evsjv `k I Bivb m úk ( )

Transcription

1 wemwgjøvwni ivngvwbi ivwng XvKv wek we` vj qi dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefv Mi Aax b Gg.wdj wwwmö jv fi Rb Dc vwcz Awfm `f evsjv `k I Bivb m úk ( ) ZË veavqk W. gvt gynmxb DÏxb wgqv Aa vck, dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefvm XvKv wek we` vjq M elk Rûiv Av³vi iwr óªkb bs- 197 mkb dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefvm XvKv wek we` vjq m Þ ^i, 2015

2 wemwgjøvwni ivngvwbi ivwng XvKv wek we` vj qi dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefv Mi Aax b Gg.wdj wwwmö jv fi Rb Dc vwcz Awfm `f evsjv `k I Bivb m úk ( ) M elk Rûiv Av³vi dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefvm XvKv wek we` vjq XvKv wek we` vjq m Þ ^i, 2015

3 i cöz qb cî GB g g cöz qb Kiv hv Q h, XvKv wek we` vj qi dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefv Mi Gg.wdj M elk Rûiv Av³vi KZ K Ôevsjv `k I Bivb m úk ( )Õ kxl K Gg.wdj Awfm `f wu Avgvi cöz ÿ ZË veav b m úbœ n q Q GwU M el Ki wbr ^ GKK I gšwjk M elyvkg Avgvi Rvbvg Z B Zvc~ e Kv_vI G wk ivbv g Gg.wdj ev wcgbp.ww. wwwmöi D Ï k Kv bv M elyvkg m úvw`z nqwb Avwg D³ Awfm `f wu Av ` vcvší cvv K iwq Ges cö qvrbxq ms kvabmn cwigvr b K iwq Gi gšwjkz wepvi K i G Awfm ` f i Dci M elk K Gg.wdj wwwmö jv fi Rb XvKv wek we` vj q Dc vc bi AbygwZ cö`vb KiwQ (W. gvt gynmxb DÏxb wgqv) M elyv ZË veavqk I Aa vck, dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefvm XvKv wek we` vjq, XvKv

4 ii NvlYvcÎ NvlYv cî Avwg G g g NvlYv KiwQ h, Ôevsjv `k I Bivb m úk ( )Õ kxl K Gg.wdj Awfm `f wu m ú~y iƒ c Avgvi wbr ^ ipbv GwU Kv bv hym Kg bq, eis Avgvi gšwjk I GKK M elyvkg Avwg G Awfm `f wu XvKv wek we` vj q Gg.wdj wwwmö jv fi Rb wj LwQ D jøwlz wk ivbv gi Awfm `f wu ev Gi Ask we kl Ab Kv bv wek we` vj q Kv bv wwwmöi Rb Dc vcb Kwiwb ^vÿi (Rûiv Av³vi) Gg.wdj M elk iwr ªkb bs-197 mkb dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefvm XvKv wek we` vjq, XvKv

5 iii K ZÁZv ^xkvi cö_ g gnvb Avjøvni iveÿyj Avjvwg bi cöwz K ZÁZv Ávcb KiwQ, hvi ingz bv c j GB M elyvkg cöyqb I Dc vcb Kiv m e n Zv bv we k i kl I köô ivmyj nhiz gynv ` (mv.)-gi cöwz ibj AmsL mvjvg Avwg Avgvi kö q wczv giûg gvt Rvgvj DwÏb I Avgvi gvzv nvwg`v Rvgvb Gi cöwz we klfv e K ZÁ hv `i Drmvn I AK vší cwikög Avgv K D Pwkÿvi c_ `wl q Q Avgvi Rxebm½x gvnv ` kvlviqvz nv mb (GwWkbvj Gm.wc, evsjv `k cywjk) hvi AK wîg mn hvwmzvq Avwg Avgvi G M elyvkg K P ovší iƒc w` Z mÿg n qwq GQvovI Avgvi eüz biwms`x mikvix K j Ri Bmjv gi BwZnvm I ms wz wefv Mi cöfvlk, bwreyjøvn mvwk Ges Avgvi fvwmwb gnrvweb web Z gvgybmn mk ji cöwz we klfv e K ZÁZv cökvk KiwQ XvKv wek we` vj qi dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefv Mi m vwbz Aa vck W. gvt gynmxb DÏxb wgqvi cöwz Avwg we klfv e K ZÁ wzwb Avgvi G M elyvkg wu my `ifv e m úbœ Kivi Rb wewfbœ w`k wb ` kbv QvovI cöz ÿfv e ZË veavb K i Qb GQvovI D³ wefv Mi Ab vb wkÿk `i cöwzi Avwg K ZÁ huviv Avgv K wewfbœfv e Z_ wb ` kbv w` q DcK Z K i Qb Avevi gnvb Avjøvn Zvqvjvi cöwz K ZÁZv ^xkvi KiZ Avgvi kög I mvabvi mvd j i Avkvev` e ³ K i kl KiwQ Gg.wdj M elk Rûiv Av³vi dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefvm XvKv wek we` vjq, XvKv

6 iv ms KZ m~px Aa v. : Aa vck Aby. : Abyev` Ab~. : Ab~w`Z (Av.) : AvjvBwnm& mvjvg L. : LÐ wlª. : wlª vã wlª.c~. : wlª c~e vã R. : Rb W. : W±i(wcGBP.wW.) Zv.we. : ZvwiL wenxb `ª. : `ªóe c. : c ôv evs : evsjv mb gvi: : gvijvbv gy./gynv. : gynv ` g. : g Zz (in.) : ingvzzjøvwn AvjvBwn (iv.) : ivw`qvjøvû Zvqvjv Avbû (mv.) : mvjøvjøvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjøvg m úv. : m úvw`z m. : mjwmqvm wn. : wnrix mvj Vol. : Volume. ed. : edited by. edn. : edition. Dr. : Doctor(Ph.D.) Ibid. : Ibidem(in the same place). P. : Page. Pp. : Pages. U.S.A. : United State of America.

7 v m~wpcî Av jvp welq c ôv bs cöz qb cî... i NvlYv cî... ii K ZÁZv ^xkvi... iii ms KZ m~wp... iv m~wpcî... v-vi cö Ívebv cö_g Aa vq : wøzxq Aa vq : evsjv `k I Biv bi mswÿß cwiwpwz Ges `y ` ki ga Kvi 4-39 m ú K i HwZnvwmK hvmm~î... evsjv ` ki mswÿß cwipq... 5 Biv bi mswÿß cwipq evsjv `k I Biv bi HwZnvwmK hvmm~î evsjv ` ki gyw³hy I Biv bi Bmjvwg wecø e cvi úwik m úk I f~wgkv... evsjv ` ki gyw³hy i mswÿß BwZnvm evsjv ` ki gyw³hy Kvjxb Biv bi ` wófw½ I f~wgkv Biv bi Bmjvwg wecø ei mswÿß BwZnvm Biv bi Bmjvwg wecø e evsjv ` ki f~wgkv Z Zxq Aa vq : evsjv `k I Biv bi ciivóªbxwz evsjv ` ki ciivóªbxwzi jÿ evsjv ` ki ciivóªbxwzi cwipq I D Ïk evsjv ` ki ciivóªbxwzi ˆewkó evsjv ` ki ciivóªbxwzi MwZ-cÖK wz Biv bi ciivóªbxwz Biv bi ciivóªbxwzi ˆewkó wøzxq wek hy vëi Kvj _ K wecø evëi Biv bi ciivóªbxwz. 114 evsjv `k I Biv bi ciivóªbxwzi gšwjk mvgäm

8 vi PZz_ Aa vq : Bmjvwg wecøe ciezx Biv bi ivrbxwz I evsjv ` ki f~wgkv... Bmjvwg wecøe ciez x Biv bi Af šíixy ivrbxwz I ivó 126 e e v... Bivb-BivK hy i ( ) mswÿß BwZnvm Bivb-BivK hy ( ) evsjv ` ki Ae vb câg Aa vq : evsjv `k I Bivb m úk evsjv `k I Bivb m ú K i HwZnvwmK cöÿvcu evsjv `k I Biv bi mvs wzk m úk evsjv `k I Biv bi fvlv I mvwnz m úk evsjv `k I Biv bi K~U bwzk m úk evsjv `k I Biv bi A_ bwzk I evwywr K m úk wkÿvlv Z evsjv `k I Bivb m úk Õ ciezx evsjv `k I Biv bi ga Kvi m úvw`z wøcvwÿk 185 wewfbœ Pzw³ I hvmv hvm... evsjv ` ki I Bivb m ú K i MwZ-cÖK wz Dcmsnvi MÖš cwä

9 i mvi-ms ÿc evsjv `k I Bivbm úk ( ) Rûiv Av³vi Gg.wdjM elk iwr óªkbbs- 197 mkb dviwmfvlv I mvwnz wefvm XvKvwek we` vjq Pvwekã: evsjv `k, Bivb, dviwmfvlv, evsjvfvlv, mvwnz, ms wz, A_ bxwz, gyw³hy, Bmjvwgwecøe cövpxbkvj _ KB e½xq A ji mv _ Biv bigkuvnwbôm úk wqj evsjv I Biv biavw`evmxavh m cö`v qi GKB i³ evwnz G `ybrvwzms wz, ag I HwZ n iwewfbœ ` wó KvY _ KB G K Ac ii mv _ A½vw½fv e RwoZ BivbkvmbZvwš Kavivqivóª cwipvwjzniqvi ci G K Ac iifvlv, mvwnz I ms wzges A_ bxwz ZMfxifv ecö ekk i `ywurvwzbwewfbœfv e mg n q Q mg qiavez b evsjvi mv _ Biv bim úk cwiez wzziƒccwimönk i Bs irivevsjviÿgzvqav ivn Yi ci Bivwb `i cöfve Le n jizv `i fvlv I mvwnz PP v G A jiwkwÿz I DuPz kªwy Z we` gvbwqj 1947 mv j `k wefw³i ci gymwjg `k wn m ecvwk Ív bi mv _ Biv bim ú K ibzzbgvîv hy³ nq Ab vb gymwjg ` kib vqgkuvgymwjg ` ki wefw³ bvniqvirb 1971 mv jevsjv ` kignvb gyw³hy BivbbxwZMZfv e ^vaxbzviwec ÿae vbmönyk i 1975 mv jbivbmikvievsjv `k K ^vaxbivóª wn m e ^xk wzcö`vbki jdfq ` kigv Scybivqm ú K im~pbv N U gyjz 1975 mvj _ K Biv bi mv _ evsjv ` ki ˆe `wkkivwóªqm úk vwcznq mb mv _ ïi nqm ú K ieûgywl jb `b hvez gv bievavnxbfv eae vnzav Q Av jvp Ôevsjv `k I Bivbm úk ( )Õ kxl KAwfm ` f Biv bi mv _ evsjv ` kim ú K iwewfbœw`k I wewfbœiƒc Z_ eûjfv e Dc vc bi PóvKivn q Q

