Bmjvgx e vsk. ev s jv ` k wj wg U W. Rvbyqvwi Bmjvgx kixôavn& gvzv ek cwipvwjz

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2 Bmjvgx e vswks Rvbyqvwi 2014 Bmjvgx e vsk ev s jv ` k wj wg U W Bmjvgx kixôavn& gvzv ek cwipvwjz

3 Islami Banking January 2014 Published by Public Relations Division Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited Rbms hvm wefvm, Bmjvgx e vsk evsjv `k wjwg UW KZ K cöavb Kvh vjq: Bmjvgx e vsk UvIqvi 40, w`jkzkv evwywr K GjvKv, XvKv _ K cökvwkz gỳ ª Y : PŠKm wcö Uvm, 129 ww.avb.wu G Ubkb ivw XvKv-1000

4 m~wpcî m úv`kxq \ 05 evwywr K e vsk e e vi DrcwË I µgwekvk: Bmjvgx e vswks-gi cuf~wg \ 07 Ave`yj Kv `i PvwP Bmjvgx e vswks ebvg cöpwjz e vswks: gnvg `v DËi Kvh µg \ 28 W. gvi ZRv nvq`vwi Bmjvgx e vswks-g wecyb ˆbwZKZv I MÖvnK mš wó \ 34 Aveyj nvmvb, Ave`yj Kv `i PvwP, mvjgv Ave`yj jwzd m ú `i AvKvj I e w³ ^v_ : Bmjvgx ` wó KvY \ 48 Aa vck Wt Ryev qi nvmvb BRvivi kixôavn&wfwëk we køly \ 65 gvnv ` nvwkg Kvgvjx Bmjvgx e vswks I A_ bwzk Dbœqb \ 82 W. Rb ùvwkqvbvwkm cöe w I UKmB Dbœqb: wekí Avw_ K e e v \ 85 gv. Avãym mvjvg, GdwmG, GdwmGm Bmjvgx ÿz`ª wewb qvm: `vwi`ª we gvp bi nvwzqvi \ 102 gvnv ` Ave`yj gvbœvb

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6 m úv`kxq Bmjvgx e vswks I A_ bxwz m ú K µgea gvb AvMÖn AvšÍR vwzk Avw_ K ` k c U GK A_ en cwiez b wek e vcx A_ e e vq w wzkxjzv i v I A_ bwzk cöe w Z Bmjvgx Avw_ K e e v wkfv e cövmw½k I m vebvgq n Z cv i Zv wb q AwaKZi Av jvpbv n Q cöpwjz A_ e e vi cöÿvc U Bmjvgx A_ bxwzi c wz ev Íevq bi cöv qvwmk cöwµqvmn wewea wel q wewfbœ ` wó KvY _ K Av jvkcvz Kivi cö qvrb i q Q hymm¼u I mg qi Pvwn`vi cªwz ` wó i L Bmjvgx e vsk e e v mycö hvr Kivi h cö Póv I M elyv wek e vcx Pj Q Zvi mv _ `kxq cvvk `i hy³ ivlvi cöqv m wb qvwrz ÔBmjvgx e vswksõ Rvb vj Rvb v ji G msl vq K qkwu AvšÍR vwzk M elyvk g i Abyev` I bzzb cöeü cökvk Kiv n jv mgmvgwqk wek A_ bxwz I wekvkgvb Bmjvgx A_ e e vi K qkwu wbev wpz wel qi Ici G cöeü jv Pqb Kiv n q Q AwaKvsk A_ bxwzwe` AvaywbK e vswks K BZvjxq i bmuvrvz Kg c wz e j g b K ib ÔevwYwR K e vsk e e vi DrcwË I µgwekvk: Bmjvgx e vswks-gi cuf~wgõ cöe Ü Ave`yj Kv `i PvwP `wl q Qb Øv`k kzvãx Z BZvwj Z cöpj bi A bk Av MB eû mf Zvq e vswks Kvh µg Pvjy wqj BZvwjqvb e vskviiv e vswks-gi KŠkj gymjgvb Ges gymwjg we k i L vb I Bûw` ewyk `i KvQ _ K wk L Q G wbe Ü ez gv b ÔBmjvgx e vswksõ wn m e cwiwpz avivi DrcwË I wekv ki avivevwnkzv AbymÜvb Kiv n q Q Avw_ K Lv Zi mv cöwzk m¼u wek A_ bxwzi Rb eo AvNvZ cwðgv we k i cöpwjz e vsk jv Z Avw_ K m¼ Ui cöfve cöv P I c o G Z wek e vcx cöpwjz e vswks e e vi cöwz m wó nq Av vnxbzv G m¼u gvkv ejvq Bmjvgx I cöpwjz avivi e vsk jvi Kg c wz I mvdj ch v jvpbv K i Qb W. gvi ZRv nvq`vwi Zvi ÔBmjvgx e vswks ebvg cöpwjz e vswks: gnvg `v DËi Kvh µgõ wbe Ü wzwb `wl q Qb, m¼u PjvKv j Ab vb avivi e vswks-gi P q Bmjvgx e vswks AwaK mdj ˆewk K FYe e v f ½ covi cöavb KviY n Q RvgvbZwfwËK GKcvw K SzuwK eèb, wbw` ó mỳ nvi I cöpwjz e vs Ki FYwfwËK gỳ ªvbxwZ Gi me jvb Bmjvgx e vswks e e vq wbwl ez gvb `ªyZ cwiez bkxj wecyb cwi e k MÖvn Ki Kvw Z AvPi Yi cöwz gb hvmx niqv AZx Zi h Kvb mg qi P q ewk iyz c~y wekvkgvb Bmjvgx avivi e vs Ki MÖvnK- hvmv hvm Kg x `i Kej MÖvnK `i g bv hvm AvKl Y Ki Z cvivb h _ó bq Bmjvgx e vs Ki MÖvnK `i cöz vkv Abyhvqx IB cöwzôv bi GKRb wecyb Kgx i ˆbwZK AvPiY Ggb n Z n e hb Zv K h_v_ BmjvwgK e j MÖvnKiv Dcjwä Ki Z cv ib we k i wzb cöv šíi wzb M elk Aveyj nvmvb, Ave`yj Kv `i PvwP I mvjgv Ave`yj jwzd GK hš_ wbeü ÔBmjvgx e swks-wecyb ˆbwZKZv MÖvnK mš wóõ-g `wl q Qb Bmjvgx wecyb ˆbwZKZv mgv Ri Kj v Y m e v P g~j ms hvrb bxwzi m ½ mgzv I b vqwepvi bxwzi mw jb NUvq Bmjvgx e vswks wkí G ˆbwZKZvi cöwz AwePj _vk j Zv e vskvi-mövnk Df qi AvPiY I Rxebgvb Dbœq b mnvqk nq gvby li Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq m ú` `y cövc Rxe b cvw_ e I Ava vwz K Dfq Î G Pvwn`v PvwjKv kw³ wnmv e KvR K i Pvwn`vi ˆecixZ mgv R fvimvg ervq iv L Ges mf Zvi wekvk NUvq Bmjvg G ZrciZv ˆea K i Q wkš Pvwn`v c~i Yi ZrciZv _ K ciwnzeªz K wew Qbœ K iwb Ôm ú `i AvKvj I e w³ ^v_ : Bmjvgx ` wó KvYÕ wbe Ü W. Ryev qi nvmvb Bmjvgx ` wó KvY _ K g~javivi A_ bxwzi wzbwu gšwjk aviyvi fyj e vl v m ú K Av jvkcvz K i Qb Kj vywfwëk wpšív- PZbv Ges kixôavn&& wb ` ki Av jv K cwiewz Z n j G welq jv Bmjvgx A_ bxwzi ÎI greyz cwigðj ˆZwi Ki Z cv i

7 BRvivwfwËK A_ vqb I mykzk e Ûi welqwu mv úªwzk eqi jv Z e vck AvMÖn m wó K i Q AwZwi³ RvgvbZ wbf i bv niqvq A_ bxwz Z gỳ ªvùxwZi Pvc KvwU q IVv Ges `xn gqv`x I Drcv`bkxj wk íi wekv k BRvivi AšÍwb wnz m gzv i q Q Z e A_ vq bi GKwU c wz wnmv e BRviv GLbI Dbœq bi cöv_wgk av c i q Q ÔBRvivi kixôavn&wfwëk we kølyõ wbe Ü gvnv ` nvwkg Kvgvjx BRviv-Pzw³ Ges mykzk Bmjvgx e Ûi kixôavn& w`k I A_ bwzk Dbœq b Gi m ve Zv Zz j a i Qb BRvivwfwËK eû Bmjvgx A_ evrv i AwaK e eüz evb gyivevnv I gyqv¾v ji wekí wn m e e eüz n Z cv i e vswks Lv Zi Dbœqb cöe w Z Kx cöfve d j Zv wb q A bk ch v jvpbv n q Q Aek MZ K qk `kk a i M o IVv Bmjvgx e vsk jv Gme M elyvq Zgb VvuB cvqwb e nr gymwjg Rb Mvôx i q Q Ggb `k jv Z Bmjvgx e vswks GLb ek eo evrv i cwiyz n q Q A bk ` k Bmjvgx e vsk jv µ gb cöpwjz e vsk jvi GKwU ` k gvb wekí n q DV Q ÔBmjvgx e vswks I A_ bwzk DbœqbÕ wbe Ü W. Rb ùvwkqvbvwkm `wl q Qb eû mgv R BwZevPK A_ bwzk mydj e q G b Q Bmjvgx e vsk GwU cök Z A_ bxwzi m ½ mivmwi ms hvm, e MZ jb `b, wzki cy I Kg KvÐ Gwo q Pjv Ges A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk b vqwepvi Rvi`v ii gva g A_ bwzk AMÖMwZ Z fywgkv ivl Q GKwU AwgZ m vebvi c_ c o Av Q Bmjvgx e vsk jvi mvg b RvZxq Avq e w i cvkvcvwk cövwšík Rb Mvôx I cwi e ki fvimvg c~y Dbœqb A_ vr m gz cöe w Qvov Dbœqb UKmB nq bv mybrvij v Ûi Wv fv m wek A_ bwzk dviv gi GK m j b welqwu Zz j a i ejv n qwqj, abx I Mix ei g a hfv e e eavb evo Q Zv Z wek A_ bwzk cöe w ûgwki gy L co Q mỳ wfwëk g~javivi e vswks c wzi mnrvz DÌvb-cZ bi Pµ wek A_ bxwz K B Zvg a B gnvm¼ U dj Q cökœ D V Q, mỳ wfwëk e vswks e e v Av `Š UKmB Dbœq b Ae`vb ivl Z cv i wkbv Gi wecix Z Bmjvgx e vswks-gi AvMgb I `ªyZ we Ívi we k cöe w i Ae vnz DÌvb czb gvkv ejv I Dbœq bi w wz wbwðz Kivi gz GKwU UKmB A_ e e v cviqvi Î Avkvi mâvi K i Q ÔcÖe w I UKmB Dbœqb: wekí Avw_ K e e võ wbe Ü gv. Ave`ym mvjvg cöpwjz A_ bwzk e e vi m¼u gvkv ejvq bzzb avivi Bmjvgx e vswks e e vi c wzmz mvg _ i Ici Av jvkcvz K i Qb AwZ `wi`ª Rb Mvôxi Ae vi Dbœq b Zv `i K A_ vqb myweav `qvi wekí bb G Î wek e vcx Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z `vwi`ª we gvp b Bmjvgx z`ª wewb qvm e e v µ gb RbwcÖq n Q GwU Bmjvgx bxwzgvjv _ K DrmvwiZ Ges mgv Ri cöwz `vqe GK ai bi wewb qvm c w_exi wewfbœ v b kz kz Bmjvgx z`ª wewb qvm cöwzôvb ˆZwi n q Q evsjv ` k Bmjvgx e vsk evsjv `k wjwg UW M nxz Bmjvgx z`ª wewb qvm Kg m~px Av jvpbvq G m Q ÔBmjvgx z`ª wewb qvm: `vwi`ª we gvp bi nvwzqviõ cöe Ü gvnv ` Ave`yj gvbœvb `wl q Qb G Kg m~px wkfv e KvR K i I `vwi`ª we gvp b f~wgkv iv L cvkvcvwk Bmjvgx z`ª wewb qvm e e vi GKwU mgwš^z g W ji cö Íve Kiv n q Q wewfbœ mxgve Zvi ga w` q `xn w`b ci ÔBmjvgx e vswksõ Rvb vj cökvwkz nj Gi ciezx msl v jv Avgiv h_vmg q cökv ki Avkv KiwQ GKB m ½ M elk, cöeükvi, Abyev`K I cvvk `i cöwz Bmjvgx A_ bxwz I e vswks msµvší cöeü, Abyev` I ipbv Avgv `i `ß i cvvv bvi Aby iva KiwQ Zvn j Avgiv K ZÁ ne mvwe K cöqvmm Ë I wkqy fyjîæwu ez gvb jlv jv Z _ K M Q Avgiv mevi mn `q gvr bv Ges g~j evb gzvgz I civgk Avkv KiwQ

