bi Kvb Mvj hvm ev we vf `Lv hvq wb LvBQov evmv b GB nz vkvê m ú K jvkrb K (cvbbkvmn Ab vb `i) wr Ám Ki j Zviv nz vkvê m ú K AeMZ niqvi K_v Rvbv ji wkewiqv m ú K Zgb wkqy Rv bbv g b n jv ïay GUv Rv b, Ô bškvi mgv e k evgv nvgjv n q Q Ges AvIqvgx jx Mi GK bzv gviv M Q Õ ivr bwzk ` ji cöwz mg_ bi P q GLv b e w³ ( hgb, kl gywre, kl nvwmbv, vbxq kªxg½j cšimfvi Pqvig vb Avãyj Avnv`, wegbwc bzv mvbdzi ingvb I kl nvwmbvi cyî Rq) cwiwpwz I bškv cözxk wb q Zv `i Av jvpbv nq ewk bškvi cöej mg_ K GB Rb Mvôxi g a GKmgq kzkiv 100 fvm jvkb bškvq fvu w` Zv e j Rvbv hvq, wkš ez gv b GB cwiw wz wkqyuv cv ë Q cvbbkv m cö`v qi evsjv ` ki ivr bwzk cöwµqvq AskMÖn Yi aib Ab vb Rb Mvôx _ K Lye GKUv wfbœ bq ivr bwzk ` ji cöwz mg_ bi Î Zv `i g a I AvIqvgx jx Mi wbev Pb cözxk bškv I kl gywrei ingv bi cöwz mg_ b ewk cwigv Y j Kiv M Q `xn w`b GB mg_ b GK PwUqv fv eb wq jv, wkš Avwki`k K G m Zvi e wzµg N U ZrKvjxb mvgwik kvmk Gikv` mikv ii c _ K Pv evmv b mvsmvwbk KvR we v ii D ` vm bqv nq kªxg½j GjvKvq Gikv `i `j RvZxq cvwu i mvsmvwbk KvR we v ii `vwqz `qv nq vbxq cöfvekvjx jvk Avãyj Avnv` K mikvi _ K Pv kªwgk `i Dbœq bi Rb 1 KvwU UvKv mvnvh `evi NUbv Avnv` wgtvi mvsmvwbk KvR we v ii Rb mnvqk f~wgkv cvjb K i cȳ ú cvbbkv Rvbvq Pv evmvb GjvKvq iv vnvu wbgv Y, we`ÿ r mieivn, bvpni jv Z Uwjwfkb mieivn cöf wz KvR nevi Kvi Y Avnv` wgtv cvbbkvmn Ab vb m cö`v qi Kv Q RbwcÖqZv cvq GQvov Avnv` wgtv evmv bi wk kvi I Zi Y `i K cov kvbvi Rb ebcî wk b `qv, z ji ezb gikzd K i `qv, bvpni jv Z Uwjwfkb `qv, `~Mv c~rvi mgq gvuv As Ki Puv`v `qv, Av gv` dzwz i Rb nvz LiP `qv cöf wz Kg KvÊ ïi K i GB Kg Kv Êi myweav cvbbkv m cö`v qi A b KB cvq d j evmv bi A bk Zi Yi g Zv K qkrb cvbbkv Zi Y RvZxq cvwu i ivrbxwzi mv _ hy³ nq wekvk cvbbkv I Zvi eo fvb dzj GB mg q RvZxq cvwu Z hvm `q Gi Av M m QvÎjxM Ki Zv Avnv` wgtvi Kvi Y RvZxq cvwu Z hvm w` ji Ô bškviõ cöwz Zvi Uvb memgq wq jv h Kvi Y RvZxq cvwu i Kg x _vkv Ae vqi m wbe vp bi mgq bškvq fvu w` Zv 65

75 Gikv` mikv ii cz bi ci kªxg½j m` ii wegbwc I AvIqvgx jx Mi Kg x `i f q Zviv evmvb _ K ei n Z cvi Zv bv dzj, cökvk I werq jevi nvd mi mnmfvcwz f~ ckwms ivdwzqvi eo fvb qi Q j nevi Kvi Y Zviv ax i ax i cwiw wz mvg j D V wekvk evmv bi Wªmv ii PvKwi Kiv I Zvi evevi cöfv ei Kvi Y Zgbfv e Avµvš nq wb Z e Aóg kªyx Z cov Ae vq m kªxg½j Rjv KwgDwb cvwu i mv _ hy³ n qwq jv vbxq K jr QvÎiv Zv K KwgDwb cvwu Z hy³ nevi Rb DØy K iwq jv mgv Ri ˆelg I kvl Y wei³ n q GB ivrbxwz Z hy³ n qwqj ZrKvjxb mg qi RvZxq cvwu Kg x wekvk cvbbkv, werq wms ivdwzqv Avgv K Rvbvq Zviv RvZxq cvwu K i Q Avnv` wgtvi Kvi Y KviY wzwb Zv `i cov kvbvi LiP, nvz LiP w` Zb, GjvKvi A bk DbœwZ K i Qb Z e evmv bi Kg Pvix wn m e hme kªwgk mš vb PvKwi K i Zv `i K evmvb gvwjkiv h cvwu i mg_ b K i mb cvwu B Ki Z nq m Kvi Y cökvk cvbbkv Av M RvZxq cvwu Ki ji GLb wegbwci ivrbxwzi mv _ hy³ Avnv` wgtvi mv _ cwiwpz nevi ci Avw_ K Kvi Y evg ivrbxwz Q o Gikv`/Avnv` wgtvi ` j hvm `q ez gv b cökvk wegbwc-gi vbxq KwgwUi (LvBQov evmvb) m`m cökv ki eo fvb dzj GL bv e½eüz I bškvi f³ n ji msmvb wn m e m Avw`evmx dvivg K e Q wb q Q RvZxq cvwu Q o `evi ci `xn w`b m Kvb ivr bwzk ` ji mv _ hy³ wq jv bv Avw`evmx dvivg MwVZ nevi ci vbxq Avw`evmx dvivg bzv I g ^vi wgivr evob Zv K Avw`evmx dviv gi ivr bwzk j i e vcv i DØy K i ivrbxwz _ K wehy³ _vkvkvjxb mg q m e emv evwyr (KvV, AvmevecÎ) K i evmv bi fz i I evb i A bk Rwgi gvwjk n q Q m Rvbvq, ÔwKš GB Rwg jvi Kvb gvwjkvbv ^Z Avgv `i bb vbxq jevi nvdm _ K Ge vcv i Kvb D ` vmi bqv nq bv eis evmvb jv Z wew Qbœfv e f~wgi AwaKvi, ezb I my hvm-myweav e w cöf wz welq wb q hlbb Kvb ag NU ev Av `vjb nq ZLbB jevi nvd mi bzv iv R `ª cömv` eybviwr Zvi jvkrb cvwv q kªwgk `i fyj eyws q Zv _vgv Z Póv K i Gfv e gvwjk c i `vjvwj K i m KvwU KvwU UvKv DcvR b K i Q GB jvk dyjqov evmv bi cv k ivgbmi ew Z (AvevwmK GjvKv) kªwgk `i KvQ _ K Pvù v Zz j 30 j UvKv w` q wejvmeûj evwo ˆZwi K i Qb kªwgk `i hlv b GKwU mvaviy Uq ju ch š bb mlv b iv R `ª eveyi Awdm I evwoi ev_i g ch š d vb Av Q Pv evmv bi gvbyl `i Dbœq bi c _ cöavb evav n Q GB jevi nvdm Pv evmv bi Kvb ivr bwzk `j ev msmvbb jevi nvd mi we ivwazv K i bv m wb R bškvi mg_ K I GK mgq QvÎjxM Ki ji Zvi `j AvIqvgx jxm I jevi nvd mi wec wkqy ej e bv Kbbv jevi nvd mi ewkifvm bzvb mivmwi AvIqvgx jxm K i, Avi wegbwc I gvwjkc i (hv `i ekxi fvmb wegbwc K i) KD jevi nvdm K NvU Z hvq bv GKgvÎ Avw`evmx dvivgb jevi nvd mi we ivwazv K i Õ cvbbkv `i A bk KB m jevi nvd mi GB kªwgk we ivax Ae vb m ú K evsv bvi Póv K i Q wkš jevi nvdm GZ ewk kw³kvjx h Zv `i wei KD `uvov Z Pvq bv jevi nvdm bzv `i AvIqvgx jxm Kiv ( bškv) I gvwjkc i mv _ mym úk _vkvi Kvi Y kªwgkiv jevi nvdm m ú K we z _vk ji Zv cökvk Ki e bv wgivr evob cökvk cvbbkv K jevi nvd mi GB Ae v, f~wgi AwaKv ii c Avw`evmx dviv gi Ae vb, 66