10 cö Ívebv evsjv `k I Biv bi m úk AZ ší cövpxb wmök mgªvu Av jkrvûvi (330 wlª.c~.) Gi mgq n Z Bivwbiv cö_ g A_ -we Ëi jv f cy iv fvize l nvgjv Pvjvq ciezx Z e emv evwyr I RxweKvi ZvwM ` cvi úwik Avmv hviqvi gv S M o I V AvšÍtivóªxq m úk Bmjvg ciezx mg q kvmb e e v, ag cöpvi I e emv-evwy R i Rb G A j Zv `i mie Dcw wz jÿ Kiv hvq µgvš^ q e o IVv G eüb K Av iv m~` p K i Zv `i mykvmb I ag cöpvi we kl K i G `yõwu wel q Bivwbiv G A ji gvby li ü` q vb K i bq hvi ewntcökvk N U fvlv, mvwnz, ms wz, wkÿv I A_ bwzk m ú K i ÿ Î 1971 mv j cvwk Ívb n Z evsjv `k ^vaxbzv AR b Ki ji Bivb Zvi cvwk Ívb bxwzi Kvi Y evsjv `k K ^xk wz cö`vb K iwb 1975 mv j ivr bwzk cucwiez bi ci Bivb ^vaxb evsjv `k K ^xk wz `Iqvi ga w` q `yb ` ki gv S bzzb m ú K i m~pbv N U wkš 1979 mv j Biv b Bmjvwg wecøe msnwuz n ji `y ` ki gv S ^vfvwek m úk we` gvb _v K Biv bi cwiewz Z mikvi e e vi mv _ evsjv ` ki wkÿv, mvwnz I ms wz QvovI A_ bxwz Ges wewfbœ ÿ Î wøcvwÿk m úk e vckzv jvf K i ez gv b G `yõ ` ki gv S ivóªxq ch v q Zj Avg`vwb, Rbkw³ idzvwb, hvmv hvm e e vi DcKiYmn ^v_ mswkøó wewfbœ ÿ Î Pzw³ I mg SvZv vik ^vÿ ii gva g Nwbô m úk Ae vnz Av Q evsjv ` k dviwm fvlv I mvwnz mvejxj MwZ Z cömvi ïiæ K i G avivevwnkzvq wek we` vjq ch v q dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefvm Pvjy Kiv, QvÎ `i e wë cö`vb, Biv bi D P wkÿvi Rb e wë cö`vb I mvwnz welqk MÖš cökv ki Rb Bivb KZ K cö`ë Abỳ vb we kl f wgkv ivl Q mv j Bivb-BivK hy evsjv `k AvšÍR vwzk wewfbœ msmv bi mv _ hy e Üi e vcv i `vwqz kxj f~wgkvq AeZxY nq 1988 mvj ciezx mg q Biv bi mv _ evsjv ` ki ^vfvwek m úk ervq _vk ji Av gwikvi A_ bwzk 1

11 2 Ae iv ai Kvi Y m úk A bk ÿ Î mskzwpz n q c o 1990 mv ji ci Biv bi mv _ wøcvwÿk mkj Bmÿ Z m úk Nwbô n Z _v K Biv bi cöwm W U Avjx AvKei nv kgx idmvbrvwbi evsjv `k mdi Ki j G m úk Av iv MwZkxjZv jvf K i 1997 mv j Zniv b AbywôZ 8g IAvBwmÕi m j b kl nvwmbvi hvm`v b Dfq ` ki m úk kw³kvjx iƒc bq ez gv b Dfq iv óªi D P ch v qi bxwz wba vik `i wbqwgz hvzvqvz G m úk K mỳ p ivl Q mv _ mv _ evsjv ` ki Rbkw³, wkí KjKviLvbv, A_ bwzk, wkÿv I mvs wzk Lv Z Dfq ` ki mvnvh mn hvwmzv Ae vnz i q Q wepvi we køly I ch v jvpbvi gva g Av jvp Awfm ` f Bivb-evsjv `k m ú K i wewfbœ welq K Z_ wbf i I wek`fv e Dc vcb Kiv n q Q G M elyvkg K gvu cvupwu Aa v q web Í Kiv n q Q cö_g Aa v q, evsjv `k I Biv bi mswÿß cwiwpwz Ges `y ` ki HwZnvwmK hvmm~î wk ivbv g evsjv ` ki mswÿß cwipq, Biv bi mswÿß cwipq Av jvwpz n q Q GQvovI evsjv `k I Biv bi fš MvwjK Ae vb, ivóªxq KvVv gv, kvmbzš, ivr bwzk BwZnvm Ges `y ` ki HwZnvwmK hvmm~î I m ú K i GKwU avivevwnk Av jvpbv Dc vcb Kiv n q Q wøzxq Aa v q, evsjv ` ki gyw³hy I Biv bi Bmjvwg wecø e cvi úwik m úk I f~wgkv wk ivbv g evsjv ` ki gyw³hy i BwZnvm Av jvpbv c~e K ^vaxbzv Av `vj bi hšw³kzv, cvwk Ív bi kvmb- kvly I wbcxo bi BwZnvm Ges Biv bi Bmjvwg wecø ei Ici bvwz`xn Av jvpbv Dc vwcz n q Q G Aa v qi k l evsjv ` ki gyw³hy Kvjxb Biv bi f~wgkv I Biv bi Bmjvwg wecø e evsjv ` ki f~wgkv wb q Z_ wbf i Av jvpbv Zz j aiv n q Q Z Zxq Aa v q, evsjv `k I Biv bi ciivóªbxwz wk ivbv g evsjv ` ki ciivóªbxwzi cwipq I D Ïk Ges Biv bi ciivóªbxwz I Bivb-evsjv ` ki ciivóªbxwzi gšwjk mvgäm we køwlz n q Q

12 PZz_ Aa v q, Bmjvwg wecøe ciezx Biv bi ivrbxwz I evsjv ` ki f~wgkv wk ivbv g Bmjvwg wecøe ciez x Biv bi Af šíixy ivrbxwz I ivóª e e vi GKwU wpî Ges Bivb-BivK hy ( mvj) evsjv ` ki Ae vb m ú K Z_ c~y Av jvpbv AšÍf y³ n q Q câg Aa v q, evsjv `k I Bivb m úk wk ivbv g evsjv `k I Bivb m ú K i HwZnvwmK cöÿvcu Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q GQvovI evsjv `k Biv bi mvs wzk m úk, evsjv `k I Biv bi fvlv I mvwnz m úk, evsjv `k I Biv bi K U bwzk m úk, evsjv `k I Biv bi A_ bwzk I evwywr K m úk, wkÿvlv Z evsjv `k I Bivb m úk, 1971 mvj ciezx evsjv `k I Biv bi ga Kvi m úvw`z wøcvwÿk Pzw³ I hvmv hvm Ges evsjv `k-bivb m ú K i MwZ-cÖK wzi Ici Z_ wbf i Av jvpbv Dc vcb Kiv n q Q me k l M elyvk g i mvims ÿc Z_ ÔDcmsnviÕ Dc vcb Kiv n q Q G M elyvkg m úv` bi j ÿ Avwg XvKv wek we` vj qi K `ªxq MÖš vmvi, dviwm fvlv I mvwnz wefv Mi mwgbvi MÖš vmvi, Bmjv gi BwZnvm I ms wz wefv Mi mwgbvi MÖš vmvi, ivóªweávb wefv Mi mwgbvi MÖš vmvi, AvšÍR vwzk m úk wefv Mi mwgbvi MÖš vmvi, GwkqvwUK mvmvbwu evsjv ` ki MÖš vmvi, emg mywdqv Kvgvj cvewjk MÖš vmvi, Bmjvwg cörvzš Biv bi mvs wzk K `ªi MÖš vmvi, XvKv Bmjvwg cörvzš Biv bi `~Zvevm I evsjv GKv Wwg jvb eªwi Z msiwÿz MÖš vewj _ K Z_ I DcvË msmön Kivi my hvm I mn hvwmzv jvf K iwq kö vebz wp Ë mevi Dc `k I wb ` kbv K iy KiwQ Avgvi G M elyv Kv R hviv Avgv K wewfbœfv e mn hvwmzv K i Qb Zvu `i cöwz Avgvi K ZÁZv Ávcb KiwQ 3

13 4 cö_g Aa vq evsjv `k I Biv bi mswÿß cwiwpwz Ges `y ` ki ga Kvi m ú K i HwZnvwmK m~pbv 1. evsjv ` ki mswÿß cwipq 2. Biv bi mswÿß cwipq 3. evsjv `k I Bivb m ú K i HwZnvwmK m~pbv

14 5 evsjv `k I Biv bi mswÿß cwiwpwz Ges `y ` ki ga Kvi m ú K i HwZnvwmK m~pbv we k i gvbwp Î `wÿy Gwkqvq evsjv `k gymwjg cöavb `k wn m e cwiwpz Ab w` K BivbI Gwkqvi Ab Zg GKwU gymwjg cöavb `k wn m e ^xk Z GKB f~õfv M Ae vb niqvi cii `~iz I `ywu iv óªi mxgv šíi Kvi Y Biv bi mv _ Avgv `i hvmv hvm A bkuv mskzwpz fvlv-mvwnz, agx q I mvs wzk m ú K i Kvi Y g bi w`k _ K Bivb K AZ ší Kv QB MY Kiv nq Av jvp Aa v q MycÖRvZš x evsjv `k I Bmjvwg cörvzš Biv bi cwiwpwz, Rjevqy, kvmbzš, ivóªxq KvVv gv I mvsweavwbk cucwiez b m ú K ms ÿ c Av jvpbv Dc vcb Kiv nj 1. evsjv ` ki mswÿß cwipq G ` k cövpxbkvj _ K ivr bwzk ÿgzv cwiez bi mv _ mv _ mxgv ilvii cwiez b n q Q ïay Bs ir Avg jb K qkevi wewfbœ cö ` ki mv _ evsjvi Kv bv Kv bv Ask hy³ Kiv n q Q 1947 mv j evsjvi cwðgvsk fvi Zi Ges c~e vsk cvwk Ív bi mv _ hy³ n q cö_ g c~e evsjv I c i c~e cvwk Ívb bvg aviy K i mv ji fvlv Av `vjb, 1966 mv ji 6 `dv Av `vjb, 1969 mv ji MY- Afÿ Ìvb me kl 1971 mv ji 16 ww m ^i mỳ xn bq gv mi mk gyw³hy i gva g cvwk Ívb ivóª n Z c _K n q ïiæ nq ^vaxb mve fšg evsjv ` ki c_pjv 30 jÿ kwn `i i ³i wewbg q wek gvbwp Î vb K i bq evsjv `k `wÿy Gwkqvi Ab Zg GKwU iæz c~y `k nj evsjv `k Rbkw³ ißvwb, Mv g Um wkí Ges RvwZms Ni kvwší wgk b Ae`v bi Rb G `kwu K Gwkqvi Ab Zg `k wn m e we epbv Kiv nq