8 Ave`yj Kv `i PvwP mvik_v AwaKvsk A_ bxwzwe` mv úªwzkkv ji e vswks K (Øv`k kzvãx BZvwj) GKwU AvaywbK Kg c wz e j g b K ib wkš Avw_ K Kvh µ gi DrcwË I wekv ki w` K ZvKv j Avgiv wewfbœ ikg fvebvi D e I wgwj q hviqv `L Z cve G cöe Ü Zv Zz j aiv n q Q G cöe Üi D Ïk n jv: v v v v evwywr K e vsk e e vi DrcwË I µgwekvk: Bmjvgx e vswks-gi cuf~wg cö_gz, Øv`k kzvãx Z BZvwj Z cöpj bi A bk Av MB cövpxbkv ji Rvbv cövq mkj mf Zvq e vswks Kvh µ gi h PP v n q Q, Zv `Lv bv; wøzxqz cögvy Kiv h, Bmjvg G ai bi Kvh µg K Kej Aby gv`bb K iwb, G K Ggbfv e DrmvwnZ K i Q, hv Av Mi Rvbv mewkqz K Qvwo q hvq Z ZxqZ, `Lv bv h BZvwjqvb e vskviiv e vswks-gi KŠkj gymjgvb Ges gymwjg we k i L vb I Bûw` ewyk `i KvQ _ K wk L Q `kg _ K Øv`k kzvãxi ga ezx mg q G `i m ½ BZvwjevmxi Nwbô evwywr K m úk wqj; Ges me k l, ez gv b ÔBmjvgx e vswksõ wn m e cwiwpz avivi DrcwË I wekv ki avivevwnkzv AbymÜvb 1. m~pbv R vke evikvw (D Z jv cr, 1979:1) e j Qb: ÒBwZnvm n jv Aa q bi Ggb GK ÿî hv ïiæ _ K ïiæ nq bv Ó AvR Ki iƒc bqv, evwy R i me P q we klvwqz aib e vswks Ñ cövpxb mf Zv jvi wekv ki m ½ m ½ Gi Avwef ve N U Ges ej Z M j cövq mkj mgq Zv wqj wewfbœ RvwZi mg w i wfwë Z e, Aiwm½vi (1967:1) hgbuv e j Qb: ÒG ch ší cövß `wj ji wfwë Z, KLb cö_g e vswks Kvh µ gi m~pbv n qwqj, Zvi cök wzb ev Kgb wqj A_ev Gi wekv ki e vcv i avivevwnk wbiwew Qbœ cögvy `qv KwVbÓ Z e, evwr qv ii (1979:105) `vwe K mg_ b Rvwb q ewkifvm A_ bxwzwe` g b K ib: Òe vswks qi Rb BZvwj ZÓ Gi cö_g KviY, Ôe vskõ kãwu BZvwjqvb Ôev ¼vÕ kã _ K G m Q hvi gv b Ggb Kvb Uwej ev eâ hvi Ici BZvwjqvb gỳ ªv-wewbgqKvixiv Zv `i gỳ ªv mvwr q ivl Zv Ges bw_ ev jb `b jlvi KvR Ki Zv wøzxqz, Zviv `Lvb, Øv`k kzvãxi w` K Ôe vskõ bv gi cö_g vcbv jv BZvwji fwbm, d v iý, R bvqv I jv vq vwcz n qwqj ( `Lyb, D ki, 1949 I ww iæ fi, 1954) ZvB e vswks K cövqb mv úªwzkkv ji GKwU AvaywbK D veb e j g b Kiv nq wkš, Avw_ K Kvh µ gi BwZnvm ch v jvpbv Ki j Avgiv Ab ikg `L Z cve G M elyvi D Ïk c~i Yi j ÿ G cöe Üi ciezx Ask wb œwjwlz Aa vq jv Z fvm Kiv n q Q : v wøzxq Aa v q, cövpxb mf Zv jv Z e vswks Kvh µ gi DrcwË AbymÜvb Kiv n q Q v Z Zxq Aa v q `Lv bv n q Q, wkfv e Øv`k kzvãx ch ší gymwjg mf Zvq e vswks Kvh µ gi wekvk N U Ave`yj Kv `i PvwP: BmjvwgK BKbwgKm wimvp m Uvi, ev`kvn Avãyj AvwRR BDwbf vwmwu, RÏv, mšw` Avie

9 08 Bmjvgx e vswks v v v ivgvb mf Zvi cz bi ci _ K Øv`k kzvãx ch ší BD iv c e vswks Kvh µ gi wekvk `Lv bv n q Q PZz_ Aa v q, we kl K i m mgq BZvwj Z Gi bvukxq wekvk NUvi cq b KviY wqj `wÿy-bd ivc I gymwjg mv ªv R i m ½ `kwui Nwbô m úk câg Aa v q, Bmjvgx mv ªv R i cz bi ci _ K 1950 I 1960 `k K ïiæ niqv ÔBmjvgx e vswksõ ch ší gymwjg we k e vswks Kvh µ gi Ici ` wó `qv n q Q lô Aa v q i q Q Dcmsnvi 2. cövpxb hy M e vswks 2.1 cöv MwZnvwmK hy M e vswks jv cr (1979:1) ej Qb: Òe emv I evwyr mpj ivlvi Rb cö_g KLb FY e envi Kiv n qwqj, Zv KD Rv b bv m ez GUv n qwqj cöv MwZnvwmK Kvb mg q wkš, cövpxb g mvc Uwgqv, wmöm I iv g GK ai bi e vsk Pvjy wqj Ó nvgvi (1963:17) wj Lb, Òm ez wkí, e vswks, gỳ ªvi cöpjb, Ggb wk Avw` iƒ c A _ i cöpjb niqvi Av MI F Yi cöpjb wqj Ó wzwb Dcmsnvi Uv bb Gfv e: ÒAvgiv FY K e nëi A _ we epbv Ki j Gi cövpxb aib m ú K wkqzuv aviyv Ki Z cvwi cövpxbkv ji FY K Avgiv `L Z cvwi cyî, fvb ev Kvb cöwz ekx K exr avi `qv wn m e, hv dmj Zvjvi ci diz `qv n Zv A_ev Kvb cï ev Kvb miävg ev Kvb Lvevi avi `qv n Zv diz cviqvi Avkv Kiv bv n j G ai bi n ÍvšÍi K ejv n Zv Dcnvi diz cviqv Avkv Ki j Zv n Zv avi Ges jvfmn avi n jv wbw` ó cwigvy diz `qv, hv av ii P qi ewk e j Avkv Kiv n Zv Ó cö_g wjwlz Pzw³ I Avw_ K jb `b ïiæ niqvi Av M gvbyl Mevw`cï, Lv` km, išc ev gỳ ªv wn m e MÖnY Ki Z ivwr Ggb h Kvb wkqz e emv I FY wn m e e envi Ki Zv (Wvwfm, 2002:12) `ytlrbk n jv cöv MwZnvwmK mg q G ikg ev Ab Kvb ai bi e vswks Kvh µ gi Kvb HwZnvwmK cögvy cviqv hvqwb 2.2 g mvc Uwgqvq e vswks KLb I Kv_vq cö_g e vswks Kvh µg ïiæ n qwqj Zv cögvy Kiv m e bq Z e nvgỳ (1985:17)-Gi g Z GUv úó h: ÒmsNe K wl, wkí I evwy R i m~pbvc e wewbg qi GKwU gva g wn m e gỳ ªv e env ii m ½ m ½ Gi DrcwË I wekvk N U Ó mf Zv wn m e my gixq I e vwejwbqvbiv cö_g e vswks Kvh µg ïiæ K iwqj e j HwZnvwmK cögvy cviqv M Q g mvc Uwgqv A j L c~e 34 kz Ki w` K G mf Zvi D b l N U Aiwm Nvi (1967:1) wj Lb: ÒcyivZvwË K Lbb K Ri gva g e vwejwbqvb mvgªv R i `yb cyivzvwë K wb`k b DiæK I kvjw` q gw `i Avwe Z nq m jvb G hvezkv ji Rvbv me P q cyi bv e vswks feb Avgv `i mg qi 3,300 eqi Av M mb e vswks Kvh µg cwipvwjz n Zv Ó Avwe Z HwZnvwmK cögvy jv _ K `Lv hvq, ZLbKvi e vswks qi ˆewkó wqj gw ` ii m ½ m ú ³ Lv` km I Ab vb cy ivlvi wbivc` vb wqj m jv Wvwf qm (2002:49) D jøl K i Qb, ÒMw QZ ivlv wrwbm Kej Avmj gvwjk KB diz `qv n Zv bv, Z Zxq cÿ KI `qv n Zv g mvc Uwgqvi A bk e w³ gvwjkvbvaxb AvevmI e vswks Kvh µ gi m ½ hy³ wqj Ó g mvc Uwgqvq cviqv cvûzwjwc jvi GKwU Z `Lv hvq, GK K lk wzj Kbvi Rb gw ` ii hvwrkvi KvQ _ K wkqz cwigvy išc avi K ib dmj Zvjvi ci FY bqvi cögvycî enbkvix K išc g~ j i