76 cve Z PÆMÖv g mš jvigvi mdj Av `vj bi (kvwš Pzw³) gva g mlvbkvi Avw`evmx `i A bk myweav cövwß cöf wz m ú K evsvq Zvi K_vq DØy n q m Avw`evmx dviv g hvm `q gnvjqov evmv bi cvbbkvmn A bk m cö`v qi gvbyl K m GKmgq G jv evsv bvi Rb cöpzi mgq e q K i Q wkš cvbbkviv bškvi evb i wkqy wpš v Ki Z cv i bv Kbbv ÔkªwgKiv e j kl mv ne i GKevi evev W KwQ ZvB bškv Qvov Ab Kv_vI fvu w` Z cvigy bv Õ d j cȳ ú G e vcv i h _ó nzvk n q GLb mb Póv ev` w` q e emvi w` K g bv hvmx n q Q (D j L dzj `v mi mv _ ciez x Z M el Ki hvmv hvm nq Ges Zvi gva g Rvbv hvq MZ AvM / m Þ ^i gvme vcx jevi nvd mi MYZvwš K c wz Z wbe vpb I `ybx wzi wei h Av `vjb AbywôZ nq Zv Z dzj cvbbkv bz Z i f~wgkvq AeZxY ) Z e cöwz eqib XvKvq Avw`evmx dviv gi i vwj I wgwq j AskMÖnY Kivi Rb `yb-gkevi hviqv nq mlv b mš jvigv Qvov Avi KvD K m wp b bv Pv evmvb jv ZI wgivr evob Qvov Avi Zgb Kvb bzv Kg xi mv _ Zvi cwipq bb kvqvcvov, cùcyimn Ab vb evmvb _ KI GKBfv e `yb- GKRb K i cvbbkv Zi Y RvZxq cvwu i mv _ hy³ nq ciez x Z Zv `i ewkifvmb wegbwc Z hvm `q LvBQov evmv bi e Uv cvbbkv, gvnb `vm cvbbkv, Kzgvix cvbbkvmn AviI K qkr bi mv _ K_v ejvi mgq Zviv mevb bškvi cöwz mg_ bi K_v Rvbvq GB mg_ bi c G KKR bi hyw³ G KK ikg gvnb `vm Rvbvq, Ô kl gywre `k ^vaxb Ki Q I Pv kªwgk `i K evsjv ` ki bvmwikz w` Q, ZvB Zvi `j i Qvov Ab KvD K fvu `qv cv ci KvR Õ Kzgvix cvbbkv I e Uv cvbbkv Rvbvq, ÔAvIqvgx jx Mi Avg j ` k Pv ji `vg wqj UvKv Avi GLb Zv `uvovb Q UvKvq GB mikvi Rv b-gv b Kvb w`k w` q kvwš w` Q bv, ZvB bškv me w`k w` qb fv jv Õ cùcyi evmv bi Uvjy `vm cvbbkv Rvbvq, Ô kl nvwmbvi Avg j Pv evmv b iv vnvu ewk ˆZwi n q Q GB iv vi Kvi Y evmv bi jvkrb mn R kn i h Z cv i, Ab KvR-Kg Ki Z cv i kl nvwmbv Lye eo gv ci gvbyl, GKevi kl nvwmbv Pv evmv b eov Z Av mb `ycyi ejv evmv bi mvg b w` q hvevi mgq wzwb `L Z cvb bvix kªwgkiv e m `ycy ii Lvevi (AvUv fvrv, o, KuvPv Pv cvzv w` q ˆZwi GK ai bi wgkªy) Lv Q kl nvwmbv Mvwo _vwg q kªwgk `i Kv Q hvb Ges Zv `i mb Lvevi Zv `i mv _ Lvb GB NUbv Pv evmvb jv Z kl nvwmbvi RbwcÖqZvI evwo q `q Õ wegbwci mg_ K wekvk cvbbkv Rvbvq, ÔGB GjvKvi hz Dbœqb n q Q Zv Avnv` wgtvi Kvi Y n q Q wzwb GB GjvKvi Q j- c j `i cov kvbvi LiP Pvjv bv _ K ïi K i A bk mnvqzvb K i Qb GKmgq Avnv` wgtv RvZxq cvwu Ki Zv wvkb wkš Zv GjvKvi Dbœq bi ^v _ GLb wegbwc K i ZvI GjvKvi K_v wpš v K ib Õ Avnv` wgtv h mg q h cvwu Ki e wekvk cvbbkvi m `jb Ki Z Pvq Kb bv Zvi Kv Q `j Kvb e vcvi bv, Avmj K_v n Q GB mg KŠkj Aej ^b K i wb R wu K _vkv wb Ri m cö`vqmn Ab vb Rv Zi Pv kªwgkiv hw` wb R `i fv jv Pvq Zvn j h `j Zv `i Rb KvR Ki e m `j K mg_ b Kiv DwPZ e j m g b K i cvbbkv `i g a hviv ivr bwzk ` ji mv _ mivmwi hy³ bq Zv `i ewkifvmb evmv bi gyi weÿ `i wb ` k Abymv i fvu `q 67