15 mg qi weez bi avivq Gwkqv gnv ` ki wngvj qi `wÿ Y I e ½vcmvM ii DË i R M DVv cwjr f~-fvm nj evsjv ` ki Ae vb cövpxb evsjv ` ki fš MvwjK Ae vb Av jvpbv Ki Z wm q W. bxnvi iäb ivq e jbñ DËi mxgv: wewk cövk wzk mxgvq mxwgz, RvwZ I fvlvi GKZ ˆewk jbqv AvwRKvi h evsjv `k GB ` ki DËi mxgvq wmwkg Ges wngvjq-wkixu KvÂR½vi kyå-zzlvigq wkli, ZvnviB wbgœ DcZ Kvq evojvi DËiZg `vwr wjs I RjcvB wo Rjv c~e mxgv: evojvi c~e -mxgvq DË i eªþcyî b`, g a Mv iv, Lvwmqv, I ˆRwšÍqv cvnvo, `wÿ Y jymvb, I PÆMÖvg I AvivKvb ˆkjgvjv cwðg mxgv: evojvi ez gvb cwðg-mxgv c~e mxgv cÿvi AwaK Lex K Z nbqv Q, DËi cöv ší gvj`n I w`bvrcyi Rjvi DËi I cwðg-mxgvb AvaywbK evojvi mxgv wb ` k Kwi Z Q A_P cövpxb I ga hy M GB mxgvi `wÿ Y M½vi ZU ewnqv G Kev i ez gvb Øvifv½v Rjvi cwðg-mxgv ch ší we Í Z wqj `wÿy mxgv: evojvi `wÿy mxgvq e ½vcmvMi Ges ZvnviB ZU wnwiqv gw`bxcyi-pweÿk cimyv-lyjbv-ewikvj-dwi`cyi-xvkv-wîcyivi `wÿyzg cövší (A_ vr Puv`cyi) bvqvlvjx- PÆMÖv gi mgzu f~wgi meyr ebgq A_ev km k vgj Av ÍiY 1 evsjv ` ki AvqZb 1,47,570 em wk jvwguvi ev 56,977 em gvbj 2 এ f~l Ði mxgv ilvi ewki fvmb fvi Zi mv _ Ges GKwU ÿỳ ª mxgvší gvqvbgv ii mv _ mshy³ evsjv `k-fviz mxgvbvi gvu ˆ`N 3740 wk jwguvi Ges gvqvbgv ii mv _ mxgvbvi ˆ`N cövq 280 wk jvwguvi G Qvov e ½vcmvM iii DcK~j ilvq evsjv ` ki gvu mgỳ ª mxgvi ˆ`N cövq 720 em wk jvwguvi esjv ` ki Ae vb I DËi Aÿvsk Ges I c~e `ªvwNgvi g a Aew Z 3 evsjv ` ki DË i cwðge ½i KzPwenvi I RjcvB wo Rjv, gnvjq ivr, Mv iv I Lvwmqv-RqwšÍ cvnv oi cv`f~wg c~ e Avmvg, wîcyiv I 6

16 7 wg Rvivg ivr `wÿy c~ e gvqvbgvi (evg v) cwð g cwðge½ I wenvi ivr Ges `wÿ Y e ½vcmvM ii wekvj Rjivwk we` gvb 2011 mv j RbmsL v Rwi c evsjv ` ki jvk msl v cövq 14 KvwU 97 jÿ 72 nvrvi wzbkz PŠlwÆ Rb Gi gv S 7 KvwU 49 jÿ 80 nvrvi wzbkz wqqvwk Rb cyiæl I 7 KvwU 47 jÿ 91 nvrvi bq kz wqqvëi Rb gwnjv 4 evsjv `k Dò-Av`ª µvšíxq Rjevqym úbœ `k Rvbyqvwi gvm me P q VvÐv cöey G mg q Mo ZvcgvÎv cövq 26 0 m. Ges GwcÖj gvm me P q ekx Mig Abyf~Z nq G mg q Mo ZvcgvÎv 33 0 m. n Z 36 0 m. ch ší DVvbvgv K i eq i cövq 1525 wgwjwguvi e wócv Zi ikw Kiv n q _v K GQvovI cve Z A j e wó gšmy g (Ryb- m Þ ^i) m e v P 5,080 wgwjwguvi e wócv Zi ikw Kiv nq 5 evsjv `k ez gv b 7 wu wefvm, 10 wu wmwu K c v ikb, 4 wu g UªvcwjUb wmwu, 277 wu cšimfv, 64 wu Rjv, 492 wu Dc Rjv, 4,501 wu BDwbqb, 40,509 wu IqvW I 87,310 wu MÖvg i q Q 6 G ` ki 89.35% gymjgvb, 9.64% wn `y, 0.57% eš, 0.27% wlª vb Ges 0.17% Ab vb a g i jvk evm K i 7 evsjv ` ki 98% jvk evsjv fvlvq K_v e j 1971 mv j 16 ww m ^i gnvb gyw³hy i gva g cwk Ívb n Z Avjv`v n q we k i gvbwp Î ^vaxb mve fšg ivóª wn m e evsjv `k AvZ cökvk K i cövpxbkvj _ KB G AÂj eš, wn `y Ges gymjgvb Øviv kvwmz n q Q wb gœ evsjv ` ki cövpxb BwZnv mi avivevwnkzv ms ÿ c Av jvpbv Kiv nj BwZnv mi Av jv K Ôe½Õ bvgwu A bk cövpxb cövpxb Kv ji evsjv bv gi BwZnvm Av jvpbv Ki Z wm q Aa vck K. Avjx e jbñ

17 cövpxb hy Mi ÔHZ iq AviY Õ MÖ š Avgiv me cö_g Ôe½Õ bv gi D jøl jÿ Kwi Ô evavqy ag m~îõ MÖ š G bv gi e envi i q Q ÔgnvfviZÕ ÔivgvqYÕ MÖ š I GKvwaKevi Ôe½Õ bv gi D jøl Kiv nq eš ev ˆRb ag MÖš cvv Ki ji Avgiv e½ ev ivp ` ki müvb cvb Z e G mkj ag MÖ š I cövpxb hy M Ôe½Õ ej Z h f~lð eysvz, AvaywbK Kv ji Ôe½ `kõ Zvi mgv_ K bq 8 m ev cwi BwZnv mi Av jv K `Lv hvq h, ZrKvjxb G A ji wewfbœ Rbc `i mgwó MZ `ywu A ji bvg wqj Ôe½Õ I Ôe½vjÕ hv gymwjg kvmbvg j ÔevsjvÕ I Ôev½vjvÕ bv g cwiwpwz jvf K i evsjv bv gi Ici Av jvpbv Ki Z wm q Aa vck Ave`yj Kwig e jbñ 1947 wlª v ãi wefvm-c~e evsjv, ev Bs ir `i Bangal ev gvmj `i myev e½vjv Øviv hb f~-lð eysvbz, mb f~-lð K eysvb Z ïiæ K i eibx Ges Avwd di mv ÿ cwi vi nbqv D V h cövpxb Ôe½Õ-Gi ciezx bvg Ôe½vjvÕ AZGe Ôe½Õ nb Z Ôe½vjvÕ bv gi DrcwË 9 evovwj RvwZmË vi DrcwËi BwZnvm Av jvpbv Ki Z wm q ivlvj`vm e ` vca vq e jbñ Av h vcwb e ki c~ eÿ h cövpxb RvwZ f~ga mvmi nb Z e ½vcmvMi ch ší ^xq AwaKvi we Ívi KwiqvwQj, ZvnvivB evanq wf M `i `mÿ Ges ZvnvivB HZ iq AiY K we RZ MY KË K cÿx bv g AwfwnZ nbqv Q GB cövpxb `ªvweo RvwZB e½ gm ai Avw`g Aw`evmx b Ë we` cwðzmy AvaywbK e½evmxm Yi bvwmkv I g ÍK cixÿv Kwiqv wm vší Kwiqv Qb h, Zuvnviv `ªvweo I gv½jxq RvwZi mswgkª Y Drcbœ gm a eªv Yvw` D P-RvZxq e w³my K Avh RvZxq A_ev Avh mswgkª Y Drcbœ ewjqv eva nq, wkš e½evmxmy K RvwZ wbwe k l `ªvweo I gv½jxq RvwZi mswgkª Yi dj ejv hvb Z cv i 10 evsjvi me -cªvpxb msnwvz Rb emwz ÔRbc`Õ bv g cwiwpz wqj 11 hw`i GjvKvwUi cövpxbz 2000 wlª -c~e vã m ú K wezk i q Q wkš Zv m Ë I G mgqkvj 1000 wlª -c~e v ã mswÿß K i Avb ji G K_v Ab ^xkvh h gšh hy M gnv vb 8

18 9 M oi mf Zvi A bk Av MB evsjvi G AÂjwU A_ bwzk I ivr bwzk DbœwZ mvab K iwqj 12 h ivresk I b cwzmy evsjvi DËi I cwðgvâ j ivr bwzk ÿgzvi cöfve we Ívi KiwQj ZvivB DËi fvi Zi ivr bwzk kw³ wn m e wb R `i K cöwzwôz K iwqj 327 wlª -c~e A ã Av jkrvûvi hlb fvizel AvµgY K ib, ZLb evsjv `k GKwU cvivµvší ivr wqj, mgmvgwqk MÖxK jlkm Yi ey bv _ K Zv úób evsv hvq 13 gšh mvgªv R i ( wlª. c~.) A ã c~e mxgv ší wqj cyðª ea b GKBfv e ß kvmbkv j e½ivr cö_g ^vaxb ivr e j AbywgZ nq ˆeb ßi (507 wlª.) bvbai Zvgªkvm bi `~ZK werq mb Ges MvcP `ªi mvgší ivrv gnvivrv werq mb Awfbœ e w³ e j g b Kiv nq GB aviyv mwvk n j ejv hvq, ßeskxq ˆeb ßi ci cib A_ vr wlª xq 6ô kzvãxi wøzxq `k K gnvivrv MvcP `ª e ½ ^vaxb iv R i cöwzôv K iwq jb 14 G mgqkv j Zviv evsjvi DËi I cwðgvâ ji evb i Zv `i ÿgzv we Ívi Ki Z cv ibwb ivrv kkv¼ (Avby wLª.) Ges cvj ivres ki mgq wlª v ã evsjv GKwU ^vaxb ivr bwzk kw³ wn m e cwiwpwz jvf K i 1150 wlª vã n Z 1204 wlª vã ch ší mb ivresk G A j e vck cöfve cöwzcwë wb q ivr kvmb K i Aóg kz Ki cö_gv a B fvizxq Dcgnv ` ki wmüz A j gynv ` web Kvwm gi bz Z gymjgvb `i werq czvkv DÇxb nq ciezx Kv j fvi Zi wewfbœ A j Gi we Ívi jvf ïiæ K i gymjgvb `i fvizxq A j werq jv fi Ici Av jvpbv K i Z wm q ˆmq` Aveyj nvmvb Avjx b`fx e jbñ Muslims came to India, sometimes, supremely unconcerned with worldly aims and ambitions and guided solely by the lofty sentiment of religious service. 15