10 evwywr K e vsk e e vi DrcwË I µgwekvk: Bmjvgx e vswks-gi cuf~wg 09 mgcwigvy wzj diz `qvi A½xKvi K ib wzwb ( nvgỳ, 1985:17-18) G `wjj _ K AšÍZ PviwU welq Abyaveb Kiv hvq: v v v v cö_gz, G Z gw `i K e vs Ki f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z `Lv hv Q Gi KviY e vl v Kiv h Z cv i Gfv e: agx q Dcvmvbvjq I hvrk `i cöwz gvby li Av v wqj Ab h Kvb wkqzi P q ewk Gme agx q vcbvi mvayzvi mybv gi Kvi Y wek vm Kiv n Zv h GLv b Avgvb Zi mwvk I cwic~y wnmve _vk e Ges Gme vb Ab vb RvqMvi P q A bk wbivc` cweî gw ` i Pzwi Kivi mvnm KD Ki e bv wøzxqz, MÖnxZv wq jb GKRb Drcv`K Ab K_vq FY `qv n qwqj Drcv` bi Rb, fv Mi Rb bq Z ZxqZ, FY `wjjwu wqj GKwU cöwzköæwz (promissory) bvu ev ûwûi g Zv, hv avi bqvi cögvy wn m e MÖnxZv w` q Qb ïay ZvB bq, GwU wqj enbkvixi Kv Q cwi kva hvm A_ vr n ÍvšÍi hvm PZz_ Z, G jb ` b gybvdvi Kvb welq wqj bv FY MÖnxZv h išc wb q Qb, dmj Zvjvi ci mb išc g~ j i mgcwigvy wzj diz `qvi K_v Av Q G cwigvy avi Kivi mg qi P q Kg, mgvb ev ewk n Z cv i Gi cwigvy ewk n ji Zv mỳ bq KviY, mỳ n jv avi Kiv cyuwri Ici evowz h A_ cwi kva Kiv nq Ges Zv n e wvk GKB ai bi hgb iš c i Rb išc ev wz ji Rb wzj wkš iš c i Rb wzj ev wz ji Rb išc n j n e bv m hy M eo cyuwri e vskvi `i g a wq jb ivrv Ges abvx e w³iv A_ ev exr wewb qvm wn m e bqv n Zv A _ i Rb 20% Ges evwj i Rb 33% mỳ bqv n Zv FY cwi kv a e _ ev KD FY Ljvcx n j FY MÖnYKvix, GgbwK Zvi cwievi ch ší `vmz ei Yi SzuwK Z c o h Zv gỳ vivevn-i cövq Abyiƒc mxwgz Askx`vwiZ (Commenda) e vwejbevmxi Avwe vi gw `i I wekvj f~-m úwëi gvwjk `i e vswks Kvh µg GZUvB e o wm qwqj Ges GZUvB iæz c~y n q I VwQj h e vwej bi wel vz ivrv nv yivwe ( L c~e vã)-gi Rb GKwU gvbm Z wewagvjv ˆZwii cö qvrbxqzv Abyfe K ib f~wgi gvwjkvbv, K wl kªwgk wb qvm, dšr`vwi eva evakzv, FY, mỳ, A½xKvi, M vivw U, cögvy _vkv ev bv _vkv, cövk wzk `y h vm, ÿwz, Pzwi BZ vw`i d j m ó cövq me ai bi we iva wb úwë Z G wewagvjv cö qvm Kiv h Zv ( nvgvi, 1963:26 Ges Aiwm Nvi, 1967:8) 539 L c~e v ã cvi m i Kv Q ^vaxbzv nvivq g mvc Uwgqv gnvbmix wn m ei RŠjym nvivq e vwejb m mgq my `i nvi 40% ch ší cuš Q wm qwqj Gfv eb GKwU cyi bv mf Zv nvwi q wm q BwZnv mi cvzvq VuvB bq ( nvgvi, 1963:31) 2.3 fvi Z e vswks HwZnvwmK `i wek vm cövpxb fvi Zi me P q iæz c~y hym n jv ÔwmÜz DcZ Kvi mf ZvÕ hv Ôniàv mf ZvÕ bv gi cwiwpz wmüz mf Zvi niàv bmix Z cö_g Lbb KvR Pvjv bv n qwqj e j G bvgkiy L c~e 3000 _ K 1800 mv ji g a Gi wekvk N U ez gvb cvwk Ív bi cy iv Ask Ges ez gvb fvi Zi wkqz Ask Ry o G mf Zv we Í Z wqj GUv wqj c w_exi me P q cy ivb mf Zv jvi GKwU Ges gv mvc Uwgqv I wgmixq mf Zvi mgmvgwqk L c~e 2600 mv ji w` K mg w i wkl i cuš Q G mf Zv evwyr wfwëk kû i ms wzi wekvk N U GLv b Ges Gi A_ bxwzi g~j PvwjKvkw³ wqj K wl cöwz ekx mf Zv g mvc Uwgqvi g Zv m ez GLv bi cöpzi evwywr K jb `b Ges avi `qv- bqvi g Zv e vswks Kvh µg Pj Zv Z e, G wel q we ÍvwiZ Zgb wkqz Rvbv hvqwb ZvQvov, niàv _ K cviqv cvûzwjwc jvi cv Vv v i BwZnvmwe` `i me cö Póv G hvez e _ n q Q m ez, AvenvIqvi cwiez b ev Avh `i nvgjvi

11 10 Bmjvgx e vswks Kvi Y L c~e beg _ K mß`k kz Ki g a G mf Zvi wejywß N U m mg q H A j cövk wzk cwiez bi m~pbv n qwqj ( `Lyb, DBwKwcwWqv I qemvbu I b vkbgvmuvi I qemvbu) wbrvg (1975: )-Gi g Z, L c~e 200 _ K 200 L v ãi ga ezx mg q myk Ljfv e evwyr, kû i evrvi, gjv I cö`k bxi Av qvrb Kiv n Zv Rv Pzwi, gryz`vwi, cvpvi BZ vw` wbqš Yi Rb ivóª, `vg wbg vy I evrvi wbqš Yi g Zv Kg KvÐ cwipvjbv Ki Zv wbrvg (1975: ) D jøl K ib h cövpxb fvi Z (L c~e 200 _ K 200 L vã) wewfbœ ai bi, we kl K i Askx`vwiZ g~jk e emvq cöwzôvb cöpwjz wqj e e vi GKwU iæz c~y PvwjKv kw³ wn m e we epbv Kiv n Zv FY K abvx e w³ Ges wewfbœ m N FY `qv I e vswks Kvh µg Pvjv Zv e j aviyv Kiv nq mv j Uvi (1975:35-101) cögv Yi Póv K ib h mßg kz Ki Av M m mg qi Ab vb mf AÂj e vwejb, ivg, wmöm, wgmi, cvim I Px bi m ½ fvi Zi e vck AvšÍR vwzk evwyr Pj Zv wzwb Rvi w` q e jb, wewfbœ mg q wewfbœ GjvKvi jvkrb AvgvbZ, cöwzköæwz, eükx I Kvb `vze cöwzôv bi vqx Av qi Drm wn m e m ú` `qvñgme KvR Ki Zv Gme jb ` b AZ ší iæz c~y bv n ji my `i GKwU D jøl hvm f~wgkv _vk Zv wzwb e³e kl K ib Gfv e: ÒG Kev i cövpxbkvj _ KB fvi Z ïé Av ivc Ges mỳ Av`vq wqj e vswks Kvh µ gi me P q iæz c~y `yõwu KvRÓ (c~ e v³:668) 2.4 wmö m e vswks Aiwm Nvi (1967:3) Gi g Z, vbxq A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ði Ae v, vbxq AvB bi K VviZv Ges evwyr I jb ` bi KiæY Ae vi Kvi Y Avw_ K gỳ ªv Avwe v ii AvM ch ší cövpxb wmö m e vswksgi wekvk evavmö Í n qwqj GLv b h cökœwu Av m Zv n jv, G gỳ ªvi Avwe vik K Ges KLb? Aiwm Nvi (1967:8)-Gi DËi w` q Qb: Òm ez Pxbviv, Z e GiI Kvb wbðqzv bbó cö_g LvuwU mvbvi wc Ði cöpjb NUv bvi K wzz wjwwqvi ivrv µv qmvm-gi ( L c~e vã) m mgq kxl vbxq ^Y Drcv`bKvix `k wqj wjwwqv mßg L c~e v ã wjwwqvq mikvwifv e gy`ªvi cöpjb N UwQj e j D jøl K i Qb GbwRM (1949:225), nvgvi (1963:33), Aiwm Nvi (1967: 8-9) Ges Wvwf qm (2002:61-63) cö_g gỳ ªvi cöpjb NUvb wjwwqvi ivrv wm Mm (687 L c~e v ã) G jv wqj B j±ªvg ( mvbv I iƒcvi wgkªy) GUv wmö m e vswks Kvh µ gi cöpjb I PP v K DrmvwnZ K i _vk e KviY, ^í mg qb wkqz we µzv g~j evb avzz w` q ˆZwi wewfbœ AvKvi I IR bi gỳ ªv g~j vqb I wewbg qi e vcv i we klá n q I Vb (Aiwm Nvi 1967:3) wmök e vskvi `i UªvwcwR URI ejv n Zv wmök kã Uªv crv _ K G bvgkiy, hvi A_ Uwej ev eâ Gi Ici i L Zviv gỳ ªv cö`k b ev jb `b hgb, gỳ ªv wewbgq, AvgvbZ msmön, wewfbœ e w³ I ivóª K FY `qv, F Yi ^xk wzcî Bmÿ, cöwgmvwi bvu ev PKGi `vwe c~iy Ges Gm ei c~y weeiy wj L ivlvmn Ab vb KvR Ki Zb nvgvi (1963:69) g b K ib: ÒwMÖK `i evwywr K gav Gici Avi KL bvb GZUv D P ch v q cušqv Z cv iwb Ó m ez c~e ezx mf Zv jv _ K AbycÖvwYZ n q wmö mi gw `i jv AvgvbZ msmön I avi `qvi Kv R e eüz n Zv `jwd gw `i K GKmgq wmök we k i me P q eo e vsk wn m e AvL vwqz Kiv n Zv ( nvgvi, 1963:38), wkš Av jkrvw `ªqv wer qi ci f~ga mvmixq A ji evwy R bz Z `qvi g Zv

12 evwywr K e vsk e e vi DrcwË I µgwekvk: Bmjvgx e vswks-gi cuf~wg 11 Ae v b G _Ý wqj bv nvgvi (1963:39) wj Lb, ÒAvmbœ kzvãx jv Z wmöm bq, f~ga mvmixq A ji BwZnvm K cöfvwez K i ivg mvgªvr nviv bvi ci wmöm Avi KL bvb f~ga mvmixq A ji evwywr K I A_ bwzk K `ª wn m e Zvi Ae vb wd i cvqwb ivgvb bxwzi Kvi Y evwyr ivwm, AvbwZIK, m jbwmqv Ges we klfv e Av jkrvw `ªqv A j P j hvq Ó 2.5 iv g e vswks nvgv ii (1963:44) ey bv g Z, ivgvbiv wqj K lk I ˆmwb Ki RvwZ wbg vy, evwyr I e vswks-gi g Zv KvR jv Zviv g~jz we `kx `i Kv Q Q o w` qwqj cövpxb ivgvb e vskvi `i ewkifvm bvg wmök Ges Zv `i KI UªvwcwR UR ejv n Zv Aiwm Nvi (1967:5-6) wj Lb, Ò ivgvb hy M Kvb GK PwUqv e vswks wqj bv ZvB e vswks Kvh µg ^vaxbfv e wekvk I we Í wz jvf Ki Z mÿg nqó cö_g kzvãxi g a wicvewjk I mvgªvr Ges m ez m mg qi Rvbv we k i g a I e vswks K `ª n q `vuovq ivg ZLb e vskvi `i msl v GZB e o wm qwqj h UªvwcwR UR QvovI Zv `i K gbmyjvwi, Avi RbZvwi, gv vjvwi BZ vw` bv g AwfwnZ Kiv n Zv ( nvgvi, 1963:47) L c~e 90 mv ji ci _ K wicvewj Ki ivr bwzk I mvgwik cwiw wzi m ½ m ½ e vswks Kvh µ gi Aw izv m wó n Z _v K Ges weizv b g Av m hy I wek Ljvi mgq gỳ ªvùxwZ, Avw_ K weizv I `DwjqvZ `Lv `q Avevi, kvwší I AMÖMwZi mgq Avw_ K w wzkxjzv wd i Av m Ges e vswks Kvh µg I e emv-ewy R i DbœwZ N U Z Zxq kzvãx Z wecøe I M nhy i mgq Pig gỳ ªvùxwZ Ges w`iwk wzqvb ( L vã) ÿgzv MÖn Yi AvM ch ší `xn câvk eqi G Mvj hvmc~y Ae v weivr K i d«v¼-gi g Z (1933:300), ÒZLb cz bi c _ ivg Pviw` K ˆbivR I jyucvu PjwQj mvgªv R i wewfbœ Ask iv gi Ici Av v nwi q d j wkí I evwyr f ½ hvq GgbwK j vwzb fvlvi ÿwqòz n q c oó 2.6 wgm i e vswks Aiwm Nvi (1967:4) Gi g Z: ÒAv jkrvw `ªqv wer qi Av M wgm i Avw`g ai bi A_ bwzk e e v cöpwjz wqj wgm i gỳ ªv e e vi cöpjb NUvb U jwg Ges wmö mi g Zv GLv bi wvk GKBfv e Gi wekvk NU Z `Lv hvq wmö mi g Zv GLv bi UªvwcwR UR `i `Lv g j Z e, Giv wqj GK ai bi mikvwi cöwzwbwa; G `i A b Ki bvg wqj wmök Ges cö_g w` Ki UªvwcwR URiv wmöm _ K Av m Ó wgm i gỳ ªv e e v Pvjy niqvi Av MB e vswks e e v ïiæ nq mikvwi `v g dmj Rgv ivlvi gva g (Netfundu, website (a) Wvwf qm (2002:51-54) wj Lb, ivóªxq `v g dmj Rgv ivlvi ga w` q GKwU e vswks c wz M o D V wbivcëv I myweavi Rb hv `i km mlv b ivlv n Zv, m jv diz bqvi mgq Zviv wjwlz wb ` k w` Zv GQvov ivrv K FY wn m e eva Zvg~jKfv e `qv km I mlv b ivlv n Zv G cöwµqv wkmwmib Ki msmönkvix, cy ivwnz I e emvqxmn wewfbœ R bi FY cwi kv ai mvaviy c wz n q `uvovq wewfbœ v b Qwo q _vkv AmsL mikvwi km vavi wg j GKmgq km -e vs Ki GKwU buiqvk ˆZwi K i, hv kl ch ší Av jkrvw `ªqvq GKwU K `ªxq e vs Ki Rb `q mlv b wewfbœ iv R i km -e vsk jvi ikw Rgv ivlv n Zv G e vswks buiqvk KvR Ki Zv ÔFY n ÍvšÍiÕ c wz Z (giro system) GK nvz _ K Ab nv Z UvKv vbvšíi QvovB GK wnmve _ K Ab wnmv e Ôcwi kvaõ Kiv h Zv cö_g I wøzxq kzvãx Z abm ú` I mg w i cvkvcvwk e vswks wkíkjvq DbœwZi wkl i cuš Q wgmi ( nvgỳ, 1985:18) wkš, Z Zxq kz Ki w` K ivgvb mvgªv R i wek Ljv wgm ii A_ bwzk wew QbœZvi evav f ½ `q Avi Zv nq Kej wgm i cöpwjz wqj Ggb mikvwi gỳ ªv (fiat currency) B QvK Zfv e evb i Qwo q `qvi gva g ( nvgvi, 1963:51)