77 lô Aa vq GKwU cvbbkv cwiev ii BwZe Ë cvbbkv `i ez gvb cwiez bkxjzv K Zv `i Rxebhvc bi bvbv gvîv K Dc vc bi gva g evsvi AviI Póv Kiv n q Q GB cwiez bkxjzv K AviI úófv e Abyaveb Kivi Rb GKwU cvbbkv cwiev ii m`m `i bvbv cªeyzv K GLv b Dc vcb Kiv nj m Î Ggb GKwU cwievi K e Q bqv n q Q, hviv Pv evmv bi evmvb Kw `ªK Rxebhvc b wb R `i cwiwa K AviI ewk cwigv Y we Z Ki Z m g n q Q A_ vr hv `i g a cwiez bkxjzv A bk ewk ` k gvbfv e Dcw Z mb cwieviwu n Q LvBQov evmv bi jyµ `vm cvbbkvi cwievi M elyvi gvvkg ïi i mg q gnvjqov evmv b jyµ `v mi g Zy i `kg w`b PjwQj Zvi GB g Zz K K `ª K i gnvjqov evmvbmn Ab vb mkj evmv bi cvbbkv `i g a ZLb kv Ki Qvqv gnvjqov evmv bi cvbbkv `i m`v i _vkvi Kvi Y Zvi g Zÿ cvbbkv `i K gyi weÿnxbi K i d j eo Q j dzj `vm K mevb gyi weÿ nevi Rb Aby iva K i wkš m Zvi e emvwqk e Zv Ges Zvi mgw_ Z ivr bwzk `j Avw`evmx dvivg wb q eo cwim i ivrbxwzi gv V bvgvi wpš v fvebvi Kvi Y GB evmv b gyi weÿi `vwqz wb Z A gzv cökvk K i Z e ZviB PvPv gvnb `vm K GB `vwqz w` q `q mvgvwrk gyi weÿi GB `vwqz n vš i cöwµqv GKB mv _ LvBQov evmv b GKwU hy Mi ` k gvb fv e mgvwß NUvq A_ vr evmvb Kw `ªK ÔmgvRÕ wbf i h gzvi web vm cvbbkv `i g a `xn w`b hvez P j AvmwQj Zvi cwimgvwß NU jv GB hy Mi mgvwß Aek Kvb e w³i Dci wbf ikxj wqj bv, Zvi Kvh KviY wkqzuv c~ e i Av jvpbvq ejv n q Q GLv b cy iv Pv evmv bi mgvr, A_ bxwz I ms wzi iƒcvš ii cöwµqv `Lv bv n q Q GB iƒcvš i Lye úófv e evsv hvq jyµ `v mi wbr cwiev ii m`m `i bvbvgylx cwiez bi ga w` q ZvB GB cwiez b K Avgiv jyµ `v mi cwiev ii m`m `i bvbv ZrciZvi cö vc U evsvi Póv Ki ev 68

78 69 jyµ `vm cvbbkvi cwievi jyµ `vm cvbbkv (g Z) evmv bi Wªmvi dzj `vm (46) ckv- KvV e emv wekvk (42) ckv- Wªmvi Dcj `vm (34) ckv- f vb PvjK wicb `vm (28) ckv- mjmg vb jxiv (33) ckv-pv kªwgk mvnvbv (23) ckv-m nkg jwâz (14) wk v- 7g kªyx gvaywi (8) 4_ kªyx wpby (7) 2q kªyx gvqv `vm (14) 4_ kªyx (w`b) Av jv (12) wk v- 7g kªyx mygb (10) wk v- 4_ kªyx cög (4) 1g kªyx gwj Kv (1 gvm) Uzwbœ (12) ARqx (4) 1g myrq 4_ kªyx