19 10 wknve DwÏb Nywi ÿgzvq Avmvi ci BLwZqvi DwÏb gvnv ` web elwzqvi wljwr Bmjv gi SvÐv wb q evsjv A j cö ek K ib elwzqwi gvî 18 Rb m½x K wb q Nvovq P o b`xqvq cö ek K iwq jb gzvší i 1203 wlª v ã wljrxi e½ wer qi ga w` q e½xq A j gymwjg kvmb ïiænq G mgqkvj m ú K Aa vck Ave`yj Kwig e jbñ wlª xq Î qv`k kzvãxi Mvovi w` K elwzqvi LjwR evsjv ` k gymjgvb ivr cöwzôv K ib GB mgq nb Z Avi Kwiqv GB ` k gymjgvb `i AvMgb e w cvb Z _v K Ges Kv j gymjgv biv GLv b msl v MwiôZv jvf K i wlª v ã elwzqvi wljrxi werq n Z ûmvbb kvnx es ki me kl ^vaxb myjzvb gvngỳ kvn (g wlª.) Gi mgq ch ší myjzvwb Avgj wn m e cöwzwôz wqj G mgqkv ji g a wkqzw`b nvewk kvmb I 1493 _ K 1538 wlª vã ch ší mgq K nv mbkvnx Avgj Z_v gymjgvb `i ^Y hym e j AwfwnZ Kiv nq 1526 wlª v ã cvwbc _i cö_g hy jvw` es ki myjzvb Beªvwng jvw` K civwrz K i fvi Z gymj kvm bi m~pbv K ib wlª v ã ûmvbb kvnx es ki kl myjzvb wmqvm DwÏb gvngỳ kvn K civwrz K i e ½ ïi eskxq AvdMvb kvmb cöwzôv K ib G esk n ZB mgªvu evei I Zvi mšívb ûgvqyb fvi Zi gmb ` Avmxb nb 1538 wlª v ã mgªvu ûgvqyb ki Lvb m~i K civwrz K i evsjv `Lj K ib 1539 wlª v ã ki Lvb m~i w`wjømvgx mgªvu ûgvqyb K AvµgY K i civwrz K i c~yivq evsjv `Lj K ib 1575 wlª v ã gymj mgªvu AvKei e½ Rq Ki j P~ovšÍfv e e½xq AÂj gymj mvgªv R i AšÍfy ³ nq 1591 wlª v ã i vjd dxp fvizel Ges eªþ `k ch Ub K ib Zuvi Drmvn Ges czz MxR `i mvdj Bs ir `i fvize l evwyr Ki Z we klfv e AvMÖnx K i Zz jwqj 19 GiB cöÿvc U Bs irmy µgvš^ q e emvwqk j ÿ 1599 wlª v ã ivyx

20 11 GwjRv e _i wbku n Z GKwU Aby iva cî wb q mgªvu AvKe ii `iev i Av mb ciezx Z Bs irmy ÔB BwÛqv Kv úvwbõ bv g GKwU msmvb cöwzôv K i cövp ` k e emv-evwyr m cömvi Yi D ` vm bq K v Þb nwk Ýi Av e`bµ g mgªvu Rvnvw½i myiv U Bs ir `i evwyr KzwV wbg v Yi AbygwZ `b wlª vã wccwj Z GKwU mgỳ ª e `imn evsjvq KviLvbv vc bi Rb Bs ir B BwÛqv Kv úvwb gynj mgªvu kvnrvnv bi wbku _ K AbygwZ jvf K i wlª v ã mgªvu AvIi½ R ei g Zÿ n j myev`vi gywk `Kzwj Lvb ^vaxbfv e evsjv AÂj kvmb K ib wzwb Bs irmy K kyé cö`vb K i e emv evwyr Kivi AbygwZ w` ji Zv `i Kv bv `ym wbg v Yi AbygwZ `bwb 1756 wlª v ã Avwje`x Lv bi g Zÿ i ci Zvi `ŠwnÎ beve wmivr-d- ÏŠjv evsjvi gmb ` Av ivny K ib G my hv M Bs irmy Zv `i evsjv ` k Aew Z NuvwU jv Z `ym wbg vy ïiæ K i beve wÿß n q kikz R½ K KjKvZvq Awfhvb cöiy Ki j kikz R½ mdj n ji Bs iriv 1757 wlª v ã Rvbyqvwi gv m ievu K vbf Ges IqvUmb KjKvZvi KzwV I `ym jv cybt`lj Ki Z mg_ nq beve wmivr-d- ÏŠjv gxirvd ii Avk v m weåvší n q Bs ir `i weiæ hy NvlYv K ib Ae k l 1757 wlª v ã 23 Ryb fvmxiw_ b`xi Zx i cjvwki cövší i Dfq cÿ hy DcbxZ nb D³ hy civr qi d jb cjvwk cövší i evsjvi ^vaxb m~h A ÍwgZ nq GiB avivevwnkzvq weªwukmy G AÂ j cöfve I kw³ e w K i kvmb cöwzôv K i evsjvi ^vaxb m~h A ÍwgZ niqvi BwZnvm I Bs ir `i KZ Z Mªn Yi Av jvpbvq kªx i gk P `ª gryg`vi e jbñ wmivr-d- ÏŠjv K c`pz Z Kwiqv beve nbevi Rb gxirvdi Bs ir `i m ½ 1757 Lªx v ãi 1 g Mvc b h mwü K ib Zvnvi GKwU kz wqj GB h, my e evsjv K divwm I Ab vb kîæ `i AvµgY nb Z iÿvi wbwg Ë Bs ir Kv úvbx Dchy³ msl K ˆmb wbhy³ Kwi e Ges Zvnvi e q wbe v ni Rb ch vß Rwg Kv úvbx K w` Z nb e gxi

21 Kvwkg Bs ir `i mv _ h, Mvcb mwüi Øviv gxirvdi K mivbqv wb R beve nb jb Zvnvi kz Abymv i wzwb Bs ir ˆm b i e q wbe v ni Rb ea gvb, gw`bxcyi I PÆMªvg GB wzb wrjvi ivr ^ Kv úvbx K w` jb Bnvi ci gxikvwk gi mwnz hy evwa j gxirvdi cybivq beve nbevi Rb Bs ir `i mwnz h mwü Kwi jb Zvnvi kz Abymv i Bs ir Kv úvbx H wzbwu wrjv n ÍMZ Kwij Ges xi nbj h, evsjvi beve ev iv nvrvi Ak v ivnx I ev iv nvrvi c`vwz Ki ekx ˆmb ivwl Z cvwi eb bv Bnvi d j evsjv ` ki mvgwik kw³ Bs ir `i nv ZB b Í nbj wlª v ã gv`ªv Ri Mfb i Iqv ib nw sm K KjKZvi MfY i wn m e wbhy³ Kiv nq wzwb fvi Zi Kv úvwbi wfwë mỳ p K ib Ges weªwuk mvgªv R i we Í wz NUvb wlª v ã fvi Zi me cö_g ^vaxbzv msmövg Bsj v Ûi RbgZ K we klfv e cöfvwez K i weªwuk ivr bwzk bz em fvi Z mivmwi weªwuk mikv ii kvmb cöwzôvi K_v wpšív K ib m Abymv ib 1858 wlª v ã weªwuk cvj v g U fviz kvmb AvBb cöyq bi gva g fvizxq Dcgnv ` k Kv úvwb kvm bi Aemvb N U wlª v ã fviz kvmb AvBb Kvh Kix niqvi mgq gnvivyx wf ±vwiqv 1jv b f ^i fvi Zi kvmbfvi MÖnY K ib Ae k l 1947 mv ji 14 AvM wø-rvwz Z Ë i wfwë Z c~e -cvwk Ívb bvg aviy K i evsjv `k AÂj cvwk Ív bi mv _ ^vaxbzv jvf K i weªwuk `i fviz kvmb AvB bi Aax b 1947 mv ji 14 AvM cvwk Ív bi Rb nq gvd U e v Ub cwikíbv Abyhvqx cvwk Ívb iv óªi c~y Zv jv fi c~ e B fvlv msµvší RwUjZvi m~îcvz nq Ges evsjv K G AÂ ji ivóªfvlv wnmv e ^xk wz `v bi Rvi `vwe I V evsjvfvlv K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwei cq b wqj fvlvmz ^vzš PZbv, AwaKš cö ÍvweZ cvwk Ívb iv ª evovwji msl vmwiôzv m ú K PZbv G Av `vj bi cö wz bqv msmvb jvi cwipq w` Z wm q wkwib nvmvb Imgvwb e jb- 12

22 In June 1949 the Awami Muslim League was formed. The Nizam-i-Islam was founded in 1950 and the Krishak Sramik Party (KSP) in The same year the Gonatantri Dal was formed. With the formation of these political parties the politicians joined hands with the students in their struggle to make Bangla one of the state languages of Pakistan. Among the student organizations the East Pakistan Muslim Students League (EPMSL) was formed by the students on june On March the youth League was founded. The formation of these two student organizations was a turning point in the language movement. 25 cwðg cvwk Ív bi Zzjbvq cövq GK kzvãx Av M evsjv weªwuk kvmbvax b Av m cvðvz wkÿv I Zvi d j m ó Dwbk kz Ki gvbezvev`x Av `vjb Ges wek kz Ki kvmb ms v ii gva g weªwuk cöewz Z AvswkK MYZvwš K ms vmg~ ni AwfÁZv evovwj Rb Mvwôi g a fvjfv eb wkko M owqj 26 weªwuk fviz wef³ n q fvizxq Dcgnv ` k fviz-cvwk Ív bi RbMY hme ivr bwzk Av `vjb K iwqj Zvi g a fvlv Av `vjbb wqj me P q e vck, Zxeª I iæz c~y mvj ch ší eqi jv Z msnwvz fvlv Av `vjb _ K D b l N U fvlv, ms wz, HwZn I f~-wfwëk ag wbi cÿ evovwj RvZxqZvev `i GB RvZxqZvev`x Av `vjbmsmövg K cwiywzi w` K GwM q wb q hvq AvIqvwg jxm, wewfbœ cömwzkxj `j I msmvb Ges evovwj RvZxqZvev`x ivr bwzk avivi cövycyiæl kl gywreyi ingvb 28 cvwk Ívb cöwzôvi mgq RbmsL vi Kvb mwvk wnmve wbyx Z nqwb, wkš evovwji msl vmwiôzv wqj AåvšÍ, D` y cvwk Ív bi we kl A ji fvlv wqjbv Ges cvwk Ív bi wbr ^ AvÂwjK fvlv jvi gv S evsjvfvlvb wqj me v cÿv DbœZ 29 G mkj mgm v K mvg b i L 1948 mv ji 25 gvp ax i `ªbv_ `Ë hlb MYcwil ` e envh fvlv iƒ c evsjv K MÖn Yi cö Íve K ib ZLb m cö Íve KÉ fv U bvkp n q hvq cöm½µ gb wzwb evsjv K ivóªfvlv gh v`v `v bi `vwe K ib 30 KviY cvwk Ív bi gvu 13

23 RbmsL vi kzkiv fvm gvbyl wqj evsjv fvlx, Acic ÿ kzkiv fvm wqj D` y fvlx 31 LvRv bvwrgywïb cëb gq`v b GK Rbmfvq e jb h, cö ` ki mikvwi KvRK g Kv bv fvlv e eüz n e Zv cö ` ki RbMYB wvk Ki e wb gœ mviwyi gva g cvwk Ív bi fvlvmz Rb Mvwôi GKwU wnmve Dc vcb Kiv n jvmviwy 2.6 cvwk Ív bi Dfq As k fvwlk wpî fvlv c~e cwðg gvu evsjv 98.42% 0.12% 56% D` y 0.02% 66.39% 29% cvävwe 0.61% 7057% 3.65% m~î: Pakistan Statistical Year Book, evsjv fvlv I evovwj ms wz Bmjvg a g i mv _ m½wzc~y bq-cöavbz GB nxb g bve wë I hyw³ _ K ˆewiZvi m~îcvz N U 33 cvwk Ív bi ivóªfvlv n e Kej D` y m ½ m ½ Gi Zxeª cöwzwµqv nq Ges QvÎiv Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ køvmv b QvÎiv we ÿvf ïiæ K ib 34 GK ch v q cvwk Ívb mikvi 20 deªæqvwi 1952 mv ji ivz n Z µgvmz 1 gv mi Rb XvKv Rjvi me Î ag NU, mfv I kvfvhvîv wbwl K i 144 aviv Rvwi K i H w`bb Kg m~wp cöyq bi Rb mwjgyjøvn gymwjg n j Aveyj nvwk gi ( mvj) mfvcwz Z Ôme `jxq ivóªfvlv Kg cwil `iõ GK Riæix mfv AvnŸvb Kiv nq 35 D³ mfvq e vck Av jvpbv K i 21 deªæqvwi 144 aviv f ½i wm vší bqv nq 21 deªæqvwi mkvj 11 Uvq XvKv gww Kj K j Ri GKvs k Aew Z XvKv wek we`vj qi AvgZjvq QvÎ `i mfv nq cywjk cö_ g wuqvi M vm I jvwv PvR K i wbe Z Ki Z bv c i D³ wgwq ji Ici wj Pvjvq wj Z iwdk DwÏb Avng`, Ave`yj ReŸvi, Aveyj eikz (ivóª weávb, Gg G kªwyi QvÎ) wbnz 14