13 12 Bmjvgx e vswks 2.7 cvi m e vswks cvim wqj cövpxb mf Zvi Ab Zg m~wzkvmvi ga Gwkqvi De i Bivwbqvb DcZ Kvi c~e w` K mf Zvi wekvk N U L c~e 1500 mv ji w` K G m Avh RvwZ Mvôx we klfv e g `m `i nv Z G mf Zv w wzkxj nq cvim mf Zvi cö_g gnvbvqk wq jb Av L g bm L c~e 700 mv ji w` K Av L gbxq ivres ki cöwzôvzv wzwb Av L gbxqiv cvi m cvwj m wekvj GK ivravbx kni M o Zv j m mgq evwyr e w cvq Ges we kl K i 539 L c~e v ã e vwejb wer qi ci e vswks Kvh µ gi e vck cömvi N U cvi m i e emvqxiv e vwejbxq `i e vswks c wz wk L bq ewykiv D Ui Kv djv I mvmi c _ Rvnv R `yõfv eb Bivb I fvi Zi g a cy Avbv- bqv Ki Zv cvw_ qvb I mvmvwbqvb hy M evwy R i cömvi Ges e emvq e vsk bvu I gỳ ªvi e env ii d j `kwu Z gỳ ªv I bm` A _ i wewbgq ïiæ nq gỳ ªv LuvwU wkbv Zv Pbvq we klá n q I V wkqz jvk 516 L c~e v ãi w` K Av L gbxq ivrv `vwidm ` v MÖU, wjw` wer qi ci `kwu Z e vsk bvu I ^Y gỳ ªvi e envi ïiæ nq ( ZRvivZ, 1998, U, 2003, nivz, 1972) wmömg vb-gi (1971:58-60) g Z, mvgªvr Ry o IRb I cwigvc Ges we kl K i gỳ ªv e env ii cöpjb NUvq Av L gbxqiv, hv ˆe `wkk evwyr Rvi`vi Ges e vswks Kvh µg K mnrzi K i L c~e mßg kz Ki Mvovi w` K e vwej bi BwRwe e vs Ki g Zv GLv bi eû emikvwi e vsk M o I V e vwej bi e vsk _ K cviqv ikw c Î `Lv hvq, GwU Ab vb Kvh µ gi g a eükx FY Ges wbw` ó mg q cwi kva hvm FY (floating loan) weziy Ki Zv ciezx Kv j wbàyi-g cöwzwôz gyivmïi g Zv Av ikwu e vsk BRviv w`z, Lvj Lbb K i K lk `i Kv Q cvwb wewµ Ki Zv 2.8 Px b e vswks G hvez Px bi cö_g h ivres ki K_v Rvbv hvq, Zv n jv wrqv ivresk hw`i Gi Aw ÍZ GLb ch ší cözœzvwë K cögv Yi wfwë Z úó nqwb 1960 I 1970-Gi `k K cözœzë we`iv nbvb DcZ Kvq cövpxb kni, eªv Äi A k I mgvwa Avwe vi K ib Pxbv mf Zvi cövpxb kvb hy Mi mvÿ enb Ki Q G jv L c~e mvj ch ší gvuvgywu G ivres ki kvmb wu K wqj G mf Zv wqj K wlwfwëk wkkvi I cïcvj bi ga w` q Gi mg w N U (wdûwjs GÛ _ vkv i, 2001:12-13) Kwo I g~j evb avze A k hgb ek v, KzVvi I Qzwi evwywr K wewbgq Dcv`vb wn m e e envi Kiv n Zv (Wvwf qm, 2002:55) BwZnvmwe` `i g Z, G hy Mi Av M Ae v Kgb wqj Zv wb q wkse`wší jv _ K ev ÍeZv K Avjv`v Kiv KwVb G hy M mlv b DuPz Í ii mf Zvi cögvy wn m e `yõwu iæz c~y NUbv D jøl Kiv hvq Gi GKwU n jv wjlb c wz Avwe vi Pxbviv K Q ci Lvj I cïi nv o wjl Zv Ab NUbvwU wqj eªvä avzzi e envi (Kjvw ^qv GbmvB K v cwwqv, 2001:10045) mßg kz Ki w` K Px b cö_g Kv R gỳ ªvi cöpjb NU ji 960 mv ji Av M Gi e envi wqj mxwgz gỳ ªv ˆZwii Rb Zvgvi NvUwZ `Lv w` j Pxbv mgªvu cö_g mvaviyfv e bvu-gi cöpjb K ib g~j bvu jv wbw` ó GjvKv I gqv `i Rb Pvjy wqj mgªvu wn qb mvs ( mvj)-gi mg q G ai bi Kv R gỳ ªv Pvjyi cq b KviY wqj avze gỳ ªv ˆZwii Rb Zvgvi NvUwZ Pxb _ K gỳ ªv wewfbœ v b Qvwo q c o Gi AvswkK KviY wqj DËi _ K Avmv nvbv`vi `i KvQ _ K invb c Z Zv `i K Kv R gỳ ªv cy `qv n Zv d j, G gỳ ªvi Ici gvby li wbf izv e o hvq 1020 mvj bvmv` wecyj cwigvy Kv R gỳ ªv mviv ` k Qwo q c o G Z gỳ ªvùxwZ `Lv `q Gi ciezx kzvãx jv Z ek K qk `dv Pig gỳ ªvùxwZi NUbv N U d j, Kv R gỳ ªv cöpj bi cövq 500 eqi ci 1455 mv ji w` K Pxbviv G gỳ ªv cwiz vm K i (DBwKwcwWqv I qemvbu)

14 evwywr K e vsk e e vi DrcwË I µgwekvk: Bmjvgx e vswks-gi cuf~wg Bmjvgx e vswks Bmjv gi D b l _ K Øv`k kzvãx ch ší nvgy `i g Z (1985:19), Ò ivg mvgªv R i cz bi ci _ K Bmjvg AvMg bi c~e ch ší hymwu wqj AÜKviv Qbœ G mgqwu wqj gvby li Rvbv BwZnv mi me P q `ybxwzc~y I Aw wzkxj GKwU Aa vq Bmjv gi AvMgb Rxe bi Ici _ K AÜKvi `~i K i Ges Bmjv gi QvqvZ j Avmv GjvKvq m wó nq wbivc` I w wzkxj cwi ek Ó Bmjv gi DÌvb A_ bwzk, ivr bwzk, mvgvwrk I wepvi mkj ÿ Î Afvebxq cwiez b Av b Ges GK bzzb mf Zvi wekvk NUvq, hvi wfwë wqj Avjøvn I Zvui wb ` ki (Shari'ah) cöwz m ú~y AvZ mgc b DBjmb (1950:40-53) we k i BwZnv m Bmjv gi cöfve ey bv Ki Z wm q j Lb: Òmßg kz K Avie (gymjgvb) RbM Yi AvKw K DÌvb wqj BwZnv mi GK Abb NUbv wkqz vqx emwz, wkqz hvhvei, evwyr I wbzvší mvaviy gv bi K wl KvR K i Rxeb-aviYKvix Qwo q-wqwu q _vkv wkqz Mv Îi mw jb, wzb cör b i g a wb R `i K GKwU mg I kw³kvjx mvgªv R cwiyz K i f~ga mvm ii MvUv `wÿyfvm Ges AvdMvwb Ívb _ K úb ch ší we ÍxY A j Zviv AvwacZ we Ívi K i wewpî wek vm I fvlvfvlxi Rb Mvôx K Awfbœ ag, Awfbœ fvlv I Awfbœ cöwzôv bi wfwë Z M o IVv GKwU mgv R HK e Ki Z mdj nq Zviv wj qevi (1968:230) Av iv e jb : Òmßg kz Ki ci _ K gymjgvbiv `xn hvîvi e emv Ges AvšÍR vwzk evwy R i cömvi NUv Z GZUvB mdj nq h Zv Av Mi Rvbv me wkqz K Qvwo q hvq GUv m ez G Kvi Y n qwqj h, Bmjvg Ggb GK gnvb ag hlv b e emvqx `i K mgv Ri AZ ší gh v`vc~y v b AwawôZ Kiv n q QÓ Ges Kvb e emvqx hw` mzzv, b vh Zv I RbKj v Y KvR K i, Zvn j e nk Z Zv K AZ ší DuPz gh v`vi cöwzköæwz `qv n q Q ZvB, A bk eo eo gymwjg gbxlx Rxe bi Kvb bv Kvb ch v q e emv K i Zv `i RxweKv wbe vn K i Qb ( `Lyb, I qbu 1955) wj qevi (1968:230) `Lvb h: ÒcÖwZeQi mviv wek _ K n¾ I Ab vb Dcj ÿ Avi e gvby li mg ez niqvi h iiqvr, we kl K i m Kvi Y gymjgvb `i gv S AvšÍR vwzk evwy R i e vck cömvi N U mšw` Avi e Avmv A bk gymjgvb Zv `i agx q eva evakzv cvj bi cvkvcvwk wbr ` k Drcvw`Z cy, hvzvqvz c _i wewfbœ v b Kbv epv Ki Zb ` k divi mgq fv jv As Ki gybvdvi Avkvq we `kx cy wb q h Zb Zviv Ó e emv cömv ii m ½ m ½ e vswks Kvh µ gii wekvk N U d j mšw` Avi e FY `qv, avi bqv, n ÍvšÍi, wbðqzv cö`vb, wbivcëv `vb BZ vw` Kg KvÐ e vckfv e Pvjy nq ww iæfvi (1954:43) GK e³ e e jwq jb, Òe vsk bv _vk j Kv_vI e vswks n Z cv i bvó Gi cwi cöwÿ Z D `vwfp (1979:255) hyw³ `b: Òga hy Mi BD iv ci ÿ Î G K_v wvk wkš, ga hy Mi gymwjg we k i ÿ Î G K_v G Kev ib mwvk bq ga hy Mi wewfbœ mvwnz Ges eû cövgvy `wj ji Z _ Avgiv e vskvi `i `L Z cvb Z e, e vck I kvlv-cökvlvq wef³ e vswks Kvh µ gi `Lv c ji Avgiv Kvb e vs Ki `Lv cvb bv Gi gv b, cy ivcywi bv n ji A_ wb q cöavb Kvievi wqj Ggb Kvb ^vqëkvwmz ev Avav- ^vqëkvwmz cöwzôvb Avgiv wpwýz Ki Z cvwi bv Z e, Avj-K vjk vkvw ` (1913), Avj-RvwkBqvwi (1938), cjøvz I kvmu (1965), Avj-KzevBwk (1979), Avj-Avwj (1953, 1981), Avj-mvÕw` (1985), Avj-`ywi (1986, 1995), wd kj (1992), Avj-nvg`vwb (2000) Ges Pvciv I Avn g` (2002) Zuv `i BwZnvm jlvq `Lvb, m mgq e vskvi `i mvivwdb ev mvqvwidvn ev Rvnvweavn Ges e vsk K `viqvdbb Avj-Rvnvweavn ejv n Zv