79 gnvjqov evmvb I jyµ `v mi cwievi hfv e ïi gnvjqov evmvb cöwzôvi mgq GLv b Ab vb evmvb _ K kªwgk `i K wb q Avmv nq ZLb jyµ `v mi evev kgv evmvb _ K gnvjqov evmv b Av m Aóg kªyx cvm nevi Kvi Y evmv b Zv K ^v K `ªi Wªmv ii `vwqz `qv nq gnvjqov evmvbwu Ab vb evmvb _ K Zzjbvg~jKfv e QvU Ges GLv b kªwgk `i msl vi ek Kg evmv bi GKcv k kªwgk jvbb I Pv evmvb Avi Ab cv k R½j jyµ `vm cvbbkvi NiwU wqj kªwgk jvb bi gvsvgvws RvqMvq evmv bi Wªmvi nevi Kvi Y gvwjk c i mv _ Zvi ek fv jv m úk wqj Pvi Q j I `yb g qi RbK jyµ `vm cö_g _ KB cvbbkv m cö`v qi GKRb cöfvekvjx e w³ wn m e wb R K cöwzwôz K i GQvov evmv bi Avkcv ki R½j cwi vi K i m jv Z Avev` Kivi KvRI m cvkvcvwk Pvwj q hvq gnvjqov evmv bi g a Zvi Avevw` Rwgi cwigvy D j L Kivi g Zv cö_gw` K GB Rwg jv m jvkrb w` q Pvlvev` Kiv Zv Q j- g q eo nevi ci _ KB Zv `i K covïbv Kiv bvi e vcv i m D ` vm bq wkš eo Q j dzj `vm I m Rv Q j Dcj `vm cövbgvwi cvm Kivi ci Avi covïbv K i wb Z e g Rv Q j wekvk cvbbkv I QvU Q j wicb `vm cvbbkv B UviwgwW qu ch š covïbv K i, wekvk cvbbkv wwwmö cix v w` ji cvm Ki Z cv i wb Q j `i g a dzj covïbv bv Ki ji Zvi ˆelwqK eyw ek fv jv nevi Kvi Y m wb R _ K e emv evwyr Kiv ïi K i cö_g w` K UzKUvK Kv Vi e emv ïi K i hv evo Z evo Z GLb ek eo n q Q evevi Avevw` Rwg jv Z jey I avb Pvl K ii m fv jv DcvR b K i wb Ri e emv evwy R i myweav _ Zvi evevi evwo _ K GKUz Dc ii w` K R½j cwi vi K i wb R K qkwu Ni I GKwU Avmevec Îi KviLvbv `q R½j GjvKvq evwo nevi Kvi Y Av M Zvi evwoi w` K evmv bi jvkrb wnsmª cïi f q hz bv wkš Lye mvnmx nevi Kvi Y dzj `vm Zvi x I mš vbmn evmv bi GK cöv š GKv GKv emevm ïi K i Av M mü vi c i kqvj I evb ii f q Zviv Ni _ K ch š ei n Zv bv jyµ `vm I Zvi x cöxzg cvbbkv Ges QvU Q j wicb cvbbkv eo Q j dzj cvbbkvi evwo Z GKmgq D V Av m Gi wkqyw`b ci _ K Avkcv k evmv bi Ab vb jvkrb R½j mvd K i evwoni Kiv ïi K i Gfv e dzj cvbbkvi gva g evmv bi GB R½jv AÂjwU Z RbemwZ M o D V Av M dz ji Rwg AviI ewk cwigv Y wqj wkš K qk eqi Av M evmvb KZ c Zvi A bk Rwg ivevi Pvl Kivi Rb `Lj K i bq ax i ax i ivevi Pvl Zvi cövq me Rwgi w` K G Z _vk j dz ji mv _ evmvb KZ c i Ø Ø `Lv `q GKmgq m Zvi evwk Rwg jvi mvg b iv Zi ejv `v wb q e m _vk Zv Ges m NvlYv w` qwqj hw` KD Zvi Rwgi w` K Av ikuz G Mvq Zvn j Zvi Kj v d j `qv n e GB NvlYv `evi ci gvwjk c Zvi mv _ Avi bzzb K i Sv gjv Ki Z Av m wb ez gv b Zvi cwiev ii KD evmv b KvR bv Ki ji m w`weÿ evmv b Ni Zz j _vk Q 70

80 ÔAvwg PvB bv Avgvi Q ji Mvjvgx Ki KÕ gnvjqov evmv b ciez x Z emwz vcbkvix `i Dc i jyµ `v mi eo Q j dy ji h _ó cöfve i q Q ez gv b dz ji g~j e emv n Q R½j _ K KvV K U G b kn ii cvwu i (LwiÏvi) Kv Q wewµ Kiv vbxq eb wefv Mi mv _ mym ú K i Kvi Y Zvi Kv Vi e emv ek fv jv fvi ejv Nyg _ K D V `ybrb mn hvmxmn Mfxi R½ j P j hvq m MvQ K U `ycyi bvmv` wd i Av m Mfxi R½ ji fqski RxeRš i nvz _ K euvpvi Rb m memgq MvQ cx ii bvg R c we Kj ejv P j hvq kªxg½j kn i, mlv b wewfbœ AÂj _ K Kv Vi e vcvixiv Av m Ges Zv `i mv _ e emvwqk Av jvpbv mb mgquv Z m m i d j dzj we q K i Q AvjxbMi Pv evmv bi m Qj cwiev ii g q my jlv cvbbkv K Pvi Q ji mevb K 5 eqi nevi ci z j w` q Qb G `i g a eo Q j jwâ Zi covïbvq Lye GKUv g bv hvm bb ZvB dy ji B Qv Av Q Zv K gwuªk cvm Kiv bvi ci ga cöv P cvwv q `evi g Rv Q j Av jv QvU ejv _ K covïbvq fv jv, ZvB Zv `i cwiev ii mevi B Qv Zv K gwuªk cvm Kiv bvi ci wm j Ui Ggwm K j R covïbv Kiv bvi LvBQov evmv bi g a gavex I fv jv Q j wn m e Av jvi mybvg i q Q evwo Z covïbvi cvkvcvwk nvi gvwbqvg Zejv w` q Mv bi PPv K i m Kwe ii Kvb Mvb bv Rvb ji iex `ªbv_ I bri ji Mv bi PPv Kivi Póv K i mwâz kªxg½j kni _ K wewfbœ Mv bi eb wk b G b cvovi Ab vb fv jv Q j `i wb q mßv n 2/3 w`b Mvb evrbv wb q e m m GQvov Aemi mg q m ûgvqyb Avn g`, Kv kg web AveyeKi, mg ik gryg`vi, mybxj M ½vcva vq cöf wz jl Ki eb c o Ab `yb Q j cv_ I ARq Av jvi g ZvB nvk GUvB Zvi evev-gv Pvq Q j `i fwel Zi e vcv i dzj Rvbvq, ÔAvwg PvB bv Avgv `i c~e cyi liv hfv e Pv evmv b Mvjvwgi KvR K i Q GKB KvR Avgvi Q jivi Ki K Õ Ômgv R wu K _vkvi msmövgõ jyµ `v mi g Rv Q j wekvk cvbbkv gwuªk cvm Kivi ci Avw_ K mgm vi Kvi Y K j Ri covïbv Pvjv bv Zvi c cövq Am e n q c o ZLb wq jv Gikv `i kvmbvgj Ges Avnv` wgtv RvZxq cvwu i c kªxg½j GjvKvq ivr bwzk KvR cwipvjbv KiwQ jb msmv bi KvR we v ii Rb wzwb wewfbœ evmv bi kªwgk mš vb `i nvz LiP I covïbvi LiP enb Kiv ïi K ib Gmg q wekvk I wicb cvbbkvi K j R covïbv Kivi mg LiP Avnv` wgtv enb K i GB Avw_ K mnvqzvi Kvi Y wekvk wwwmö cix v w` Z m g nq wwwmö cvm Ki Z bv cvivi ci Zvi evevi mnvqzvq evmv bi Wªmv ii PvKwi c q hvq Z e Zvi wb Ri B Q wqj evmv bi wujv eveyi PvKwi Kivi wkš wwwmö cvm bv Kivi Kvi Y Zv Avi m e nq wb evev jyµ `vm RxweZ Ae v ZB mvmibj evmv bi cvbbkv gyi weÿ Uvjy `v mi g q gybv cvbbkvi mv _ Zv K we q `qv nq z j _vk Z KwgDwb cvwu i ivrbxwzi mv _ hy³ n q c o wekvk z ji GK eo fvb G e vcv i Zv K DØy K i Ges Pv kªwgk `i wbh vzb I eâbv Zv K G e vcv i AviI ewk cöfvwez K i wvk KZ mv j Ges Kb m g b Ki Z bv cvi ji GUv g b Av Q GKevi m evgcš x `i GK js gv P Ask wb qwq jv wkš K j R DVvi ci RvZxq cvwu i bzvi UvKvq covkybvi Kvi Y m ZLb KwgDwb cvwu Q o RvZxq cvwu Z hvm `q Gikv `i cz bi ci Avnv` wgtv wegbwc Z hvm w` j wekvki wegbwc Z hvm `q 71