24 15 nq eû AvnZ K nvmcvzv j fwz Kiv nq Ges Zv `i g a m µuvwi q Ui wcqb Ave`ym mvjvg gviv hvq 36 fvlv Av `vj bi Mfx i cövw_z wqj c~e evsjvi mvaviy gvby li Av_ mvgvwrk AwaKvi cöwzôvi B Qv mv ji ci _ K 21 deªæqvwi w`emwu K Ôkwn` w`emõ wn m e evovwj RvwZ cvjb K i Avm Q 1999 mv ji 17 b f ^i BD b v 21 deªæqvwi K ÔAvšÍR vwzk gvz fvlv w`emõ NvlYv K i GB wm v šíi gva g AvšÍR vwzk m cö`vq evsjv ` ki fvlv Av `vjb K GKwU gh v`vi Avm b AwawôZ K i mv ji gvp gv m cvwk Ív bi mvaviy wbe vp b gymwjg jx Mi kvpbxq civrq Ges hy³d«ui wekvj Rq K cvwk Ívwbiv g b wb Z cv iwb wbe vpb ciezx 3 GwcÖj G K drjyj nk c~e cvwk Ív b cö_g wbe vwpz mikvi MVb K ib e Z 1954 mv ji wbe vp b `kxq GwjU `i Kv Q RvZxq GwjUMY civwrz nq 39 wkš `yb gvm AwZevwnZ bv n ZB MfY i Rbv ij ` k msweavb bv _vkvi my hv M 1935 wlª v ãi fviz kvmb AvB bi Aax b jä ÿgzve j m ú~y AMYZvwš Kfv e G K drjyj n Ki cöv `wkk mikvi K eilv Í K ib 40 AvBqye Lvb 1962 mv ji msweav bi gva g ` ki me gq ÿgzvi AwaKvix nq G Z K i c~e -cvwk Ív bi Dci cvävwe `i A_ bwzk Ges ivr bwzk kvmb- kvly Kv qg nq Ggb cwiw wz Z e½eüz kl gywreyi ingv bi bz Z AvIqvgx jxm c~e cvwk Í bi c~y - ^vqz kvm bi `vwe Z HwZnvwmK Qq `dv Kg m~wp DÌvcb K ib mv ji 1 Rvbyqvwi AvMiZjv lohš gvgjv bvgk GKwU iv ª `ªvnx wg_ v gvgjv iæry K i G gvgjvq e½eüz kl gywreyi ingvbmn 42 K qkrb K AvUK Kiv nq cvwk Ív bi weiæ Av `vj bi WvK w` q kl gywreyi ingvb e jb- AvR Ki jovb evbk cwiev ii weiæ jovb 22 eq i Zviv ` ki mg Í m ú` KzwÿMZ K i Q mv ji 7 ww m ^i cvwk Ív bi RvZxq cwil `i mvaviy

25 16 wbe vpb AbywôZ nq 44 D³ wbe vp b AvIqvgx jxm 313 wu Avm bi g a 167 wu Ges cöv `wkk cwil `i 310 wu Avm bi g a 288 wu Avmb jvf K i GKK msl vmwiôzv AR b K i 45 Avi cwðg cvwk Ív bi RvZxq cwil `i 138 wu Avm bi g a RyjwdKvi Avjx fy &Ævi cvwk Ívb wccjm cvwu (wc.wc.wc) 83 wu Avmb c q msl vmwiôzv jvf K i 46 fy Æv ÿgzv n ÍvšÍ i K~UKŠk ji Avkªq bq Zv `i G loh š i weiæ G A ji me Í ii RbMY iv Ívq b g Av mb 15 gvp kl gywreyi ingvb bzzb Kg m~wp NvlYv K ib Ges evsjvi gnbwz RbZv I wewfbœ ivr bwzk ` ji bz e `i AvnŸv bi cwi cöwÿ Z wzwb evsjv ` ki kvmbfvi MÖnY K ib kl gywreyi ingvb ` ki kvmbfvi cwipvjbvi Rb 35 wu wb ` ki Rvwi K ib gvp iv Z Bqvwnqv Lvb XvKv Z vm K i mb fqvj Kv jv iv Z evsjvi wbi gvby li Dci cvwk Ívwb nvbv`viiv Suvwc q c o MYnZ v Pvjvq iv ZB e½eüz K MÖdZvi Kiv n j ïiæ nq ^vaxbzv hy 1972 mv ji 10 GwcÖj evsjv ` ki MYcwil `i cö_g mvaviy Awa ekb AbywôZ nq cöavbgš x e½eüz kl gywreyi ingvb MYcwil `i bzv wn m e NvlYv K ib h, MYcwil` b~ bzg mg qi g a evsjv ` ki Rb GKwU msweavb cöyqb Ki e GB Awa e k b MYcwil `i w úkvi wbe vwpz nb kvn Avt nvwg` 48 AZci W. Kvgvj nv mb K msweavb cöyqb KwgwUi mfvcwz NvlYv K i 34 m` m i GKwU KwgwU MVb Kiv nq 1972 mv ji 11 A ±vei gwš cwil` kvwmz mikvi mg msweav bi GKwU Lmov wej G KwgwU cö Z K i-hv H eq ii 12 A ±vei MYcwil `i wøzxq Awa ek b DÌvcb I ms kvabxi Rb cvk Kiv nq ez gvb msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv ` k msm`xq MYZvwš K kvmb e e v cöpwjz i q Q iv óªi wzbwu cöavb kvlv n jv msm`, cökvmb Ges wepvi e e v

26 msm`xq e e vq RbM Yi cöz ÿ fv U 5 eq ii Rb 300 Avm b m`m wbe vpb Kiv nq GQvovI 50 wu msiwÿz gwnjv Avmb i q Q cö Z K bvmwi Ki fvu cö`v bi b~ bzg eqm 18 eqi ivóªcwz G ` ki ivóªªcªavb RvZxq msm `i mkj m` m i fv U cöwz 5 eq ii Rb ivóªcwz wb qvm n q _v Kb mvsweavwbkfv eb Zvi ÿgzv mxwgz Kiv n q Q wzwb K qkwu wbw` ó ÿî e ZxZ cöavbgš xi civgk µ gb wm vší wb Z mvsweavwbkfv e eva iv óªi g~j ÿgzvi AwaKvix n jb cöavbgš x wzwb mikvi cöavb wn m e `vwqz cvjb K ib cöavbgš x K Aek B msm `i m`m n Z nq wzwb Ges Zuvi gwš mfvi mkj m`m ivóªcwzi wbku kc_ K i `vwqz jvf K ib evsjv ` ki cökvm bi wbe vnx ÿgzvi wewfbœ Kvh vejx cwipvjbvi Rb wewfbœ gš Yvjq i q Q wbe vnx ÿgzvi cöavb ev mikvi cöavb n jb cöavbgš x cöavbgš x KZ K wbhy³ gš x, cöwzgš x, Dcgš x Ges Dc `óvmy gš Yvj qi bz Z w` q _v Kb wewfbœ gš Yvj qi cöavb wbe vnxi `vwqz cvjb K ib GKRb mwpe cöwzwu Rjv Dc Rjvq mikvwi cökvmb e e v Ges vbxq mikvi e e v i q Q mywcög KvU evsjv ` ki m e v P Av`vjZ Gi `ywu Íi i q Q GKwU nj Avcxj wefvm AciwU nvb KvU wefvm ivóªcwz cöavb wepvicwz I Ab vb wepvik `i wb qvm w` q _v Kb 1975 mv ji 25 Rvbyqvwi evsjv ` ki msweav bi PZz_ ms kvabx Avbv nq D³ ms kvabxi d j gwš cwil` kvwmz mikv ii cwie Z ivóªcwz kvwmz mikv ii cöez b Kiv nq D³ eq ii 15 AvM evsjv ` ki ivr bwzk I mvsweavwbk BwZnv m me P q Kj¼RbK Aa v qi m~pbv nq mcwiev i e½eüz K nz vi ga w` q G nz vkv Ði ci L `Kvi gvkzvk Avn g` m ú~y AmvsweavwbK Dcv q wb R K ivóªcwz NvlYv K i 49 17

27 mv ji 3 b f ^i weª MwWqvi Lv j` gvkviid Av ikwu cvëv Afÿ Ìvb NUvb 5B b f ^i Lv j` gvkviid L `Kvi gvkzvk K wepvicwz mv q gi wbku ÿgzv n ÍvšÍi Ki Z eva K ib 1975 mv ji 7 b f ^i K Y j Zv ni Ges nvmvbyj nk BbyÕi bz Z Av ikwu Afÿ Ìvb N U G Afÿ Ìv b ew ` wrqvdi ingvb K 50 gy³ K i Zv K cybivq mbvevwnbxi cöavb wn m e wbhy³ Kiv nq 1977 mv ji 21 GwcÖj wepvicwz Avey mv`z gvt mv qg ivóªcwzi c` _ K c`z vm K i cöwm W Ui `vwqz gri Rbv ij wrqvdi ingv bi wbku n ÍvšÍi K ib 1977 mv ji 23 g cöwm W U wrqvdi ingvb msweavb ms kvab K i 30 g MY fv Ui e e v K ib D³ wbe vp b 99% fvu c q MYZvwš K Dcv q wrqvdi ingvb ÿgzv MÖnY K ib 1981 mv ji 30 g PÆMªv g msnwuz GK e _ mvgwik Afÿ Ìv b wzwb wbnz nb 51 wrqvdi ingv bi g Zÿ i ci Dc-ivóªcwZ wepvicwz Ave`ym mvëvi A vqx ivóªcwzi `vwqz fvi MÖnY K ib 1982 mv ji 24 gvp `k cwipvjbvq e _ n q wepvicwz Ave`ym mvëvi GK NvlYvi gva g mbvevwnbxi cöavb G GBP Gg Gikv `i wbku ` ki kvmbfvi Ac Y K i c`z vm K ib Gikv` ÿgzv MÖnY K ib RbM Yi Ici wbr ^ kvmb Kv qg Kiv ïiæ K i w`b w`b Zvi Ackvm bi weiæ cöwzev` I we ÿvf Ae vnz _v K 1983 mv j G ` ki QvÎ RbZv me cö_g Zvi weiæ Av `vjb M o Zzj Z mÿg nq 1983 mv j Av `vj bi cöÿvcu K mvg b i L gri iwdkzj Bmjvg e jbñ 1983Õi ga deªæqvwi Z cövq AvKw Kfv e QvÎ Av `vjb K K `ª K i wek we` vj q weÿzä cwiw wzi m wó nq Ges bc _ i ivr bwzk we ÿvf mvg b P j Av m wek we` vj q wj Pj jv, ivr bwzk bzv `i PvL e a AÁvZ v b wb q hviqv nj 18 deªæqvwi 1983 wlª v ã wm.gg.gj G RvwZi D Ï k cö`ë fvl Y ej jb, mikv ii