15 14 Bmjvgx e vswks Aóg kz Ki kl w`k _ K Avw_ K wnmve-wbkvk K ib Ggb e w³ K evsv Z Rvneva (eûepb Rvnvweavn) kãwu e eüz n Zv AveŸvmxq Ljvd Zi hy M mycwiwpz mikvwi AbygwZcÖvß gv P U e vskvi `ii wqj G Dcvwa Giv wq jb gỳ ªv wel q we klá, gỳ ªvi wbcyy cixÿk, ivr ^ MÖnYKvix, mikvwi Kvlva ÿ, gỳ ªv wewbgqkvix I msmövnk 913 mv ji w` K, ivóªxqfv e cöwzwôz nq w`iqvb Avj-Rvnweavn (eûepb w`iqvdbb Avj-Rvwe`vn) cöavb cöavb evwyr kni jv Z Gi kvlv wqj Kvb ikg mỳ x jb `b QvovB AvaywbK e vswks-gi cövq me KvR m úvw`z n Zv GLv b Lwjdv Avj-gyKZvw`i ( )-Gi mgq Avj-Rve`vn-i f~wgkv GZUvB iæz c~y n q I V Ges wzwb GKRb AvaywbK e vskvi wn m e Avwef~ Z nb h Zuv K AvgvbZ e e vc Ki `vwqz cvj bi evb ii mvk ( PK) I we kl K i mvdzvrvn (wej Ae G PÄ)-Gi gva g GK vb _ K Ab v b Znwej cvvv bvi KvR Ki Z n Zv Lwjdv, DwRimn `iev ii Ab vb Kg KZ v K wecyj cwigv Y FY gäyi Ki Z n Zv Zuv K (Avj-K vjk vkvw ` 1913; Avj-RvmwnBqvwi, 1938, cjøvz I kvmvu 1965 Ges gziqvwjø I mvnvzv, 1983) gziqvwjø I mvnvzvi (1983:113-17) g Z, cöavb Rve`vn ev w`iqvb Avj-Rvwe`vn-i cökvmk K mkj Avq-e qi gvwmk I evwl K weeiyx ˆZwi Ki Z n Zv G K ejv n Zv Avj-LvZgvn (Avw_ K weeiyx ev e v jâ wku) BwZnv m `Lv hvq, A bk Rvnvwe`vn wq jb L vb ev Bûw` hw`i Zv `i gh v`v wqj whw (gymwjg mgv R emevmkvix Agymwjg) wn m e HwZnvwmK m~î jv _ K Rvnvwe`vn-i h ZvwjKv cviqv hvq, Zv `i g a wq jb: Beªvwng web BDnvbœv, RvKvwiqv web BDnvbœv, myjvbgvb web Inve, Beªvwng web Avngv`, BmivBj web mvwjn Ges m e vcwi evm`v `i `yõrb Bûw` ewyk I e emvqx: BDmyd web wdbkvm I nviæb web Bgivb k li `yõrb K cvi m i AvnIqvR cö ` ki Rve`vn `dz i wb qvm `qv nq c i Zuviv Lwjdv Avj-gyKZvw`i-Gi Rvwe`vZ Avj-nv`ivn (e vskvi cwil`) I DwRi wbhy³ nb ( `Lyb, gr 1937; MvBwZb 1967, 1973; D `vwfp 1970, 1979 Ges Avj-mvB q ` 1984) Pvciv I Lvb (2000:1-3) Ges Pvciv I Avng` (2002:2-6) wj L Qb, Bmjv gi BwZnv mi G Kev i ïiæ _ KB gymjgvbiv, Drcv`bgyLx Kvh µg cwipvjbv I fv³vi cö qvrb c~i Yi Rb m ú` mgv e ki GKwU Avw_ K e e v M o Zzj Z m g nq G e e v wqj mỳ wenxb GUv wqj cöavbz gỳ vivevn (c iv Askx`vwiZ ) Ges gykvivkvn (cöz ÿ Askx`vwiZ )-i g Zv jvf- jvkmv bi wfwë Z Gme e vskvi gỳ ªvi h_v_ Zv Ges KZUzKz LvuwU Zv g~j vqb Ki Zb ZLb g~j evb avzz w` q gỳ ªv ˆZwi n Zv weavq G KvRwU wqj LyeB iæz c~y Zuviv jb ` bi mgq evievi Y `Lvi Sw -Sv gjv _ K gvbyl K gyw³ w` Zb, wbw` ó msl K gỳ ªv wbw` ó gv ci _ j Z ivl Zb e MZ cwieny QvovB GK vb _ K Ab v b Znwej vbvšíi Ki Zb Zuviv G Z Kej wbivcëvb wbwðz n Zv bv, cwi kva e e vi my `ifv e KvR Ki Zv Avj-Rvnvwe`vn ivóª K AvMvg FY w` Zv mikv ii Ki ivr ^i gva g G FY diz cviqvi wbðqzv wqj Avj-Rvnvwe`vn G ivr ^ msmön Ki Zv Zviv Ki ivr ^ msmö ni ci Zv `i g~j A_ Ges Gi Ici evowz wkqy diz c Zv wkqy wkqy BwZnvmwe` G K mỳ e j g b K ib ( `Lyb, cjøvz I kvmvu 1965:383) wkš, Avgiv hw` Ki msmön I Gi e e vcbvi cq b `qv cwikª gi K_v we epbv Kwi Zvn j evsv hv e h, g~ ji Ici G evowz A_ Kvb mỳ wqj bv GUv wqj Ki e e vcbvi Rb GKwU wd ev Ôcvwi ZvwlKÕ-Gi g Zv KviY, GKw` K Bmjvg mỳ Aby gv`b K i bv, Ab w` K mỳ wbf i K i cwigvy I gqv `i Ici wkš, mev cö`v bi wewbg q Ôcvwi ZvwlKÕ bqvi AbygwZ i q Q D `vwfp Rvi w` q e jb: Òhw`I ewyk I Ab `i Rb Zv `i A _ i GKwU Ask gv P U e vskvi `i Kv Q mâq ivlv eva Zvg~jK wqj Ges gv P U e vsk jv Zv `i A_ wewfbœ cwigv Y Ab vb gv P U e vs K AvgvbZ ivl Zv,

16 evwywr K e vsk e e vi DrcwË I µgwekvk: Bmjvgx e vswks-gi cuf~wg 15 AvgvbZKvix K Kvb mỳ ev Ab vb ai bi jvf `qvi bwri bb Ó Gi KviY, Avjøvn wiev (mỳ ) wbwl K i Qb Avj- KviAv b G e vcv i A bk AvqvZ i q Q cvkvcvwk, mlv b wiev Gov bv hvq Ggb A bk wekí gykvivkvn, gỳ vivevn, gyrvivõn BZ vw` D jøl i q Q ga hy Mi ïiæ Z Bmjvgx kvmb GKwU A_ bwzk ^Y hy Mi wfwë vc b wekvj f~wgkv cvjb K i ZLb evwyr I e vswks Lv Zi L jvqvoiv wq jv Avie, cviwmqvb, evievi (DËi Avwd«Kvi Awaevmx), Bûw`, L vb I Av g wbqvb Bmjvgx ewykiv Avj-Av `vjym ( úb) _ K Pxb mvm ii DcK~j ch ší cuš Q wm qwq jv wc iwbi g Z (1937:49): Òwek e vcx Zv `i evwyr m ú K i Kvi Y Zviv (gymjgvb) fviz _ K AvL, wmwmwj I Avwd«Kv _ K Zzjv Ges wmwmwj I úb _ K Pvj Avg`vwb Ki Zv Zviv Pxbv `i KvQ _ K ikg I KvMR ˆZwi Ki Z k L Ges G Ávb gymwjg mvgªv R i melv b cuš Q `q Ó wj qevi Av iv wj Lb (2968:230): ÒBZvwj I Ab vb BD ivcxq ` ki ewykiv e emvi m~² KŠkj jv e env ii cö_g wk v f~-ga mvm ii Aci cv k Zv `i cöwzc `i KvQ _ K c qwq jb G `i ewkifvm wqj gymwjg Bûw` I L vbi wkqy wqj BD iv ci wecyj msl K k ãi DrcwË j wbku cövp, cöavbz AvivwgK, Aviwe I cviwmqvb niqvi g~j KviY GUvB e emvwqk Kg Kv Ði cwifvlv jvi ga w` q ga hy Mi BD iv c Zvi cö ek N U Gme cwifvlvi wkqy D`vniY n jv (g~j kãwui g Zv K ib BD iv c D PvwiZ n Z n e Zv bq): `Iqvb, Avi mbvj, g vmvwrb, UªvwdK, U vwid, wi, dvûv Kv, mbmvwj, M vwjqv, Avfvj I gvibvó Bs iwr kã PK-Gi K_v D jøl Kiv h Z cv i hv G m Q Aviwe mvk kã _ K; K ` kã _ K G m Q µwwu; wir&k _ K wi ; divwm kã G LZvi G m Q BkZviv ( Kbv) _ K; Avj-gvL Rb _ K j g vmvwmb; nviqvjv _ K Avfvj Ges úwbk kã Avjgvwmb G m Q Avj-gvL Rb _ K; mvdk (evrvi) _ K Rv Kv Ges Ggb Av iv A bk kã ( `Lyb `vb 1984:399; wf fm 1969:119-20; Uv i 1892, w Mnvi 1963, ebzvi, 1971) jvwee (1969:80) hgbuv `wl q Qb: Ò hlv b Bmjvg cö ek K i Q, mlv bb e emvwqk Kg KvÐ Rvi`vi n q Q, cy wewbgq e w cvq Ges FY c wzi wekv k Zv iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i Ó evbwzqvi (1971:72) Av iv `Lvb: ÒRvbv we k i melv b Avie evwyr Qwo q c o Pxb, gvj qwkqv I fvi Zi m ½ evwyr e vckfv e e w c qwqj Ó D `vwf Pi (1979:263) g Z : Òmvd ZvRv (wej Ae G PÄ) memg qi Rb Ges nviqvjv (FY M vivw U ev FY n ÍvšÍi) mvaviyfv e GKwU wjwlz eva evakzv wn m e AvZ cökvk K i ga hy M wbku cöv P G jv wqj me P q iæz c~y evwywr K FYcÎ Ó GUv n qwqj m ezt Avjøvn Avj- KviAv bi me P q `xn Avqv Z (2:242-3) wb ` k w` q Qb meai bi eva evakzv wj L ivlvi Rb 13Õk kzvãxi ci Bmjvgx Ljvd Zi axi I `xn cz bi cªwµqvq ivóªxq e vskvi wn m e Rve`vn e vckfv e iæz nvivq Gi Kvh µg Kej mvivd ev mvqivwd (gỳ ªv wewbgqkvix) ch v q b g Av m Gi cq b hme evwn K I Af šíixy Dcv`vb KvR K i Q m jv n jv: we kl K i ivr bwzk cwigû j Bmjvg I Bmjvgx kixôavn& _ K µ gb m i Avmv iv óªi m ½ RwoZ `i Amshgx I wejvmeûj e q msmv bi Afve Ges gv_vfvwi cökvmb ivr bwzk e e v f ½ cov, cöz ší cö `k jvi Ici K `ªxq mikv ii KZ Z nviv bv Ges QvU QvU