81 ez gv b wekvk wegbwci gnvjqov evmvb KwgwUi m`m Z e wbev P bi mgq K vw ús Kiv Qvov Zgb Kvb ivr bwzk Kv Ri mv _ m hy³ wqj bv Wªmv ii KvR K i hv ezb cvq Zv w` q Zvi msmvi fv jvg Zv P j hvq GK g q I `yb Q ji g a mevb K wwwmö ch š covïbv Kiv bvi B Qv Zvi Av Q mš vb `i fwel Zi e vcv i Zvi gzvgz n Q, ÔAvwg wb R evmv bi wujvevey n Z P qwqjvg wkš wwwmö mvwu wd KU bv _vkvi Kvi Y Zv m e nq wb Avgvi B Q `yb Q j K evmv bi g v brvi I g q K Wv³vi evbv bvi Õ Avi ivr bwzk `j cwiez b Kiv m ú K Zvi AwfgZ n Q, Ômgv R wu K _vkvi Rb G jv Ki Z n q Q Avi evmv b PvKwi Ki j gvwjk h `j Ki e Kg Pvix `i K mb `jb Ki Z nq Õ evmvb _ K gyw³ jyµ `v mi m Rv Q j Dcj `vm cvbbkvi covïbv cöv_wgk kªyxi c i Avi n q D V wb wk kvi eqm _ K m kn i ewk hvzvqvz Ki Zv Ges GK mgq kªxg½j kn i f vb Pvjv bv ïi K i cwiev ii Ab vb m`m `i mv _ Zvi m úk Lye GKUv fv jv bq Dcj m ú K Zvi Ab vb fvb `i gš e n Q m memgq wb Ri g Zv P j, Avi mvivw`b kn i f vb Pvwj q G m iv Z Zvi mv _ Ab fvb `i Lye GKUv K_vevZv I nq bv Zvi x wjbv cvbbkv Ges `yb g q wuby I jw cvbbkv K wb q m Avjv`v N i _v K QvU Q j wicb cvbbkv B Uvi gww qu cvm Kivi ci kªxg½j m` ii cvj nvw Iq v ii `vkv b Kg Pvixi KvR K i z j covi mgq _ K Zvi ewkifvm mgq kªxg½j kn i KvU Zv, iv Zi ejv ïay evmv b Avm Zv Nygv bvi Rb GBPGmwm cvm Kivi ci hlb `vkvb Kg Pvix wn m e KvR ïi K i, ZLb _ K iv Zi ejv evwo Z Avmv ch š eü K i `q m iv Zi ejv gvwj Ki evwo Z _vk Zv Ges LvIqv-`vIqvI Zvi evwo ZB Ki Zv `vkv b Kg Pvixi KvR Kivi cvkvcvwk XvKv _ K nvw Iqvi mvgmöx G b wewµ Kivi mvbw e emv ïi K i m gvwj Ki mv _ wbqwgz fv e XvKvq hvzvqvz Kivi Kvi Y GB e emvi jvbb-nvu Zvi cwiwpz wqj kªxg½j kn i Zvi wkqy eüz GB e emvq Zv K mnvqzv K i e emvi UvKv Rwg q kªxg½j kn ii c~ev kv AvevwmK GjvKvq GKLÊ Rwg wk b mlv b evwo Kivi K_v fve Q ^cb Aek Zvi GB Rwg Kbvi K_v cwiev ii KvD K GLb ch š m Rvbvq wb Kb bv GB Rwgi K_v Rvb Z cvi j Zvi evevi m úwëi fvm Zv K Kg `qv n e e j Zvi aviyv ez gv b ^cb Zvi eo fvb cy ú cvbbkvi mv v K Ges we q Kivi ci iv Z evwo Z _vkv ïi K i Q B Q Av Q 2/3 eqi ci mš vb bevi, G m ú K Zvi gzvgz n Q, ÔevMv bi GB Lvivc cwi e k Avwg Avgvi mš v bi Rb w` Z PvBbv kªxg½j kn i evwo Kivi ci Zvici mš vb wb ev, Kb bv GLv b Avgvi mš vb eo n j Zviv KL bv gvbyl n e bv Avwg wb RI evmv bi Kvb Q ji mv _ Avi DVvemv Kwi bv, DVvemv me kn ii evovwj `i mv _ Õ (me kl cövß Z_ Abyhvqx ^cb cvbbkv `vkv bi Kg Pvixi PvKwi Q o w` q Zj Kv úvwb BD bvk ji (ez gv b kfib) cvbc emv bvi KvR wb q KzjvDovi GKwU M vm K c AÂ j P j M Q ) 72