28 `vwqz MÖn Yi el c~wz i j Mœ fwel Z ivr bwzk cöwµqvi Ici RvZxq ch v q msjvc n e Avgiv Ggb GK e e v PvB hlv b mikvi cwiez b ßnZ v wksev ivr bwzk we ÿv fi cö qvrb n ebv 26 gvp NvlYv w` jb 1 GwcÖj _ K N iv qv ivrbxwz ivrbxwzi A½ b bovpov ïiæ nj cvkvcvwk mikvi mg_ K `i GKwÎZ Kivi Kv RiI m~pbv NUj mv ji 1 gvp mvgwik AvBb Rvwi K i Gikv `i kvmb bxwz I Kg m~wp Ges wmz msweav bi wfwë Z RvZxq wbe vpbmg~n AbywôZ bv niqv ch ší ivóªcwz c ` Zvi envj _vkv cö kœ Av v Av Q wkbv m wel q MY fv Ui Av qvrb Kiv nq G cönmbg~jk MY fv U 94.14% nuv fvu c q Gikv` ÿgzv cvkv cv³ K ib 1990 mv ji b f ^i gv mi cö_g w` K cybivq Av `vjb A bk kw³kvjx iƒc aviy K i 10 b f ^i n Z 18 b f ^i ch ší ` ki me Í ii RbMY wewfbœ Kg m~wp Z ivrc_ `Lj K i bq 27 b f ^ i QvÎ` ji ewn Z QvÎ bxiæ-awf evwnbxi weiæ me `jxq QvÎ H K i Awfhvb Ae vnz _v K `v qj PZ i _ K evsjv GKv Wwg ch ší RvqMv A avixiv `Lj K i iv L GB mgq GjvKv w` q evsjv `k gww Kj G mvwm qk bi K qkrb bzv gww Kj K j Ri w` K AvmwQ jb AvK vr Zv `i w` K wj Qz o mš vmxiv we.gg.gõi hym m úv`k Wv. kvgmyj Avjg Lvb wgjb GB Mywj ZB g Zÿ i Kv j X j c ob Wv. wgj bi g Zz i Le i cy iv XvKv kn ii Awj Z Mwj Z wgwqj mgv ek N V hv MY-Av `vj b iƒc bq G w` bi Av `vj bi Ici gri iwdkzj Bmjvg e jbñ AvBb gš Yvj qi GK hym mwp ei Ici `vwqz wqj Gme ˆZix Kivi Gme Av `k Gikv `i ^vÿi Kvivi cib NvlYv Kivi K_v cyiv bv msm` fe b wgwb Kwe bu Ges Gikv` G jv cviqvi Rb A cÿv KiwQ jb wkš cömk v ei mvg b QvÎ-RbZvi

29 20 we ÿv fi d j H me KvMR cî ivóªcwzi mwpevj q cšqv bv hvw Qjbv G w` K we Kj PviUvi w` K iwwi Uwjwfkb K Gikv `i fvly aviy Kivi Rb WvKv nq Gikv `i fvly `v bi K_v Gici Avi Mvcb _v Kwb ciw`b nizvj n Z cv i, mikvi wk Ki Z hv Q GB ikg AwbwðZ Ae vi g a me Í ii RbmvaviY Zv `i gz cökvk K i `b wewfbœ wgwq ji gva g Pviw` K ïay wgwqj Avi wgwqj G w` K wgwb Kwe bu wm vší bq cö_ g mvü AvBb Rvwi K i cwiw wz Zv `i wbqš Y G b Riæwi AvBb Rvwi Kiv n e 54 1 ww m ^i cy iv ivravbx we ÿvf wgwq j Rbmgỳ ª n q I V Ges 8 `jxq, 7 `jxq I 5 `jxq RvU 12wU wb ` kbv msewjz hš_ Kg m~wp NvlYv K i G Kg m~wpi cwi cöwÿ Z MYwe ÿv fi we Ívi I ZxeªZv Av iv e w cvq 2 ww m ^i 1990 wlª v ã ivravbx Z QvÎ `i åvg gvy Av`vjZ e m GLv b wepvi k l Rbv ij Gikv` K duvwm `qv nq Gikv `i KzkcyËwjKv Mv Q Szwj q duvwm Kvh Ki Kiv nq 55 3 ww m ^i Gikv` GKB Zvwi L ivóªcwz I msm` wbe vpb Abyôv bi ZvwiL NvlYv w` q wuwf Ges ezv i fvly `vb K ib wkš Kv bv wkqzb Gikv` K kl iÿv Ki Z cv iwb Ae k l RbZvi `vwe g b wb q 1990 mv ji 4 ww m ^i Gikv `i c`z v Mi ga w` q mvgwik kvm bi Aemvb N U

30 21 2. Biv bi mswÿß cwipq wek gvbwp Î Bivb GKwU cövpxb mf Zvi `k 1979 mv ji 11 deªæqvwi Biv bi cvnjwf es ki wøzxq mgªvu gvnv ` irv kvn cvnjwfi weiæ Rbmvavi Yi MY-Av `vj bi d j msnwvz nq Bmjvwg wecøe RbM Yi G wer qi gva g Biv b ÔBmjvwg cörvz š iõ Af~ `q N U cövq AvovB nvrvi eq ii ivrz š i mgvwa NwU q Bgvg Lv gbbx (in.) Biv bi ey K Bmjvwg cörvzš cöwzôv K ib GiB gva g wesk kzvãx Z Bmjv gi cybiæ¾xeb ïiæ nq Bivb k ãi A_ Avh Avh iv BD ivc _ K GB GjvKvq G m emevm ïiæ K i ZvB GB GjvKvi bvg Bivb ivlv nq 56 Biv bi cövpxb bvg n jv dvim ev cvim G kãwui DrcwË n jv Ri_yw ª `q ag MÖš ÔAv e ÍvÕ n Z nvkv½ Beb wkdgvim Zvi iv ó«i bvg iv Lb Bivb, Avi Z`xq cyî cv im hlb wmsnvm b Av ivnb K ib ZLb G K gyjk-b-cv im ejv n Z _v K 57 ciezx Z ÔBivbÕ bvgkiy n ji G kãwui Av e Ív n Z bqv n q Q Biv bi bvgki Yi Ici Av jvpbv Ki Z wm q E.G Browne e jbñ ÔIran, Eran, Airan, the airiyana of the Avesta, is the land of the Aryans (Ariya, Airiya of the Avesta, Sanskrit Arya), and had therefore a wider signification than the term of Persia, which is equivalent to Iran in the modern sense, has now. 58 Gg G KvDmvi Biv bi bvgki Yi BwZnvm D jøl K i e jbñ 1935 mv ji c~e ch ší we k i gvbwp Î Bivb cvim bv g cwiwpz wqj 1935 mv j Biv bi kvmk irv kvn cvnjwf ` ki bvg cwiez b K i bvg iv Lb Bivb 1979 mv ji Bmjvwg wecø ei ci `kwui mikvwi bvg nq Bmjvwg cörvzš Bivb 59

31 22 mvmvwb hy M Ri_y ª wq jv Biv bi ivóªxq ag G mgq Ab Kv bv a g i PP v m ú~y iƒ c wbwl wqj cö_g kvcyi-gi kvmbvg j (kv wlª.) Bûw` I wl«vbag mn Ab vb ag vej ^x msl vjny wn m e ag xq ^vaxbzv jvf K i Biv bi c~e vâj A_ vr fviz _ K AvMZ eš ag Biv b ch vqµ g cömvi jvf K i Ri_y ª, wlª ª I eš a g i m ve wîgylx msn l i nvz _ K Bivb K i v Ki Z ÎvYKZ v iƒ c Bmjv gi AvMgb N U Biv b Bmjv gi AvMg Yi c i µgvš^ q Zv `ywu wek v m wef³ n q c o GKwU Avn j mybœvz Iqvj RvgvqvZ gzv`k Ges AciwU wkqv gzv`k bv g cöwm mvdvfx hy Mi cöwzôv jmœ _ K Biv b wkqv gzv`k ivóªxq gzv` k cwiyz nq ১৯৭১ স ল ciez x বসব স করত, wkqv kãwui AvwfavwbK A_ `j, Abymvix, mg_ K I mvnvh Kvix wkqv ejv nq H e w³ K whwb nhiz Avjx (iv.) I Avn j evbz -Gi mg_ K, BgvgZ AvKx`vq wek vmx Ges nhiz Avey eki wmïxk (iv.) I nhiz Igi (iv.)-gi P q nhiz Avjx (iv.)-gi AwaK gz ev _vkvi cöe³v ez gv b mvaviyz wkqv ej Z Bmbv Avmvwiqv ev Bgvwgqv wkqv `i K eysv bv n q _v K Bmbv Avmvwiqv ev Bgvwgqv wkqviv wb R `i K ˆeaZvev`x `j g b K i Ab iv Pigcš x ev wew Qbœ `j 60 Bqvwnqv Avigvhvwb e jb- h Av `vjb kl ch ší Bmjvg K vqx fv e 2wU ` j wef³ Kwiqv d j Zvnv nb jv kxqv gzev` kxqv m cö`vq cök Zc wq jv GKwU ivr bwzk `j Bnv Bmjv gi inm ev`, hvrkzš, cövqwðë Zš, ey ev` BZ vw`i Avg`vwb K i, h wji AwaKvsk mybœxiv er b Kwiqv Q mybœxmy Kvivb K `yj N g b K i, A_P kxqvmy `yj N g b K i gvbyl K 61 AwaKvsk kxqv wek vm K i h, Bgvg 12 Rb wq jb Ges BnvI wek vm K i h Øv`k Bgvg, gvn`x (gvkxqvn) j~ vwqz i q Qb Ges kl ch ší wzwb cybivq AvMgb

32 23 K i mg Í c w_ex K kxqv Bmjv gi AvIZvfy³ Ki eb wb gœ evi Rb Bgv gi bvg `Iqv n jv- 1 Avjx (g t 661) 2 nvmvb (g t 669) 3 nvmvbb (g t 680) 4 Avjx Rqbvj Av e`xb (g t 712) Rv q` 5 gyn ` Avj-ev Ki (g t 431) 6 Rvdi Avm mv `K (g t 731) BmgvBj (g t 760) 7 g~mv Avj Kv Rg (g t 799) 8 Avjx Avi wirv (g t 818) 9 gyn ` Avj RvIqv` (g t 835) 10 Avjx Avj nv`x (g t 868) 11 nvmvb Avj AvmKvix (g t 874) 12 gyn ` Avj-gybZvRvi (gvn`x (g t 878) 62 Biv bi AvqZb cövq 16,48,195 em wk jvwguvi GwU cwðg Gwkqv I DËi Avwd«Kvi wbk U Aew Z `wÿy cwðg Gwkqvi Ab Zg GKwU `k ga cöv P i GKwU `k wn m e Kvw úqvb mvm ii `wÿ Y I cvim DcmvM ii DË i Bivb Aew Z ga cöv P 17 wu `k Aew Z G `k jv nj evnivbb, mvbcövm. wgmi, Bivb, BivK, wdwjw Íb, R` vb, Kz qz, jevbb, wjweqv, Igvb, KvZvi, mšw` Avie, wmwiqv, Zyi, mshy³ Avie AvwgivZ Ges Bqv gb 63 ez gvb Bivb 25 wu cö `k wb q MwVZ cövpxb Biv bi f~lû `Rjv (Tigris) _ K wmüy DcZ Kv Ges Kvw úqvb mvmi I K Kkvm _ K Avie gnvmvmi ch ší we Í Z n ji cvim GB we Í Z f~l Ði GKwU Ask (cö `k) gvî G As ki cöfve mgmö Bivb KB cöfvwez K i Q 64 Biv bi mv _ cvwk Ív bi 830 wk jvwguvi, AvdMvwb Ív bi mv _ 850 wk jwguvi, Zzi i mv _