17 16 Bmjvgx e vswks v v v kvmk esk Ges Avav- ^vaxb Mfb i `i DÌvb hvi d j Lwjdviv Zv `i gš x I mbvcwz `i nv Zi cyzz j cwiyz nb ci ú ii cöwz kîæfvevcbœ wewfbœ Mvôx hgb, mywd, wkqv, BmgvBwjqv, `ªæR, BZ vw`i D e G `i mevb LuvwU gymjgvb niqvi `vwe K i µz mwvi, gv½j Ges ZvZvi `i m ½ `xn hy d j, BivK I wmwiqvi ewkifvm GjvKv aÿsm c cwiyz nq cövq wzb kzvãx a i Pjv ZzwK -cvim hy hv Biv Ki A_ bwzk cybiæ vi evavmö Í K i Dc iv³ Ges Ab vb HwZnvwmK Kvi Y gymwjg we k i cö KŠkjMZ I A_ bwzk Kg KvÐ w ÍwgZ n q c o GQvovI Bmjvgx A_ e e vi A bk cöwzôvb wejyß n q Zvi RvqMvq cwðgv cöwzôvb Rb bq (Bmvwe, 1966:4, wjdm, 1970:102 Ges Pvciv, 2000: , Ges Pvciv I Lvb, 2000:3) 4. BD iv c e vswks ivgvb mvgªv R i czb _ K Øv`k kzk ch ší 300 mv j ivgvb mvgªv R i cz bi ci _ K 1300 mvj ch ší úb I BZvwj Qvov BD iv ci evwk AÂj GK nzvk I AÜKviv Qbœ mgq cvi K i hv BwZnv m ÔAÜKvi hymõ wn m e cwiwpz Bmjvgx mvgªv R i Aax b Avj-Av `vjym bv g cwiwpz ú b 8g kzvãx _ K 15Õk kzvãx ch ší GK gnvmf Zvi wekvk N U Avi f~ga mvmixq A j KŠkjMZ evwywr K Ae v b _vkv BZvwji m ½ Bmjvgx we k i gymwjg, L vb I Bûw` ewyk `i m ½ wbqwgz hvmv hvm n Zv GgbwK GK mgq gymwjg Ask wqj wmwmwj I fwbm ivgvb mvgªv R i cz bi ci cwðg BD iv c eû ee i iv óªi Rb nq Mfxi cðv`c`zvq wbgw¾z nq cwðg BD iv ci evwyr nvgvi (1963:84)-Gi ey bv g Z: ÒA_ bxwz e vckfv e K wlwbf i n q c o Ó hvi Kvi Y BD iv ci L vzbvgv BwZnvmwe` wc iwbœ cwðg BD ivc m ú K ej Z eva n q Qb (1937:20): "La terre était tout et le commerce rien", hvi A_ f~wgb (ev K wl) wqj me evwyr wkqzb wqj bv Gi gv b G bq h cwðg BD iv c Kvb ai bi evwyr n Zv bv GLv b ejv n Q, ivr bwzk Aw wzkxjzv, AwbðqZv, D P cwieny e q, D P Ki I ïé, PvivPvjvb, Nyl I AÁZvi Kvi Y ZLb evwywr K Kg KvÐ wqj bmy Avi, evwyr mxgve n q co ji e vswks Kvh µgi m c _B AMÖmi n e nvgvi (1963:84) wj L Qb Kw_Z mb ÔAÜKvi hy MÕ: Òj vwzb fvlv nvwi q M jv, DavI n jv ms wz, Pig we Í wz NU jv Kzms v ii Z e, K ò-hy Mi me P q AÜKvi mgqwu ZI wbqwgzfv e gỳ ªv e eüz n ji evwyr bv _vkvq Gi jb `b mxwgz n q c o Ó Aiwm Nvi (1967:11) `Lvb h: Ò ivgvb mvgªvr cz bi ci _ K GKv`k kz Ki kl ch ší cy iv mgqwu Z cwðg BD iv c e vswks wkí ej Z wqj Kej gỳ ªv wewbgq ga hy Mi wøzxqfv M µz mwvi `i hym n jv A_ I FY e e v wekv ki m~pbv-we `y Ó `kg kzvãx K ejv nq µvwšíkvj Av M _ KB wewfbœ v b z`ª z`ª ^vaxb ev Avav- ^vqëkvwmz iv R i D e I Ab vb Kvi Y `ye j n q cov gymwjg mvgªvr gv½j I ZvZvi `i Ae vnz nvgjvi Kvi Y Av iv `ye j n q c o G my hvm Kv R jvwm q GKw` K µz mwviiv gymwjg mvgªvr K Av iv `ye j Ki Z _v K Ges Ab w` K, gymwjg mf Zv _ K Ávb-weÁvb, we kl K i, wkfv e mp evov bv hvq, n Íwkí, Askx`vwiZ, evwyr I e vswks cwðg BD iv c vbvšíi n Z _v K hvi d j GKwesk kz Ki kl w`k _ K mvaviyfv e cwðg BD iv c Ges we klfv e BZvwj Z ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk DÌvb NU Z ïiæ K i

18 evwywr K e vsk e e vi DrcwË I µgwekvk: Bmjvgx e vswks-gi cuf~wg 17 jv cr (1952:273) welqwu ey bv K i Qb: ÒAe k l BZvwj Zvi BD ivc gnv `k I f~ga mvmixq AÂ ji ga ezx Ae v bi my hvmwu K Kv R jvmv Z ïiæ K i gvsvwi Mv Qi mdj K lk I Lvgvwi `i G RvwZ, ivgvb hy M evwy R i Rb c~e vâ ji Ici wbf ikxj wqj Zviv Zv `i Rbeûj n q cov ivravbxi Lv` Pvwn`v c~i Y e _ nw Qj ZvB we k i cö_g evwywr K I wkíwfwëk RvwZ niqvi c_b Kej Lvjv wqj Zv `i mvg b Ó m mgq m ez fwbm wqj me P q mg bmix mlv b Kvb f~wg`vm (serfdom) wq jv bv Ges cv ci we ivwazv m Ë I mlvbkvi ewkifvm gvbyl mgỳ ª c _, we kl K i gymwjg we k i m ½ evwy R RwoZ wqj gỳ ªv I A_ wewbgqkvix `i kw³ I gh v`v ax i ax i evo Z _v K ZLb f~ga mvmixq AÂ ji evwy R Bmjvgx Askx`vwiZ Pzw³ gy`vivev-i g Zv c ivÿ Askx`vwiZ g~jk e e v KgvÛv (commenda) ek RbwcÖqZv AR b K i ( `Lyb, nvgvi, 1963:86-88 Ges wgmwkwgb, 1969:118) wj qevi Zvi ch e Y (1968:230) welqwu K Gfv e e vl v K i Qb: ÒBZvwji ewykiv e emvi m~² KŠkj jv e env ii cö_g wk v f~ga mvm ii Acicv k Zv `i cöwzc `i KvQ _ K c qwq jb G `i ewkifvm wqj gymwjg Bûw` I L vbi wkqy wqj Ó welqwu Gfv ei e vl v Kiv h Z cv i, nvgỳ (1985:24) `Lvb, e vs Ki DrcwËi aviyvq 1157 mv j fwb m vwcz cö_g e vs Ki bvgkiywu iæz c q Q Avi e vswks Kvh µg ïiæi w`b Y wb q mvaviy aviyvwu jvgeviw`qv-i gỳ ªv wewbgqkvix `i m ½ RwoZ Zviv GKwU Kv Vi Uwe ji cq b e m KvR Pvjv Zv G Uwej jvi bvg wqj evs Kv ZvB, jv cr (1952:291) gšíe K ib: ÒBZvwj wqj ga hymxq A_ bwzk cöwµqvq, Avi Bsj vû wqj AvaywbKZvi c _ wkí wecøe cö_g Bsj v Ûi wkqy GjvKvi A_ bxwz I mgvr K e` j `q Ges c i Zv we k i Ab vb v b Qwo q c o wkš, evwyr wecøe (e emv I e vswks) cö_g BZvwji K qkwu kn i ïiæ n q ax i ax i Zv BD iv c Qwo q c o Ó 5. Bmjvgx mvgªv R i cz bi ci _ K wesk kz Ki gvsvgvws Bmjvgx e vswks Avwef v ei c~e ch ší gymwjg we k e vswks 11Õk kzvãx Z Bmjvgx mvgªv R i czb ïiæ niqvi ci _ K wesk kz Ki gvsvgvws ch ší K qk kzvãx a i `xn GK Aeÿq I AebwZkxj Ae vi g a cvi K i gymwjg wek G hymwu Dmyi-Avj-BbwnZvZ ev ÔAebwZi hymõ wn m e BwZnv m cwiwpwz jvf K i ivgvb mvgªvr cz bi ci _ K 12Õk kzvãxi kl ch ší cwðg BD iv c hgb ÔAÜKvi hymõ weivr K i, GUvI wvk Zgwb ivrbxwz, A_ bxwz, mvgvwrk, mvs wzk Ñ Rxe bi cöwzwu ÿ Î G Aeÿq `Lv `q Gi ÿwzki cwiywz wqj wech qki: Ñ Ñ Ñ GK mg qi HKe LjvdZ QvU QvU AmsL AvÂwjK kw³ Z wef³ n q c o Gme kw³ ci ú ii weiæ jovb q wjß nq ˆ ^ikvmb, cörv Drcxob I AwePvi e vckfv e Qwo q c o d j gv½j, ZvZvi, µz mwvimn Ab `i Rb gymwjg we k nvbv `qv mnr n q c o Zviv gymwjg ivr jvi Ici cöfve we Ívi Ges A bk jv K K jvwb Z cwiyz K i kixôavn&wfwëk GK mg qi b vqcivqy I fvimvg c~y Bmjvgx mgvr e e v - mvgwik mvgšízvwš K mgv R cwiyz nq hv A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk Dbœq bi mnvqk wqj bv `wi`ª, `ȳ, e I wkï `i cwiph vq wb ew`z evqzzj gvj ( KvlvMvi) Mfb i, DwRi, mbvcwz I Ki Av`vqKvix `i GK PwUqv m úwë Z cwiyz nq d j, mvaviy gvbyl Av v nvwi q d j Zviv