82 c bi nvrvi UvKvq PvKwi jyµ `v mi `yb g q jxiv I mvnvbv cvbbkv K Abyc `vm I my Lb `vm cvbbkvi mv _ we q `qv nq Gi g a mvnvbv cvbbkvi ^vgxi Avq ivrmvi bv _vkvq GLb fvb `i Avkª q LvBQov evmv bb m _v K me fvbiv wg j c bi nvrvi UvKv w` q evb K GKwU Pv kªwg Ki PvKwi hvmvi K i w` q Q ez gv b Zvi wb Ri Av q cwievi P j câg kªyx ch š covïbv Kivq Gi P q fv jv PvKwi g v br Kiv m e nq wb mš vb bv _vkvq ^í Av qi msmvi Kvb g Z Zvi P j hvq Z e fvbiv mvnvh Kivq Zv K c _ em Z nq wb Ab evb jxiv cvbbkvi ^vgx KuvPvgv ji e emv Kivq Zv K Avi Kvb KvR Ki Z nq bv GK Q j `qv `vm cvbbkv I `yb g q gywbœ I werwq cvbbkv K wb q Zvi QvU msmvi `qv `vm K 5g kªyx ch š covïbv Kiv bvi ci Avw_ K mgm vi Kvi Y Gi P q ewk cov bv Zvi c m e nq wb ez gv b Zv K Zv `i RwgRgv Pvlev mi Kv R jvwm q `qv n q Q GKgvÎ g q gywbœ cvbbkv GLb 5g kªyx Z c o Ges Zvi evev-gvi B Qv Zv K Kgc B Uvi gww qu cvm Kwi q Zvici we q `qv QvU g q gywbœi eqm Kg niqvq Zv K GLb evwo ZB cöv_wgk wk v `qv n Q jyµ `v mi GB me mš vb `i e Ëvš ï b g b n Z cv i Pv evmv bi ewkifvm cvbbkv cwiev ii Ae v nq Zv GiKg, wkš Av` Z Zvi P q wfbœ wpîb ewk ewkifvm Pv kªwgk `i `vwi `ª i P q cvbbkv `i Ae v Lye GKUv Avjv`v bq Z e cöwzwu evmv bb jyµ `v mi cwiev ii g Zv `yb-gkwu cwievi i q Q hv `i K Pv evmv bi cwiewz Z cwiw wzi cözxk wn m e ejv hvq `xn mgq Pv evmvb jv Z `vwi `ª i h mgzv weivr KiwQj wemz K qk `k Ki g a Zvi cwiez b n q wkqy wkqy ^ Qj cwiev ii D e NU Q evmv bi evb ii e nëi mgvr I A_ bxwzi mv _ m ú K i gva g GB cwiez bkxjzv AviI ewk cwigv Y MwZkxjZv jvf K i Q 73

83 Dcmsnvi Pv qi DrcwËi BwZnvm ch v jvpbv K i Avgiv `Ljvg c w_exi A bk RbwcÖq cvbx qi gz Pv Ilya wn m e cöv_wgkfv e e envi nz Pxb _ K DrcwË jvf K i Rvcvb n q WvP `i nvz a i Zv GKmgq BD iv c cušqvq wkš ZZw` b Zv Ilywa e _ K GKwU RbwcÖq cvbxq Z cwiyz n q Q Avi WvP e emvqx `i nv Z c o Zvi evwywr K K`iI e w c q Q kz Y wek Ry o wkí wec e I ciez x Z Jcwb ewkk kvmb e e vi gzvi Ø Ø Pv wk íi Dci cöfve d j ZrKvjxb mg qi Pv qi cöavb Drm Pxb _ K Pv idzvbxi c_ PxbÑRvcvb hy i Kvi Y eü n q M j wekí Drcv`b AÂj wn m e fvize l i bvg mvg b P j Av m weª U bi mivmwi Dcwb ek fvi Z cix vg~jkfv e Pv qi Avev` mdj fv e mgvß nevi ci P~ovš fv e Pv Drcv` bi Î wn m e evsjv I Avmvg AÂj K wbe vpb Kiv nq GB wbe vpb GKB mv _ GLvbKvi wekvj GKwU Rb Mvôx K GB wk íi mv _ hy³ K i GB wk í hy³ nevi ci cövq 150 eqi AwZµvš n q Q ^kvwmz e e v _ K Pv evmv b Avmvi ci GB Rb Mvôx mivmwi evmvb gvwjk `i ZË veav b P j Av m ïi i w` K Zv `i gvwjk wqj weªwukiv Ges Zv `i K cwipvjbvi Kiv nz c~y gvîvi Jcwb ewkk auv P fvize l weªwuk kvm bi Aemvb nevi ci cye evsjvi Pv evmvb jv bzyb ivóª cvwk v bi wbqš K cvävwe kvmk `i Avq Z P j hvq 1971 mv j evovwj RvwZi ^vaxb ivóª evsjv ` ki D e nq Gi gva g Pv evmvb jvi e e vcbvi g a evovwj `i AvwacZ ˆZwi nq GKB fšmwjk A ji (c~e evsjv) kvm Ki GB cwiez b Pv evmv bi kªwgk `i Ae vi Kvb cwiez b NUvq wb Pv kªwgk `i Av_ -mvgvwrk Ae vi cwiez bi Rb Kvb kvmkivb BwZevPK f~wgkv h cvjb K i wb Zv Avgiv HwZnvwmK ch v jvpbvi gva g `L Z cvb Kbbv iv óªi wbqš Ki f~wgkvi cwiez b n ji GB A ji A bk gvby li gz Pv kªwgk `i fv M i cwiez b bv niqvuv úóz GKwU ivr bwzk ˆel g i djvdj wn m e wpwýz Kiv hvq hv ewkifvm Î Pv kªwgk, Ab vb z`ª Avw`evmx I wewfbœ cövwš K Rb Mvôxi Î A bk mȳ úófv e cökvwkz ZvB e j GB mg z`ª I cövwš K RvwZ Mvôx jvi Kvb cwiez b nq wb GgbUv bq h BwZevPK cwiez bi `vwqz wqj iv óªi m f~wgkv ivóª wb Z e _ n ji cwiez b _ g _v K wb GB cwiez b jv K ivóª I mgv Ri AvwacZ kxj wpš v ewkifvm mgq A ^xkvi K i Q, hv ivóª I mgv Ri Ávb Drcv` bi wewfbœ Î jv Øviv cöwzwbqz cybi rcvw`z n Q Pv kªwgk `i wbr mgv Ri Af š ixy MwZkxjZvi mv _ hy³ n q Q Pvicv ki mgv Ri cöfve iv óªi g~j avivi A_ bwzk Kg Kv Êi mv _ GB Rb Mvôx K m PZbfv e hy³ bv Kivi welqwu Avgiv GB M elyvi gva g `L Z cvb fšmwjkfv e Pv kªwgk `i K GKwU wbw` ó v b cövq `ok eqi a i AvU K ivl ji evrvi e e v, AvKvk ms wz, evrvwi we bv`b I AvwacZ kxj ms wzi ms úk _ K Zviv gy³ _vk Z cv i wb GB me wkqzi wg_w ŒqvB Zv `i iƒcvš i NwU q Q 74