33 wk jvwguvi, Biv Ki mv _ 1280 wk jvwguvi Ges wmwiqvi mv _ 1740 wk jvwguvi mxgvší AÂj i q Q 65 GQvov DË i Kvw úqvb mvmi, Igvb mvmi I cvim DcmvMi Ges Ab vb mxgvší wg j me gvu 7480 wk jvwguvi mxgvší i q Q Biv bi me P q DPz ce Z k ½i cwip q ejv n q Q- Physically, Iran consists of a complex of mountain chains enclosing a series of interior basis that lie at attitudes of 1000 to 4000 ft above sea level. These mountin ranges rise steply from sea-level on the north and the south. 66 Zniv bi `vgfv `-Gi D PZv 18,603 dzu DËi Biv b AvjeyR ce Zgvjv Ges cövq 800 gvbj `xn giæfywg i q Q Igvb mvmi I cvim DcmvM ii ms hvm j i q Q HwZnvwmK nigyr cöyvwj Biv bi fš MvwjK Ae vb I 25 3 DËi Aÿvsk Ges I 24 5 c~e `ªvwNgvi g a Aew Z 67 fš MvwjK Ae v bi Kvi Y Biv bi AvenvIqvq wgkªzv jÿ Kiv hvq `wÿ Y cvim DcmvMi DË i cvnvoivwr Ges giæfywgi cöfv e DòZv, kxz I e wó cöey GjvKv jÿ Kiv hvq GQvovI kxzkv j Biv bi wewfbœ v b we kl K i DËiv j ZzlvicvZ N U 2011 mv j Bmjvwg cörvzš Biv bi RbmsL v Rwic Abyhvqx Biv bi gvu jvk msl v cövq 7 KvwU 51 jÿ 49 nvrvi 669 Rb 68 ez gvb Biv b 7 KvwU 46 jÿ 82 nvrvi 842 Rb gymwjg, 1 jÿ 17 nvrvi 704 Rb wlª vb, 8 nvrvi 756 Rb Bûw`, 25 nvrvi 271 Rb Ri_yw ªqvb Ges 49 nvrvi 101 Rb Ab vb agv ej ^x evm K i GQvov 2 jÿ 65 nvrvi 995 Rb jv Ki Kv bv ag cwipq cviqv hvqwb 69

34 25 Bivb gyjz Zj I M vm wbf i A_ bxwzi Ici cöwzwôz Biv bi ivr bwzk cuf~wg cwiez bi Ab Zg Dcv`vb nj Zj Biv bi Zj m ú `i GKwU Av jvpbvq Roger Howard e jbñ Iran s strategic location could also allow the huge oil reservers of its landlocked northern caspian neighbours to be transported either further south, towards the southern ports at Irans Kharg Island terminal in the Persian gulf, or westword into Iraq s existing infrastructure. 70 GQvovI ez gv b we k i wøzxq M v mi grỳ i q Q Biv b `kwui M vm gry `i e vcv i Roger Howard e jbñ Besides oil, Iran is also believed to own the second largest reserve of natural gas in the world, a reserve thought to amount to around 20,000 billion cubic meters, much of it concentreted in the massive offshore south Pars field in the Persian Gulf. 71 Bmjvwg wecø ei ci cwðgv wek I Av gwikvi k~b ` wói Kvi Y Bivb Zj wbf i A_ bxwz _ K wcqy n U K wl I wkívq bi cöwz ekx g bv hvmx niqvi Póv Ki Q Z`ycwi ivwkqv, fviz I Px bi mv _ e vck wfwëk Zj I M vm evwyr Ae vnz i L Q Biv bi cövpxb ivr bwzk BwZnvm A bk mg kvjx cöv MwZnvwmK Kvj _ KB Biv b gvbe mf Zvi wekvk jÿ Kiv hvq nvmvb Avj PŠayix e jbwlª c~e 2000 A ã Biv b Avh `i AvMgY N U Avh `i `jwu `ywu ` j wef³ n q c o GKwU `j Biv b ÒwgwWqvÓ (Media) AÂ j emwz vcb K i GjvKvi mv _ m ^Ü K i Zv `i Ôgv`Õ ejv nq Aci `jwu Bivb AwZµg K i `w Y Biv bi ÔcvimÕ GjvKvq emwz vcb K i GB GjvKvi mv _ m ^Ü K i Zv `i K ÔAvn j cvimõev ÔcviwmÕ ejv nq evsjvq GB ÔcvimÕ K Ôcvim Õ ejv nq 72

35 G `i `ywu kvlv _ K GKwU kvlv cvi m i `wÿy cwðgvâ j wekwkz nq cviwmk bv g ৭০০ (হ খ ম নwশ) x 26 G RvwZ Mvôx wlª c~e mg q cviwmk AÂ j e vck we Í wz jvf K i ciezx Kv j mvbivm-2 bvgk mgªvu 559 wlª -c~e v ã cviwmk `i kvmb K i mvbivm-2 Gi kvmbkv j wzwb 539 wlª -c~e v ã e wejb Ges g mvc Uwgqvmn Avh `i `ywu kvlvq Zvi mvgªvr cöwzôv K i wzwb wq jb nvlvgvbwk ev`kv KbeywRqvi cyî Ges P qk cx ki cšî Zvi c«vwczvgn nvlvgvbk-gi bvgvbymv i GB ivres ki bvgvkiy Kiv nq nvlvgvbwk wlª -c~e v ã Gi KvQvKvwQ Kv bv GK mg q wzwb g Z yeiy K ib Zvi g Zz i ci Zvi cyî Kw ^ mm 2q ÿgzvq Av ivnb K i `vwidm ( wlª.c~.) Gi kvmb Kv j mvbivm Ges Kw ^ mm Gi wewrz AÂjmg~n GKwÎZ K i mvgªvr cöwzôv K i 500 wlª -c~e v ã `vwidm cvim kvmbkv j wzwb cvi m i hvzvqvz I hvmv hvm e e v DbœZ K ib Zvi eskai `vwidm 3qÕi kvmbkvj MÖxK mgªvu Av jkrvûv ii cvim Rq ch ší Ae vnz _v K Av jrvûvi ` v MÖU 334 c~e v ã Awfhvb Pvwj q 331 wlª -c~e v ã cvim Rq K ib wlª -c~e 150 Aã ch ší wmökiv cvim mvgªvr kvmb K i 247 wlª -c~e v ã cvw_ qvb bvgk GKwU ivres ki DÌvb N U AvikvK cvizy ev cviw_qvb `i GB Av `vj b bz Z `b, Zv K ms c AvkKI ejv nz cvw_ qvbivb MÖx Ki mv _ hy K i 150 wlª -c~e v ã cy iv cvim mvgªvr Rq K i hv AvkKvbx hym (243 wlª c~e vã-226 wlª.) bv g L vwz jvf K i cvw_ qvb `i পর জত K i 226 wlª v ã mvmvwb ivresk cvim AwaKvi K i Ges 650 wlª vã ch ší kvmb

36 K i 208 wlª v ã mvmvwb mgªvu Di `kxi cvi mcjxm (wkivr) bvgk v b ivravbx cöwzôv K ib 650 wlª v ã Avie `i wer qi ci _ K cvim gymwjg mvgªv R i AšÍf~ ³ nq 638 wlª v ã mv` web Avwe Iqv vm mvmvwb ivres ki ivravbx gvõ`vbb ( Uwm dvb ) `Lj Kivi ci _ K cvi m gymwjg cöfve, ms wz I mf Zvi wekvk N U DgvBqv I AveŸvmxq wljvd Zi mgqkv j cvim gymwjg mvgªv R i GKwU Awe Q` Ask wqj 1037 wlª v ã ZzwK `i cvim Rq ch ší ek wkqz ivresk Bivb kvmb K i ZzwK iv wlª v ã cvim kvmb Kivi ci 1219 wlª vã n Z gv½jiv cvim kvmb K i Pw½m Lv bi 74 bz Z gv½j `i GB DÌvb c w_exi BwZnv m we kl K i gymwjg BwZnv m GK ü`qwe`vik D jøl hvm NUbv 75 G mgq Pw½m Lv bi ivr LvIqvwiRg kv ni iv R i mxgvbv ch ší we Í Z wq jv Df qi gv S eüyz m úk ˆZix nq 76 gv½j mgªvu nvjvkz Lv bi evm`v` aÿsm I cvi m AvwacZ we Ív ii d j BjLvwb es ki myjzvbmy wlª vã ch ší cvi m ivrz K ib BjLvwb esk cz bi ci PvKZvB es ki b cwz ˆZgyi js Gi bz Z cy iv cvim mvgªvr cwipvwjz n Z _v K G eskwu 1507 wlª vã ch ší cvim kvmb K i PvKZvB es ki kvmb ciezx mg q cvi m mgªvu kvn BmgvB ji bz Z mvdvwf esk cöwzôv jvf K i 1722 wlª vã ch ší mvdvwf ivresk cvim kvmb K i mvdvwf ivres ki D³ 200 eq ii kvmb Kv j cövq 14Rb mgªvu ÿgzvmxb nb mvdvwf es ki cz bi ci wkqzw`b hvez cvim mvgªvr AvdMvbiv kvmb K i 1736 _ K 1747 wlª vã ch ší bvw`i kvn ivrz K ib wlª vã ciez x mg q Avdmvwi I Rv ` esk cvim mvgªv R ivrz K i 1781 wlª v ã KvRvi es ki kvmb ïiæ n ji 1794 wlª v ã AvMv gvnv ` Lvb ÿgzv MÖn Yi ci GwU kw³kvjx ivresk wn m e cöwzwôz nq AvMv gvnv ` Lvb 27