19 18 Bmjvgx e vswks Ñ Ñ Ñ wbh vzb, AwePvi, nz v ev m úwë ev Rqv ßi wkkvi niqv _ K evup Z mg bmi K `ª Q o MÖvg cvnvwo GjvKvq P j hvq Zv `i g a AÁZv, Awkÿv, Kzms vi, inm ev`, g~wz c~rv BZ vw` e vckfv e Qwo q c o ( `Lyb, Bmvwe, 1966:4) `kg kz Ki Zzjbvq K wlkvr mskzwpz n q bmy ch v q b g Av m cvkvcvwk, RbmsL v e vckfv e Kg Z ïiæ K i Rwg eivï `qv n Zv Kg KZ v `i A_ev Zviv wb RivB wb q wb Zv K wl c wz AcwiewZ Z _ K hvq m ez, 1960-Gi `k Ki c~e ch ší ewkifvm K lk jvnvi e` j Kv Vi jv½j e envi Ki Zv Gi d j k m i djb wqj AZ ší Kg Ges dmj I Mevw`cï Ñ `yõwub Ae vnzfv e Liv, cvkvi AvµgY I iv Mi wkkvi n Zv ( `Lyb, jybm, 1970: 105, 113 Ges Bmvwe, 1966: 3, 21, 65) Jcwb ewkk `i wb q Avmv BD ivcxq K ji ˆZwi fvm c Y i eb v vbxq n Íwk íi Ici Pig AvNvZ nv b ciezx K qk kzvãx Z G n Íwk íi GKwU eo As ki wejywß N U Aóv`k kzvãxi wkí c Y i m ½ K qk kzk Av M ˆZwi n Íwk íi Zzjbv Ki j eysv hv e h, G jvi Drcv`b Kej _ g hvqwb eis D ëvw` K Pj Z ïiæ K i (Bmvwe, 1966: 18 I 46) 11kÕ kzvãx _ K evwyr gymjgvb `i KvQ _ K BD ivcxq `i Kv Q P j h Z ïiæ K i `ªæZ GivB f~ ga mvmixq A ji cöavb cy evnk I e emvqx Z cwiyz nq (Bmvwe, 1966:7 Ges jdbm, 1970:114) fv Rj I nv qm (1998:19 I 4) wj Lb, Ebwesk kzvãxi gvsvgvws _ K gymwjg we k i cövq cöwzwu `k bzzb cöfvewe ÍviKvix cwðgv we k i cöz ÿ ev c ivÿ Pv ci Kvi Y, we kl K i cökvmb I evwywr K ÿ Î cwðgv auv Pi AvBb I AvBbx e e v Pvjy Ki Z eva nq kz kz eq ii cyi bv Bmjvgx A_ e e vi PP v ivû Z XvKv c o BD iv ci cöfv e ewkifvm `k cwðgv auv Pi e vswks c wz I e emv g Wj MÖnY Ges Bmjvgx evwywr K c wzi PP v cwiz v M DrmvwnZ nq ^vaxbzv jvf, we `kx e vsk RvZxqKiY Ges `kxq e vswks e e vi Dbœq bi d j we `kx e vs Ki Avwac Z i Aemvb N U wkš, bzzb e e v GK ai bi Ôbe -Jcwb ewkkõ e vswks c wz n q I V GUv wvk, we `kx e vsk RvZxqKiY Ges bzzb `kxq e vs Ki cöwzôvi d j G jv RvZxq e vs K cwiyz nq Ges Zv RvZxq ^v_ `Lfvj K i wkš, G jvi cwipvjbv c wz we `kx e vs Ki g ZvB _ K hvq Ges G jv my `i wfwë Z Kvh µg Pvjv Z _v K A_P G e e v gymwjg RbM Yi wek v mi wecixz d j, Rb bq ÔBmjvgx e vskõ cöwzôvi aviyv G e vsk, gvby li agx q wek vm I PZbv Aÿzbœ i LB MZvbyMwZK mkj e vswks mev ` e ÔBmjvgx e vskõ ev Ômỳ -gy³ e vskõñ h bv gb G K AwfwnZ Kiv nvk bv Kb, Zv wqj Bmjvgx cybiæ¾xe bi dmj Gi m~pbv AbymÜv b 1930, 1940 I 1950 `k Ki w` K ` wó div bv h Z cv i G mgq Jcwb ewkk kvm bi Aemvb NwU q ek wkqz gymwjg ivóª ^vaxbzv jvf K i UªvDU (1983) Ges DBjmb (1983) `Lvb, 1950-i `k Ki klfv M cvwk Ív bi GKwU MÖv g cö_g Bmjvgx e vsk vc bi D ` vm bqv n qwqj Z e, Gi cöfve ewkw`b vqx nqwb wkqz ag fxiæ e w³ cixÿvg~jkfv e GKwU mỳ -gy³ e vsk cöwzôv K ib Zviv mỳ gy³ Znwej msmön Ki Zb Ges mlvb _ K Mwie f~wg gvwjk `i K wlkv Ri Rb FY `qv n Zv F Yi Rb Kvb mỳ bqv n Zv bv Z e, e vs Ki cwipvjbv e vq wbe v ni Rb AíwKQz ÔwdÕ _vk Zv hvb nvk, DBjmb (1983:75) wj Lb : Òhw`I FY bqvi jv Ki Kvb KgwZ wqj bv wkš, diz cviqv hv e bv f e Znwej`vZviv cöwzôvbwu K Zv `i A_

20 evwywr K e vsk e e vi DrcwË I µgwekvk: Bmjvgx e vswks-gi cuf~wg 19 GKev ii Rb B w` Zb d j, wkmwmib e vskwu Z Znwej NvUwZ `Lv `q AwaKš, e vsk wkfv e FY weziy Ki Q Gme wel q AwZgvÎvq AvMÖn `Lv Z jvm jb Znwej`vZviv GKw` K, e vsk Kg KZ v `i Kv Ri Kvb ^vaxbzv wqj bv, Ab w` K, bzzb AvgvbZ AvmvI eü n q M jv e vs K vd wb qvm wb q mgm v `Lv `q bmixi evwywr K e vsk jvi jvfbxq Ges wbivc` PvKwi Q o KD cöz ší GjvKvi G AwbðqZvi g a Avm Z PvB Zv bv d j, wkmwmib e _ Zvq ch ewmz n jv G D ` vm wkš, cvwk Ív b hlb G D ` v Mi mgvwß N U, wvk ZLbB bzzb K i cixÿv-wbixÿv ïiæ n jv wgm i Ó 1963 mv ji 25 RyjvB wgm ii mycwiwpz e vskvi Avj-bv¾vi, cö_gev ii g Zv wgu-nvgvi cö ` k wgu- Nvgvi BmjvwgK mwfsm e vsk (GgwRAvBGmwe) cöwzôv K ib Avj-bv¾vi ciezx Z B Uvib vkbvj G mvwm qkb di BmjvwgK e vsk-gi gnvmwpe n qwq jb GKwU Dbœqbkxj gymwjg ` ki MÖvgxY cwi e k G e vsk cöwzôvi Rb wzwb Rvg vb mwfsm e vs Ki g Wj MÖnY K ib Zvi D Ïk wqj kixôavn& AvBb j Nb bv K i wgm ii msl vmwiô gymwjg RbM Yi Kv Q Ajm c o _vkv A_ msmön Ges IB mâ qi Rb Zv `i K nvjvj gybvdv cö`vb Avj-bv¾vi wq jb GKRb AwfÁ ckvrxex, K qkwu Avw_ K cöwzôv b KvR Kivi e `Šj Z wkqz e vswks AwfÁZvI Zvi wqj AvMÖnx gymjgvb `i ga _ K mzk Zvi m ½ Kg Pvix evqvb K i e vskwu cwipvjbv ïiæ K ib wzwb Òe vs Ki vdiv Aí mg qi g a iÿykxj `kwui RbM Yi Av v AR b mg_ nq Gme Kg Pvix Zv `i m ve MÖvn Ki m ½ GK KvZv i kvwgj n q agx q Abykvmb cvjb Ki Zb GjvKvi K lkiv ewnivmz `i e vcv i wqj mw `nvb Ges Zv `i Lye Kg msl KB evwywr K e vs K jb `b Ki Zv m jv K Zviv, cwðgvcš x wgmixq `i ^v_ iÿvkvix wfb `kx cöwzôvb e j g b Ki Zv wkš, G bzzb e vs Ki Kg Pvixiv Ab ikg Giv wkwÿz n ji K lk `i g Zv GKB ` wóf½x I ˆbwZK g~j eva cvly K ió (DBjmb, 1983:76) e vskwui cöwzôvzv I e e vck Avj-bv¾vi (1974: )-Gi g Z, e vskwui Kvh µg wqj wzb ai bi: cö_gz, cyuwri Pvwn`v I mieiv ni g a GKwU `ÿ mâvi Ki f~wgkv cvjb; wøzxqz, A_ bwzk `ÿzv, mâq wkÿv I e vswks Af vm M o Zvjvi Rb GKwU cöwkÿy K `ª wn m e KvR Kiv; Ges Z ZxqZ, gryz`vwi I cyuwr MV bi mgm v Kwg q Avbv I wewb qv Mi Rb Ajm cyuwri mgv ek NUv Z GKwU MwZkxj PjK m wó DBjmb (1983:76) D jøl K ib h: ÒM n wbg vy I ms vi, n Íwk íi Rb mvaviy gwkbvwi hgb, Kvco evbvi Rb n ÍPvwjZ ZvuZ ev mjvb gwkb Kbvmn eû ai bi Kv R e vskwu FY w` Zv Lvgv ii Mevw` cï Kbv Ges mp e e vi gšwjk DbœwZi Rb FY `qv n Zv we kl K i, K wlwfwëk IB GjvKvi Rb cvwbi mye e v Kiv wqj Riæwi Ó GgwRAvBGmwe `ªæZ AMÖMwZi c _ avwez nq Ges mv o wzb eq ii g a AvgvbZKvix msl v 2 jvl 51 nvrvi Qvwo q hvq cöz vkvi P q A bk D P nv i mâq evo Z _v K (1 bs QK `Lyb G Z, mvgwmökfv e wgmixq e vswks e e vi (BweGm) gvu Avgvb Zi m ½, GKB mg qi Rb ez gvb I w i g~ j GgwRAvBGmweÕi cöe w Zzjbv Kiv n q Q QK 2, 3 Ges 4-G AvgvbZKvixi msl v, mâ qi Mo AvKvi, kvlv-i msl v Ges mâqkvix `i aib Ñ Kviv Bmjvgx e vs Ki m ½ jb `b Ki Q, Zv `Lv bv n q Q QK 1 : gqv ` BweGm Ges wgu-nvgvi BmjvwgK mwfsm e vs Ki gvu Avgvb Zi Zzjbvg~jK we køly

21 20 Bmjvgx e vswks ez gvb g~ j mvj BweGmGi wugjww m~pk cöe w GgwRAvBGmweÕi m~pk cöe w % % wugjww % % ,78,000, , ,000, ,91, ,15,000, ,79, ,45,000, ,28, Mo w i g~ j ,64,513, , ,32,214, ,60, ,19,722, ,77, ,40,474, ,98, Mo m~î : AvBGgGd B Uvib vkbvj wdbvwýqvj vwuw K I Avj-bv¾vi (1974) kã ms ÿc : BweGm: BwRcwkqvb e vswks wm g; GgwRAvBGmwe : wgu Nvgvi BmjvwgK mwfs e vsk QK 2 : wgu-nvgvi BmjvwgK mwfsm e vs Ki AvgvbZKvix msl v Ges Zv `i Mo AvgvbZ eqi AvgvbZKvix cöe w mâqkvix cöwz cöe w msl v % Mo AvgvbZ % , , ,51, ,51, m~î : Avj-bv¾vi (1974:271) QK 3 : mv ji g a wgu-nvgvi BmjvwgK mwfsm e vs Ki kvlv msl v kvlvi bvg Lvjvi ZvwiL kvlvi bvg Lvjvi ZvwiL 1. wgu Nvgvi RdwZ kviwewb Avj gvnvjøvn Avj gvbmyiv wgmi Avj-Rvw``vn `v Kiæqvm ejkv Kvmi Avj AvBwb m~î : Avj-bv¾vi (&AvBweAvBwW)