84 Avgiv GB iƒcvš i K ÔcvBbKvÕ bv gi GKwU wbw` ó Pv kªwgk Mvôxi cöw Z Av jvpbv K iwq cvbbkv `i mgvr e e vi iƒcvš i Lqvj Ki j Avgiv `L ev Zviv GK mgq ebevmx Rb Mvôx wn m e Rxebhvcb Ki Zv Dcwb e ki nvz a i Pv evmv b cö e ki ci wkqzw`b Zviv Zv `i cy iv bv PP vmy jv Pvjy iv L wkš Pvicv ki cöfve G m Zv `i g a bvbv ikg iƒcvš i NUv Z _v K cvbbkv `i ebevmx Rxe bi GKwU c e G m Kwe ii ms ú k Avmvi gva g ÔKwei ag Õ MÖn Yi K_v Avgiv HwZnvwmK `i KvQ _ K cövß Z_ _ K Rvb Z cvwi Kwe ii Øviv cöfvwez n q Ô e`õ-gi wbq gi we ivwazv Ki Z wm q Zviv GKmgq ^Zš mvgvwrk I ag xq wbqgkvbyb M o Zv j wkš Pv evmv b Avmvi ci Pvicv ki Ô e`cwš Õ wewfbœ RvwZ Mvôxi ms ú k Av m Ges Gi gva g Zv `i g a Ô e`õ Gi A bk wbq gi cö ek N U Ô e`õ - Gi wbq gi we ivwazv Ki Z wm q GKmgq cvbbkviv g Z e w³ K gylvwmœ bv K i cvwb wqwu q `qv, jvk wpzvq bv cywo q Kei `qv, Avwgl RvZxq Lv` er b Kiv, we qi mgq Kb v `vb ( e `i wbqg Abyhvqx Kb v `vb Ki Z nq) bv Kiv, bvgvr ev c~rv bv K i gvbmv (cvbbkv `i wbr ^ Dcvmbvi aiy) Kiv cöf wz wbqg Pvjy K i GB PP v jv K Zviv GKmgq Zv `i ^vz š i cwipvqk wn m e wpwýz Ki Zv Pv evmv b `xn w`b GB PP v ejer wqj wkš ax i ax i Dc iv³ mg PP vi Î cwiez b j Kiv M Q GB cwiez b Pvicv ki e`cš x RvwZ Mvôx, AvKvk ms wz, AvZ cwip qi msku, evrvwi we bv`b, cövwzôvwbk wk v cöf wzi ms ú k i gva g n q Q ag xq PPv i Î cvbbkv `i wbr ^ Dcvmbvi cvkvcvwk e`cš x `i Dcvmbv jv Zv `i PP vi g a cö ek K i Q hgb, Avgiv `Ljvg gv_vq ÔKwe ii UzwcÕ cov K Zviv Zv `i cövz wnk ag PP vi Ask wn m e g b Ki ji mb Uzwc GLb Zv `i HwZ n i As k cwiyz n q Q GBfv e cvkvk, Lv` vfvm _ K ïi K i Ab vb cöwzwu Î GB cwiez b m ú K Ui cviqv hvq grvi e vcvi n Q GB cwiez b jv K Zviv Zv `i ag xq wbqg Øviv ˆeaZvI w` Q cvbbkv `i we bv` bi iƒcvš i Lqvj Ki j `Lv hv e, GKUv mgq ch š evmvb Kw `ªK wewfbœ ag xq DrmeB Gi cöavb Drm wqj wkš cvbbkvivi evrvi Kw `ªK we bv` bi µzv wn m e Avwef~ Z n q Q hlv b evsjv ev wnw ` cc Mvb _ K ïi K i Dwoqv, fvrcywi cöf wz fvlvi Mvb I Pjw PÎ Zv `i we bv` bi LvivK RvMvq mv cöwzk mg q AvKvk ms wzi gva g Zv A bk ewk ZxeªZi n q Q we bv` bi Î Avgiv cörb MZ cv_ K Lqvj Kijvg hlv b cöexyiv Zv `i HwZn MZ we bv`b e e v K wuwk q ivlvi Póv Ki Q Avi bzzb cörb evrvi Kw `ªK we bv` bi mv _ hy³ n Q cvbbkv `i gzv KvVv gvi iƒcvš i GLv b me P q D j L Kivi gz welq ÔmgvRÕ, Ô PŠivkxi m` viõ, Ôgyi weÿõ _ K ïi K i MÖvg câv qz ch š h gzvi K `ª jv GKmgq kw³kvjx fv e Dcw Z wqj Zv GLb A bkvs k f ½ M Q mlv b ivr bwzk I A_ bwzkfv e kw³kvjx e w³iv vb K i wb q Q cvbbkv `i Zi Y I ÔAvaywbKÕ cörb Av Mi gzv m ú K i eüb K AwZµg K i wb Riv bzzb gzvi K `ª M o Zvjvi Póv Ki Q Z e GB K `ª we` gvb mvgvwrk, ag xq I mvs wzk PPv K AeÁv K i bq eis BwZg a hme wbqg I PPv cwiewz Z n q M Q Zv wbqgwm Kivi cö Póv Gi g a j Kiv M Q d j G K gvuv `v M ÔevOvwjKiYÕ, ÔcwðgvKiYÕ ev ÔAvaywbKxKiYÕ wn m e ejv hv e bv Avgv `i g b n q Q bzzb cwiw wz K gvkv ejv Kivi wbr ^ cš v wn m e G K wpwýz Kiv hvq 75

85 ÔcvBbKv mgvr Kj vy ms võ bv g h bzzb ms v M o Zvjvi cö Pôv cvbbkv `i g a `Lv M Q Zv GKB mv _ GB mgv Ri g a iv óªi Avwac Z i GKwU vik wn m e Avgiv cvv Kwi Kb bv GB ms v MV bi Rb h cî cvbbkviv wewfbœ evmv b cöiy K i Q Zv Z mȳ úófv e wb R `i Abybœq bi Dcjwä I Dbœq bi Dcvq wn m e iv óªi `vi nevi Avnevb Rvbv bv n q Q m j cvbbkv `i K GKwÎZ nevi Avnevb eis ivóª cöwµqvi mv _ hy³ nevi GK mvgwmök D ` v Mi cöv_wgk iƒc hv GB Rb Mvôxi iƒcvš i K A bk úófv e wb ` k K i GKmgqKvi ebevmx GKwU ÔRvwZ MvôxÕ Zvi wbr ^ BwZnv mi bvbv c_ AwZµg Kivi gva g Zvi g a h cwiez b jv n q Q Zv Avgiv Avgv `i GB M elyvi gva g evsvi Póv K iwq G M elyv evsjv ` ki Ab vb z`ª I cövwš K RvwZmZ v jvi cwiez b K eys Z wkqzuv n ji mnvqzv Ki e e j Avgiv g b Kwi 76

