Grade 9 Academic Science Review

Transcription

1 Grade 9 Academic Science Review Chapters 4-6: Matter (Chemistry) 1. Review the meanings of the WHMIS safety symbols. 2. a) Define physical property, list and explain examples of physical properties. b) Define chemical property and list and explain examples of chemical properties. 3. a) Define physical change and chemical change, and give examples of each. b) Explain the clues that indicate a chemical change has occurred. 4. a) How is a pure substance different from a mixture? Give examples of each. b) Define and describe each of the following: element, compound, atom, molecule, chemical bonds, heterogeneous (mechanical) mixture, homogeneous mixture (solution), suspension. c) How can you tell if a substance is an element or a compound? 5. Describe how you would test for the presence of each of these gases: hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. 6. Fill in the table: Chemical Formula Elements Present Total number of Atoms Al(BrO 2 ) 3 2 (NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2 O 7 7. a) Describe the model of the atom by listing the three parts of the atom, indicating where each is located in the atom, the relative size and the charge on each. b) Fill in the following table: Element Atomic # Mass # # of protons # of electrons # of neutrons Carbon c) Write the information for the elements in standard atomic notation. d) Draw Bohr-Rutherford diagrams for each of the elements in the above table. Explain how you calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons for an atom. e) Are the elements above found in the same column? Same period? How can you tell? e) Review the chemical families (e.g. alkali metals, halogens, noble gases). Explain how their location on the periodic table is related to their atomic structure and their reactivity. 8. List the postulates of the Particle Theory of Matter and be able to use the postulates to explain various different situations. (i.e why a puddle of water evaporates) 9. Review the hazardous chemicals (elements and compounds) discussed in this unit. Describe how and why they are used in Canada. What affects does the use of these chemicals have on society and the environment? (i.e. CFC s, benzene, mercury, POP) 10. Review the names and formulas of common compounds (e.g. water, table salt, hydrogen peroxide carbon dioxide).

2 Chapters Electricity (Physics) 1. Review the atom and its parts which parts can move and why? 2. Explain the difference between neutral, positively charged, and negatively charged particles. 3. State the Law of Electric Charges. 4. a) Explain how charging by friction works. b) Why is the triboelectric series important in trying to understand static electricity? Be sure you know how to use the triboelectric series. It will be provided for you on the exam. 5. Draw diagrams or explain what happens to a neutral object when: a) a positive object is used to charge it by contact b) a negative object is used to charge it by contact c) a positive object is used to charge it by induction d) a negative object is used to charge it by induction 6. How is an insulator different from a conductor? Give examples of each. 7. What is a metal-leaf electroscope? Use a series of diagrams to show how it works to indicate charge. 8. What is lightning, and what causes it to occur? 9. Explain how static charges can build up on objects that are used in your every day life. Why would you obtain a shock when these objects are touched? 10. Compare static and current electricity. 11. a) Explain the difference between a wet cell and a dry cell. How does each one work? b) What are the parts of a wet cell? What do they do? b) Be able to describe the direction of flow of electrons through a circuit, and through the cell in that circuit. 12. List the 4 parts of the circuit, the functions of each and be able to give examples of each part. 13. a) How and why are cells connected in series and parallel? b) Draw a circuit diagram of a resistor, connected to 3 5-V cells in series. Calculate the total voltage on electrons in that circuit. c) Draw a circuit diagram of a light bulb connected to 2 9-V cells in parallel. Calculate the total voltage on electrons in that circuit. 14. Define, state the symbol and unit (include the symbol for the unit) for each of the following: electric potential, electric current, electrical resistance. 15. What is a short circuit, and what causes it to occur? 16. What are ammeters and voltmeters used to measure? How are they connected in a circuit?

3 17. a) What is the equation for Ohm s Law? b) Calculate the voltage of 1 cell if 10 cells are hooked up in parallel in a circuit, if the total resistance is 10 and the total current is 5 A. c) Calculate the current flowing through a circuit made up of 3 6-V cells in series with a motor that has a resistance of 4.5. d) Calculate the resistance in a circuit if the total voltage is 120 V and the current is 30 A. 18. If a circuit is constructed of a 9-V battery, and a light bulb with 3 of resistance, how would the current running through the circuit be affected if: a) 2 more light bulbs with 3 of resistance each are added in series? Show calculations. b) 2 more light bulbs with 3 of resistance each are added in parallel? Show calculations. 19. a) Review the different methods of electricity generation used in Ontario. b) Which of these methods are renewable? Which are non-renewable? Chapters 1-3: Ecology 1. Define the following terms and give examples where applicable: ecosystem, ecology, biome, habitat, sustainability, biodiversity, genetic diversity, ecological footprint, community, species, population, biological oxygen demand (BOD), carrying capacity, bioaccumulation, biomagnification 2. What is a biosphere? What are the different regions of the biosphere? Describe each. 3. Define biotic and abiotic factor. Be able to give examples of these different types of factors in an ecosystem. 4. Review the food web provided below. a) Create food chains with 4 organisms and 5 organisms. b) Identify the trophic levels and niches of each organism in the food chains you made in part a). (producer, type of consumer) c) If a producer in one of the food chains you created above has J of energy, how much energy does the herbivore receive, and what happens to the energy that is consumed by the herbivore?

4 5. a) Use red arrows to show the flow of energy in the following diagram. Use blue arrows to show the cycling of nutrients. SUN CONSUMER PRODUCER DECOMPOSER b) Why is energy lost along a food chain? (Why doesn t all the energy from the sun end up in the top carnivore?) 6. a) Review the carbon cycle. b) Write out the word and chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. c) How do these 2 processes work together in the carbon cycle? How are they interrelated? 7. A population initially has 545 individuals. What will be the new population if there are 22 births, 28 deaths, 9 individuals immigrate and 2 emigrate? 8. Within a population, there are biotic factors that can affect the growth of that population. Be able to describe these factors: predation (predator and prey), competition, parasitism, symbiosis, mutualism. 9. a) What is a limiting factor and how does it affect a population? Provide examples of limiting factors. b) Define carrying capacity. 10. What is soil erosion? What factors increase the likelihood of soil erosion? What prevents soil erosion? 11. What is eutrophication? How does eutrophication affect water quality? 12. Review the 5 human impacts on biodiversity (p.55 of your textbook). Explain how humans have negatively impacted on the biodiversity of an ecosystem, and how we are working to positively contribute to that aspect. 13. What is stewardship? What can be done by individuals to support sustainability and benefit the environment? Space 1. Define the following terms: solar system, star, planet, constellation, rotation, revolution, astronomical unit, light year, universe, galaxy, nebula, supernova. 2. Write the following numbers in scientific notation: a) b) Describe the Big Bang theory, and the factors that help to support it.

5 4. a) Why is ours often called a Sun-centered solar system? b) Describe how stars are born. c) Following the formation of a star, a solar system may develop. Describe how this happens. 5. a) List the planets in our solar system, and give a few distinguishing characteristics of each. b) Explain how the gas giant planets are different from the terrestrial planets. How are these planets similar? c) Why is Earth considered to be a unique planet in our solar system? d) Pluto was considered to be a planet in our solar system until very recently. How has the classification of Pluto changed? Why was this change made? 6. Explain how revolution and rotation of the Earth affects us. Draw diagrams to illustrate. 7. List the ways that planets are different from stars.