22 evwywr K e vsk e e vi DrcwË I µgwekvk: Bmjvgx e vswks-gi cuf~wg 21 QK 4 : GgwRAvBGmweÕ Z wewfbœ mâqkvix MÖæ ci gvu Avgvb Z mâq I wewb qv Mi kzkiv Ask mâq AvgvbZ wewb qvm AvgvbZ AvgvbZKvix QvÎ kªwgk cbkb fvmx mikvwi Kg Pvix M nea~ K lk e emvqx Ab vb m~î : Avj-bv¾vi (1974:272) cövß mxwgz Z _ i wfwë Z `Lv bv QK jvi Zzjbvg~jK we køly _ K GUv úó h, G cixÿv ek mdjzvi cögvy iv L Ges mâq mgv ek AZ ší wpëvkl K wecyj msl K wkÿv_ x, K lk I MÖvgevmxi mg_ b jv f mdj nq G e vsk Zviv e vskwu K wb R `i e j fve Z ïiæ K i e j wewfbœ Av jvpbvq wiww (1967); Avj-bv¾vi (1974), nvi f (1981); UªvDU (1983) Ges DBjmb (1983) D jøl K i Qb Avj-bv¾vi (1974:272) gšíe K ib: ÒKvh µg ïiæi ^í mg qi g a e vskwu vbxq m úª`v qi A_ bwzk Dbœq b iæz c~y mev w` Z mÿg nq we kl K i, wgu-nvgvi I Gi 53wU MÖv g ÿz`ª wkí cöwzôv I Gi Dbœqb Ges ekvi kªwgk `i Rb bzzb Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó K i Ó ejv nq, G e vsk GZUvB mdj n qwq jv h GZw` b Zv MvUv wgmi Zvi AvIZvq wb q Avm Z cvi Zv wkš, wbqš Y wb q ivrbxwzi Kvi Y e vskwu kl ch ší eü n q hvq gvî mv o wzb eq ii gv_vq 1967 mv ji deªæqvwi Z e vskwu hlb eü n q hvq ZLb G e vsk I Gi kvlv jvi Kvh µg wqj Ggb GjvKvq FYMÖ ÍZvi mgm v e vckfv e K g G mwqj gvbyl K wukzk vbxq mỳ Lvi gnvr bi Kv Q F Yi Rb ay v w` Z n Zv bv Zuviv cöpwjz avivi e vsk jvi Kv Q h Z cvi Zv bv KviY Zv `i K Ôe vsk ewnfz Z kªyxõ wn m e we epbv Kiv n Zv Avevi, Gme e vsk h nzz Bmjv g nvivg (wbwl ) mỳ (wiev) wb q Kvievi Ki Zv, MÖv gi ag cövy gvbyl mlv b h Z PvB Zv bv Gj bv¾vi D jøl K ib (1978: ): we qki bv n ji K_vwU ^we ivax g b n e h e vskwui Rb mgm v ˆZwi Kiv bv n j GwU mdjzvi m ½ GwM q hvw Qj e vskwu vbxq ch v q Dbœq b mdjzv `Lv Z ïiæ Kiv gvî vbxq mvgvwrk KZ c i m ½ Gi msnvz ïiæ nq Zviv fve jv Zv `i KZ Z vaxb GjvKvq G cöwzôvb bvk Mjv Q Zviv g b Ki jv e vskwu Zv `i KvR jvb A nzzk bkj Ki Q B Zvg a e vskwu AwaKZi úófv e Bmjvgx wek vm I PP vi wfwë Z GKwU bzzb e vswks aviyv cöez b K i gymwjg MÖvnK `i gv S mvov dj Z m g nq Gi mâq I mâqkvixi msl v `ªæZ evo Z _v K A b K wewfbœ evwywr K e vsk _ K Zv `i mâq Zz j Bmjvgx e vs K ivl Z ïiæ K ib G Ae v cöpwjz e vs jv K Acwinvh fv e G bzzb RbwcÖq I `ªæZ wekvkgvb cöwzø Øxi weiæ `uvo Kwi q `q z`ª ` wó KvY _ K, e vs Ki Kg KvÐ I ZrciZv K we` gvb wewfbœ mvgvwrk KZ c, evwywr K e vsk I wkqy K `ªxq wbqš K ms vi m ½ mvsnwl K e j g b Kiv nq ZvB G K _vwg q `qv nq

23 22 Bmjvgx e vswks ZviciI SzuwKc~Y G D ` vm AvaywbK Bmjvgx e vswks-gi exr ecb K i Ges ciezx D ` vm MÖn Yi c_ `wl q `q ^ímg qi g a B wgu-nvgvi BmjvwgK mwfsm e vs Ki `Lv bv c _ Av iv DbœZ cöwµqvq A bk Bmjvgx mvgvwrk, Dbœqb I evwywr K e vsk e emv ïiæ K i G jvi g a cö_g 1971 mv j wgm i cöwzwôz nq bv mi mvk vj e vsk cö_ g Zv ÔgybvdvÕ jv fi j bv wb q Ôe vswks AvIZv ewnf~ ZÕ ^íav qi jvkrb K mev `v bi Rb ÔmvgvwRK e vskõ wn m e cöwzwôz nq Gici 1975 mv j md`x Avi ei RÏvq cöwzwôz nq GKwU AvšÍtmiKvix e vswks cöwzôvbñbmjvwg Wfjc g U e vsk (AvBwWwe) m`m `k jvi A_ bwzk I mvgvwrk Dbœqb Rvi`vi Kiv G e vs Ki D Ïk GKB eqi `yevb q (BDGB) cöwzwôz nq `yevb BmjvwgK e vsk G jv wqj cö_g eo AvKv ii Bmjvgx evwywr K e vsk G jvi mdjzvi c_ a i wewfbœ ` k eû msl K Bmjvgx e vsk M o I V wgu-nvgvi mwfsm e vsk-gi cövq GKB mg q GKB ikg Av ikwu mdj cix v wqj gvj qwkqvi ÔZveys nvwrõ ev ÕwcjwMÖg dvû K c v ikbõ 1963 mv j cöwzôvbwu Kvh µg ïiæ K i Gi j -D Ïk wqj: gvjq gymwjgiv hv Z nr m úv`b ev Ab vb jvfrbk D Ï k ax i ax i A_ mâq Ki Z cv ib Zvi e e v Kiv mâ qi gva g Bmjvg Aby gvw`z wewb qvm Kg Kv Ð gvjq gymwjg `i mwµq I Kvh Ki AskMÖn Yi e e v Kiv n Ri mgq wewfbœ myweav I mev `v bi gva g nvwr `i Kj vy I Zv `i ^v_ i v I wbwðz Kiv Gme D Ïk mvg b i L mb mgq _ K mdjzvi m ½ cwipvwjz n Q ÔZveys nvwrõ G cöwzôvb n Ri Av M I c i nrhvîx `i cö qvrbxq me ikg mev gvbm úbœfv e w` q Avm Q 1959 mv j iq vj cö dmi DsKz AvwRR Ôm ve nrhvîx `i A_ bwzk Dbœqb cwikíbvõ wel q GKwU Kvh c Î G aviyv cö_g Zz j a ib (Zveys nvwr I qemvbu) 1963 mv j gvî 1,281 Rb m` m i KvQ _ K 46,600 gvj qwkqvb wiw½z AvgvbZ wb q Kvh µg ïiæ Kiv Avav-miKvwi G cöwzôvbwui m`m msl v (wnmveavix) GLb 40 jv Li Ic i Ges Gi mâq 200 KvwU gvwk b Wjv ii Ic i gvj qwkqvq gymwjg RbmsL v hlv b 1 KvwU 20 jvl, mlv b Dc iv³ msl v _ K evsv hvq cöwzôvbwu KZUv RbwcÖq (ingvb, 2004) my`-wfwëk e vsk jvi wekí Avw_ K cöwzôvb wn m e KvR Ki Q ÔZveys nvwrõ GUv gvj qwkqvb gymjgvb `i nvjvj Dcv q wewb qv Mi my hvm K i w` Q h Kvb cövßeq gvj qwkqvb gymwjg 10 wiw½z Ges wkï n j 2 wiw½z wkw Í w` q GLv b wnmve Lyj Z cv ib Gi 111wU kvlv i q Q GQvovI cv Awd mi gva g mev cö`vb Ges ezb _ K wkw Í K U bqvi welq Av Q GLv b KD mâq Zz j wb Z PvB j h Kvb Avw_ K cöwzôv bi g Zv mnr Dcv q ZvI Kiv hvq ÔZveys nvwrõ-i wnmveavix `i Rb evowz myweav n jv, n Ri mgq GKwU we kl D Ëvjb buiqv K i gva g md`x Avi e e mb Zviv wbr wbr wnmve _ K A_ Zzj Z cv ib msm nxz A_, kixôavn& wb ` wkz c _ Ges cöej m vebvgq mywbw` ó cökí jv Z wewb qvm Kiv nq ez gv b Gi wewb qv Mi gvu cwigvy 400 KvwU gvwk b Wjv ii g Zv G Z i q Q ^í I `xn gqv`x wewb qvm BKzBwU Bb f g U, BDwbU Uªv Bb f g U, mikv ii wewfbœ cök í wewb qvm, Avevmb Lv Z wewb qvm QvovI 12wU mvewmwwqvwi Kv úvwb Z cöwzôvbwui wewb qvm i q Q Gme mvewmwwqvwi Kv úvwb K wl, e ivcb ev wi qj G U e emv _ K ïiæ K i AZ vaywbk Z_ cöhyw³ e emvq wb qvwrz 1995 mvj _ K ÔZveys nvwrõ K Kvh µ gi AvIZv evov bvi AbygwZ `qv nq ez gv b gvj qwkqvi evb ii Gi e emvwqk Kvh µg we Í Z n q Q (AvBweAvBwW) Rbv ij KvDwÝj

24 evwywr K e vsk e e vi DrcwË I µgwekvk: Bmjvgx e vswks-gi cuf~wg 23 Ad BmjvwgK e vsk GÛ wdbvwýqvj BÝwUwUDUm (wrwmavbwegdavb, 2001)-Gi g Z Bivb, cvwk Ívb I mỳ v bi e vswks e e v BmjvgxKiY Kiv QvovI mviv we k 270wUi ewk Bmjvgx Avw_ K cöwzôvb KvR Ki Q G jvi gvu m ú `i cwigvy 30 nvrvi KvwU gvwk b Wjv ii Ic i 20 nvrvi KvwU gvwk b Wjv ii Ic i i q Q AvgvbZ Ges wewb qvm i q Q 16 nvrvi KvwU gvwk b Wjv ii Ic i 1970-i `k Ki kl Ges 1980-i `k Ki Mvovi w` K wgmi, Kz qz, RW vb, evnivbb, KvZvi, gvj qwkqv, evsjv `k, m bmvj, wzdwbm, Zzi, Avj Rwiqv, B `v bwkqv cöf wz ` k AwaKvsk Bmjvgx e vsk-gi hvîv ïiæ ewkifvm cöwzôvb mỳ wfwëk e vsk jvi m ½ cöwz hvwmzv Ges A bmjvwgk cwi e k KvR K ii hvîv ïiæi cö_g eqi _ K D jø hvm cwigvy mâq msmön, RvZxq evrv ii GKwU eo Ask `Lj Ges eo AvKv ii jvf Ki Z _v K ez gv b mybrvij vû, WbgvK, jy gevm, Bsj vûmn cwðgv A bk ` k Bmjvgx e vsk I Bmjvgx wewb qvm cöwzôvb KvR Ki Q ïay ZvB bq G `ªæZ wekvkgvb Lv Z wb R `i Ae vb a i ivl Z wmwue vsk, GBPGmwewmmn Ab vb eo eo A-Bmjvgx e vsk ÔBmjvwgK e vswks kvlvõ Pvjy K i Q we k i A bk v b Av iv A bk A-e vsk Avw_ K cöwzôvb hgb, ZvKvdzj Kv úvwb bv g exgv Kv úvwb Ges Ab vb wewb qvm cöwzôvb M o D V Q Gme Bmjvgx Avw_ K cöwzôv bi cöv_wgk D Ïk n jv, kvlyagx cyuwrev`x e e vi GKwU wekí I mỳ wenxb e vswks-gi aviyv Zz j a i, wiev-i Kvi Y mỳ wfwëk e vs Ki m ½ jb ` b Awb QzK ag fxiæ gymjgvb `i Kv Q c o _vkv Ajm m ú` GKwÎZ Kiv G e vcv i Zvieyk D jøl K i Qb (1981:6): ÒG D Ïk nvwm j Zv `i úóz Kvb mgm v wqj bv ejv nq h RbM Yi Rb Ly j `qvi cö_g w` bb Kz qz wdb vý nvdm (Kz q Zi Bmjvgx e vsk) 5 KvwU Kz qwz w`bvi (14 KvwU gvwk b Wjvi) AvgvbZ jvf K i hv wewfbœ evwywr K e vsk _ K G e vs K vbvšíi Kiv nq Ó ez gvb K qkwu Bmjvwg e vs Ki Z _ `Lv hvq, Gi A bk jvb Ggb D jøl hvm cwigvy m ú `i gvwjk n q Q hv Zv `i K Avie A ji kxl 100 e vs Ki ZvwjKvq vb w` q Q Bmjvgx e vsk jv µ gb Av iv DbœwZ Ki Q (QK-5 `Lyb, G Z kxl 100 Avie e vs Ki ZvwjKvq _vkv wewfbœ ` ki K qkwu Bmjvgx e vs Ki Ae vb `Lv bv n q Q) QK 5 : kxl 100 Avie e vs Ki g a K qkwu Bmjvgx e vs Ki Ae vb eqi KGdGBP GdAvBweB wkdavbwe wwavbwe RAvBwe Gmwewe AviweAvBwm