86 cwiwkó - 1 evc `v`v `i wbevm wqj, AÜ«cÖ `k wenvi, DËi cö `k-cwðge½ Knev Dwol vi my LB Zviv w`b KvUv Zv, wb q RwgRgv, m_vq bvwk nvvr K i co jv `ywf bv g GK evgv, zavi R vjvq cuuv hlb wawk wawk R j Q, Pv-Ki `i `vjv jiv ZLb Zv `i wgvv wgvv evz ej Q wk n e fvqv iv ` cy o fy M g i n_vq, MvQ bvov j cqmv cvwe. cu f i cqmv cvwe m_vq Pv-Ki `vjvj `i wgvv K_v ï b, iw½b ^ cœ we fvi n q, `v`yiv G jv Avmv gi e b Bs iriv me RvZ K GK RvZ evbv jv w` b iv Z KvR Kiv jv eu a Pv L Vywj, K lk _ K cö gvkb w` q bvg ivl jv Kzwj Pv evmv bi jevi, dvq`v jvuvi ^v _ mevb Ki Z jvm jv devi GKvË i ^v_ wb q, euva jv ReŸi jovb, mw`b jevi _ K evovwj n q mevb wg j cvävex `i L`vq ^vaxb ` k Pv kªwgk Dcvwa eob PgrKvi fv Ui mgq K`i ev o, fvu M j K fvb Kvi weªwuk Avg ji Mvjvwgi wbkvb mevi Dc i Szj Q nvj Avg j Pv Rb Mvôx bv g cö gvkb w` Z `iw`iv Zv ej Q cwigj wms evovbk 77

87 cwiwkó - 2 bzzb cwim i bzzb msmvb Movi cª Pôv 78

88 cwiwkó - 3 Pv evmv bi wfz i e emv Kivi AvBbx `wjj 79

89 cwiwkó - 4 GKmgq GB ai bi cyw Kvi mvnv h cvbbkviv wnw ` fvlv klvi Póv K i 80

90 cwiwkó

91 cwiwkó - 6 gvnx c~wy Abyôv b wewfbœ evmv b cvvv bv `viqvzcî 82

92 cwiwkó - 7 bzzb wkïi Rb Dcj cvvv bv mvgvwrk wpwv/`viqvzcî 83

93 cwiwkó - 8 g Zz ciez x K Z vbyôv bi/kv Ri `viqvzcî 84

94 cwiwkó - 9 bzzb wkïi Rb Dcj cvvv bv mvgvwrk wpwv/`viqvzcî 85

95 cwiwkó - 10 fvi Z Ae vbiz cvbbkv `i mv _ wpwv Z hvmv hvm nq 86

96 cwiwkó - 11 jevi nvdm K cö`vb Kiv Pvù v I mâ qi iwk` 87

97 cwiwkó - 12 ivóª I RvZxqZv Pv evmv b `k cö gi bgybv werq w`e mi Drm e Pv kªwgk `i Avb ` Drme 88

98 werq w`e mi i vwj 89

99 cwiwkó - 13 Pv evmv b evb ii GKwU mvs wzk Abyôv b b Z iz Pv kªwgk `i GKwU `j 90

100 cwiwkó - 14 wbr ^Zv I evrvwi we bv`b Kv Ri Aem i Gfv e mvivivz a i Kwe ii Mv bi mvabv P j bvp N i Uwjwfkb 91

101 cwiwkó - 15 hv `i mvg_ Av Q Zv `i A b KB N i Uwjwfkb iv L evmv bi gjv jvi mvaviy ` k 92

102 cwiwkó - 16 Pv kªwgk `i evb ii G ckvi wewfbœzv evmv bi Lwo KvV evb i wewµ evmv bi fz ii LÊ Rwg Z Pvlvev` 93

103 cwiwkó - 17 iv v KvUvi KvR Ki Qb cvbbkv bvixiv evmv bi evrv i wewfbœ z`ª e emv 94

104 evmvbwfwëk mgevq mwgwz 95

105 cwiwkó - 18 Ni-evwo ewkifvm kªwgk K wb Ri fv½vni wb R `ib givgz Ki Z nq cvbbkvmn ewkifvm Pv kªwgk `i N ii mvaviy wpî 96

106 cwiwkó - 19 cövwzôvwbk wk v kªwgk `i Rb gvwjk c _ K ˆZwi Kiv zjni evmv bi fz i eª v Ki zj 97

107 cwiwkó - 20 köxg½j kn i evmvb Kg KZ v `i mš vb `i Rb ˆZwi Kiv zj evmv bi GKgvÎ mikvwi wk v cöwzôvb (gmwr`wfwëk wk v) 98

108 cwiwkó - 21 ag I ag vpvi cùcyi evmv b vwcz Kwe ii gvrvi cvbbkv i Abyc `vm cvbbkv 99

109 cwiwkó - 22 `~M v c~rv c~rv gêc 100

110 cwiwkó - 23 ˆeòe gw `i cöwzev`, `vwe, Av `vjb c~rv gê c nvgjvi cöwzev` (2001) 101

111 cwiwkó - 24 evmv b bvix w`e mi (8B gvp ) cv vi 102

112 cwiwkó - 25 grywi evov bvi `vwe Z Av `vj bi Ask wn m e mgv ek Pv evmv b GKwU RvZxq ivr bwzk ` ji mgv e ki GKvsk 103

113 cwiwkó - 26 Pv Drcv`b, e Ub I gvwjkvbv Pv evmv bi AwZ cwiwpz ` k kªwgk jvb b (AvevwmK GjvKv) XvKvi cö ek c_ 104

114 cwiwkó - 27 D ËvwjZ Pv Gfv e cwigvc K i cöwzw`b 28 UvKv wn m e ezb `qv nq Pv cvzv ïkv bv n Q 105

115 cwiwkó - 28 Pv cöwµqvrvzkiy KviLvbv evmv bi fzi ch UK `i Rb cöwzwôz Pv qi `vkvb (bxjkú Pv Kweb) 106

116 g v brv ii evs jv 107