37 28 Gi kvmbvg j Bivb A_ bwzkfv e k³ fx Zi Ici Ae vb K i AvMv Lvb Gi g Zy i ci Zvi fvwzrv d Zn Avjx ÿgzv Av ivny K ib gyjz KvRvi es ki kvmbkvj n ZB Bivb BD iv ci mv _ e vck wfwëk K~U bwzk m úk vcb K i hvi d j ivwkqv KZ K Biv bi `Lwjq f~wg cyb iv vi Kivi Rb wewfbœ ZrciZv cwijwÿz nq G e vcv i W. ˆmq` gvngỳ yj nvmvb e jbñ d Zn Avjxi ivrz Kv j Biv b divwm I weªwuk kw³i cöfve cöwzôvi Rb Zxeª cöwz hvwmzv nq GKw` K b cvwjqb `~Z cöiy Ges Biv bi mv _ mwü vcb K i ivwkqvi `Lj _ K Biv bi K Kkvm AÂj D v ii cö Íve `b, Ab w` K weª U bi weiæ d«vý Biv bi mv _ ml vcb K i cövp I fviz Dcgnv `k _ K weªwuk cöfve I AvwacZ n«v mi cöqvm cvq Biv bi µgea gvb divwm cöfv e kw¼z n q fvi Zi weªwuk MfY i Rbv ij K vc Ub g vjkg K Biv bi kv ni `iev i cvvvb d Zn Avjx kv ni m ½ g jkg GKwU Pzw³ m úv` b mg_ nb 78 Gfv eb ivwkqv, weªwuk I d«vý wîgywl m úk I we ivac~y kw³i mv _ KvRvi mgªvumy cvim K myiwÿz i L ivr cwipvjbv K ib cövq 130 eqi kvm bi kl cöv ší kvmbzvwš K `ye jzv, A_ bwzk ˆ`b Zv, ÿgzvi Ace envi Ges we `wk `i Zvlv gv` bxwzi Kvi Y KvRvi es ki me kl mgªvu Avng` kvn cöwzwôz KkvK weª M Wi GK mbvcwz we `ªvn K ib Ô Znivb gvp Õ bvgk D³ we `ªv n mbvcwz irv Lv bi bz Z Kvhfxb n Z Znivb Awfhvb K i D³ we `ªv ni d jb 1921 wlª v ãi 20 deªæqvwi irv Lvb ÿgzvi K `ª Ae vb K i cö_ g hy gš x I cöavb mbvcwzi `vwqz MÖnY K ib Zvi ÿgzv MÖn Yi Dci Av jvpbv K i Z wm q G we Gg nv mb e jbñ 1921 wlª v ãi 21 deªæqvwi ihv Lvb Zvi weª M Wi 3000 ˆmb wb q Znivb `Lj K i, Ges wkqz msl K ivrbxwzwe` K MÖdZvi K i mvc` whqv ZvevZvevB bvgk GKRb wmwfwjqvb ms viev`x K cöavbgš x c ` Avmxb Kivi cö Íve `q ivrv Avn g` kvn m wz

38 29 Rvbvq, Ges cöavbgš x wb qv Mi mv _ ihv Lvb KI mbv cöavb wbhy³ K i mbv cöavb wbhy³ n q ihv Lvb mbvevwnbxi ewa Zvqb Ges AvaywbKxKi Yi D ` vm bq, Ges Aí mg qi g a B wewfbœ MvÎxq m cö`vq K e k Avbqb K i iv R w wzkxjzv Avbq b mÿg nq wlª v ãi 25 GwcÖj kvn Dcvwa wb q ihv kvn cvnjwf bvg aviy K i cvnjwf esk K ivresk NvlYvc~e K G es ki cö_g kvn wn m e wmsnvm b Av ivny K ib ihv Lvb cvnjwf kvmb e e v ms v ii cvkvcvwk A_ bwzk Dbœq bi cöwz g bvwb ek K ib kvmb e e vq cwiez b I K VvibxwZi Kvi Y wzwb mdj kvn wn m e e vck RbwcÖqZv AR b K ib wøzxq gnvhy weª Ub I ivwkqv Bivwb f~l Ði wkq`sk `Lj Ki j ihv Lvb D³ `y ` ki Pv c 1741 wlª v ã Zvi cyî gvnv ` irvi c ÿ wmsnvmb Z vm K i `wÿy Avwd«Kvq wbe vwmz nb mlv b 1944 wlª v ã wzwb g Zÿ eiy K ib wlª v ã gvî 22 eqi eq m gvnv ` irv kvn ÿgzv ivny K ib 81 2q wek hy PjvKvjxb mg q Zvi ÿgzv MÖn Yi ci ` ki Aw wzkxjzv, ivwkqvweª U bi Bivb `Lj, wech Í mbvevwnbx I Zvi wczvi weiæ vpiykvix Av jg mgvr m ev cwi Zvi `k Pvjbvi AbwfÁZv Zv K Amnvq K i Zv j 1949 wlª v ã W. gvmv ÏK ivrzš we ivax Av `vj b Bivwb RbMY K m PZb K i Zv jb Zvi wbqwš Z b kbvj d«u Bivwb grwj m 1951 wlª v ã ÔA vs jv-bivwbõ weªwuk Zj Kv úvwbi we ivwazvc~e K Pyw³ evwzj K i grwj mi D³ Awa ek bb Zj m ú` K RvZxqKiY K i Ges W. gvmv ÏK K cöavbgš x wb qvm K i W. gvmv ÏK wb R K RvZxqZvev`x kw³ wn m e cöwzwôz K ib wkš weªwuk `i mv _ Zj m ú` wb q

39 30 Ø Üi Kvi Y gvmv ÏK ewkw`b ÿgzvq _vk Z cv ib wb Zvi cz bi KviY D jøl Ki Z wm q Gm Gg Bgvg DwÏb e jbñ Dissagreement with the British Government reached such an extent that Musaddiq closed down all the British consulate in Persia. At home, Musaddiq picked up quarrel with the senate, the Majlis and the Shah. In August 1953 he tried to maintain himself in power politically by curbing the Shah s authority and dissolving the national Assembly. He brought about the dissolution of the senate by getting the period of office of the senetors reduced from six years to two. Her dissolved the Majlis by holding a plebiscite though not privided for in the constitution. Politically the country was in turmoil and economically it was crippled wlª v ã GK mbv we `ªv ni gva g gvmv ÏK K AcmviY K i ew ` Kiv nq gvnv ` irv kvn ivg _ K wd i Rbv ij dhjyjøvn Rv n`x K cöavbgš x c ` wb qvm w` q `k cwipvjbv ïiæ K ib 1960 wlª v ãi ci kvn AvaywbK Bivb MV bi Rb GKwU e vckwfwëk cökí MÖnY K ib Zvi cwikwíz Dbœqb Kv Ri AMÖMwZ Z Bivb e vck DbœwZ jvf K i GKRb mdj kvmk wn m e we k Zvi bvg Qwo q c o Av gwikvb BZwnvmwe` Donald N. Wilber, Iran Past Present MÖ š e jbñ In 1976 Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was very much in command of his nation. Rulling, rather than reigning, the Shah continued to initiate proposals in social and economic fields, and to insist that Iran was talking Ômore decisive steps each day toward welfare, progress, glory, and greatness that the country was moving toward a great golden civilization, a Ôgreat and new society... which would not be a permissive society or a lazy one. And he stated that by 1983 per capita income would approach that of the most advanced European countries. 83

40 wlª v ã kvn ivrkxq Abyôv bi gva g Biv bi ivrz š i AvovB nvrvi eqi D`hvcb K ib Biv bi ivrz š 2500 eq ii BwZnvm AvjvPbv Ki Z wm q kvn wb RB e jbñ Already I have mentioned that our monarchy has reached some 2500 years of age. I do not intend this to be an exact figure, because it depends upon how you do your Arithmatic. Cyrus the Great became king about 2506 years ago, but it took him a few years to unify the country and to consolidated our first empire. 84 wb Ri wmsnvmb iÿv Ges Biv bi RbM Yi Dbœq bi Rb irv kvn cvnjwe wkÿv, hvmv hvm e e v I mvgwik Lv Z mdjzv jvf Ki ji wmavbg, Av gwikv Ges BmivB ji cöwz kv ni ` wófw½ mvaviy RbMY mn Ki Z cv iwb AwaKš Av jg mgv Ri Ici wbcxob, A_ bwzk ˆ`b Zv Ges kvfvk evwnbxi AZ vpvi kv ni Rbmg_ b k~ b i KvVvq bvwg q `q RbMY I Av jg mgv Ri kvn we ivax Av `vj bi gva g ïiæ nq Bmjvwg wecøe 1979 wlª v ãi 16 Rvbyqvwi kv ni `k Z v Mi gva g cvnjwf ivresk Z_v ivrzvwš K kvmb e e vi Aemvb N U Bgvg Lv gbbx (in.) 85 - Gi mdj bz Z 1979 wlª v ãi 11 deªæqvwi Bmjvwg wecøe msnwuz nq G wecø ei gva gb Bivb ÔBmjvwg cörvzš BivbÕ bv g Zvi AMÖhvÎv Ae vnz ivl Q 11 deªæqvwi 1979 wlª v ã Bmjvwg wecøe wer qi ci ivóªªwu K myôzfv e cwipvjbvi Rb cö qvrb wqj GKwU Av`k msweavb G jÿ K mvg b i LB ` ki m vwbz Av jg Ges wewkó wpšívwe` `i ga n Z evqvb Kiv 72 Rb m`m ms ^^wjz Ôwe klá cwil`õ GKwU msweav bi Lmov cöyqb K ib bzzb msweav bi cöwz RbgZ hvpvb qi Rb H eq ii ww m ^i gv m MY fvu AbywôZ nq 99.5% fvuvi fvu`v bi gva g GB msweav bi cöwz ^Ztù~Z mg_ b Rvbvq bzzb msweav bi

41 32 wfwë Z Bmjvwg cörvzš Biv bi Kvh µg ïiæ nq Biv bi wecøe ciezx mg q ` ki Dbœqb, AMÖMwZ I w wzkxjzv iÿvi Rb ivóªxq KvVv gv Z e vck cwiez b Kiv nq G cwiez bi d j cöwm WwÝqvj c wz, kvmb wefvm, AvBb wefvm I wepvi wefv Mi c _KxKi Yi bxwz AbymiYc~e K Bmjvwg cörvzš wbr ^ Bmjvwg KvVv gvi g a cwipvwjz nq wb gœ Biv bi mvsweavwbk KvVv gv Z h mkj e w³ I msmvb KvR K i Zvi GKwU cwiwpwz Dc vcb Kiv njñ 1. msweavb : 2. ivnevi : Ôwe klá cwil`õ KZ K wbe vwpz n q _v Kb 3. we klá cwil`: GwU 72 Rb kªô AvBbwe` Ges Bmjvwg AvBbkv mycwðz e w³ mgš^ q MwVZ GKwU cwil` 4. AwffveK cwil`: msweavb I Bmjvwg AwW b Ýmg~n msiÿy Ges grwjm KZ K cvmk Z AvBb Bmjv gi mv _ mvgäm c~y wk-bv Zv cixÿvi D Ï k MwVZ nq ÔAwffveK cwil`õ 5. grwj m ïiv: grwj m ïiv (cvj v g U) mviv `k _ K cöz ÿ Mvcb fv U wbe vwpz RbcÖwZwbwa `i wb q MwVZ nq 6. mikv ii bxwzwba viwb cwil`: ÔAwffveK cwil`õ grwj mi Kv bv wej cici `ybevi evwzj ev ms kvab hvm NvlYv Kiv m Ë I grwjm hw` Z Zxqev ii gz GKB wej MÖnY K i Z e G wel q wm vší w` q _v K Ges G wm všíb MÖnY Kiv n q _v K 7. cöwm W U: cöwm W U RbM Yi cöz ÿ fv U wbe vwpz nb (Aek B ivnevi KZ K Aby gv`b mv c ÿ) 8. cöavb wepvicwz: ivnevi mivmwi wb qvm w` q _v Kb cöavb wepvicwz wepvi wefv Mi cöavb wn m e `vwqz cvjb K ib Biv bi wepvi wefv Mi `vwqz n jv: