Science 1206 Final Exam Review Guide 2013 Monday, June 10, :30 PM

Transcription

1 Science 1206 Final Exam Review Guide 2013 Monday, June 10, :30 PM 1 Name: This review is a list of most topics covered in this course. You will need to refer to your notes, labs and questions to ensure complete review of all concepts covered in the Science 1206 course Unit 1 - Chemistry Terms to Know Chemistry - the study of matter, its properties, and its changes or transformations Matter - anything that has mass and takes up space. Pure substance - one in which all the particles that make up the substance are the same. Mixtures - contain two or more substances Elements - a pure substance that cannot be broken down into smaller substances Compounds - pure substances that contain two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion. Physical property - a characteristic of a substance. Physical change - a change in the physical characteristics of a substance. Chemical property - a characteristic behaviour that occurs when a substance changes to a new substance. Chemical change - a change of one substance into another substance (chemical reaction). Reactants - the starting materials in chemical change. Products - the new materials produced in chemical change. Chemical tests - distinctive chemical reactions used to identify unknown gases or other substances. HHPS - Hazardous Household Product Symbols - a system of identifying hazardous household products by color and symbol WHMIS - Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System- a standardized system of identifying hazardous products in the workplace MSDS - Materials Safety Data Sheet - a sheet describing the hazards, as well as the protection and spill instructions associated with a particular chemical. Periodic table - a structured arrangement of elements that helps us to explain and predict physical and chemical properties. Chemical Families - groups of elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table which tend to have similar physical and chemical properties Alkali metals - shiny, silvery metals located in Group 1, at the far left column of the periodic table, form compounds that are mostly white solids and are very soluble in water Alkaline earth metal - shiny, silvery metals located in Group 2 of the periodic

2 table, form compounds often insoluble in water Noble gases - family of gases found on the far right column of the periodic table, generally do not form compounds Halogens - non-metallic elements found in the second column from the right of the periodic table, all are poisonous elements that react readily with sodium and other alkali metals Atoms - pure substances which are the smallest particle of a substance that retain the properties of that element Protons - heavy positively charged particles found in a dense positive core of the atom. They are equal to the element s atomic number. Neutrons - neutral particles that have about the same mass as protons and are also found in the nucleus Electrons - negatively charged particles with almost no mass that circle the nucleus at different energy levels (called orbits or shells). They are equal to the number of protons. Bohr Diagrams - diagrams used to represent the arrangement of electrons in orbits. Valence electrons - electrons found in the outermost energy level of an atom Ion - a charged atom in which the number of electrons is different from the number of protons. Ionic charge(valence) - the numerical value of the electric charge with Cation - an ion with a positive charge Anion - an ion with a negative charge Ionic Compounds - compounds formed when electrons are transferred from metals (positive ions) to nonmetals (negative ions). They dissolve in water and conduct electricity. Complex ions - groups of atoms that stay together and carry an ionic charge. Acids - formed when Hydrogen combine with other elements or complex ions to form acids Oxyacids(OXO) - compounds formed when hydrogen combines with polyatomic ions that contain oxygen Binary Acids - acids that form from a combination of hydrogen with a non-metallic ion Hydrates - solid substances which contain water as part of their structure Molecular compound - compounds formed when nonmetals combine with nonmetals, electrons are shared between the two nonmetals, they do not conduct electricity in solution. Chemical formula - a combination of symbols that represent a particular compound and denotes the relative numbers of each element in the compound. Covalent bond - a shared pair of electrons held between nonmetal atoms that holds the atom together. Combining capacity - a measure of the number of covalent bonds that a nonmetal will need to form a stable molecule Diatomic Molecules - molecules that form when two atoms of the same element molecular bonds and exist as pairs in nature Monatomic Molecules- molecules that form from a single atom(noble gases) Organic Compounds - molecules of substances that contain carbon atoms as the basic building blocks. 2

3 Hydrocarbon - a compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen fossil fuels - hydrocarbons created by the decay of once-living plant and animal material under great heat and pressure in the earths crust Natural Product - a product that is obtained from natural sources, such as plants, animals or minerals. Synthetic - artificially created materials that have been manufactured in the chemical industry Know the following chemical names and formulae: Diatomic elements Polyatomic Elements Monatomic Elements F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, At2, H2, O2, N2 Phosphorus - P4 Sulfur - S8 He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Common Molecular Compounds Chemical Formula Name Chemical Formula Name O3 Ozone C12H22O11 Sucrose HOH (H2O) Water CH3OH Methanol NH3 Ammonia C2H5OH Ethanol CH4 Methane H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide Prefix System of Nomenclature mono = 1 di = 2 tri = 3 tetra = 4 penta = 5 hexa = 6 hepta = 7 octa = 8 nona = 9 deca = 10 Concepts to Know - know difference between physical and chemical properties - know evidence of chemical reaction - HHPS and WHMIS - know features of the periodic table know properties of metals and nonmetals - know the four common families of elements - know the structure of the atom - know the diatomic, mon-atomic and multi-atomic molecules - know how and why atoms become ions - Bohr diagrams for Atoms and Ions - Naming compounds 3

4 Periodic Table Elements - types elements - families of elements - metals vs. non-metals Atoms - structure of atom - (electrons, protons and neutrons) Ions - how they are formed - charges on ions - poly-atomic(complex) ions Ionic compounds - know the criteria for their creation - be able to name ionic compounds Types: Simple Ex: NaCl - sodium chloride Multivalent Ex: CuS - copper (II) sulfide Polyatomic Ex: NaNO3 - sodium nitrate Hydrated Ex: NaHPO4 2 H2O - sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate Molecular compounds - know the criteria for their creation - be able to name molecular compounds - name the simple compounds - know the names of common molecular compounds Types: Simple Ex: N4O - tetranitrogen monoxide Common Name Ex: CH3OH - methanol Acidic (Hydrogen) compounds - know the criteria for their creation - be able to use the naming acids table in the periodic table hydrogen ide > hydro ic acid hydrogen ate > ic acid hydrogen ite > ous acid Ex: hydrogen phosphate > phosphoric acid Balancing and Predicting Chemical Equations Word Equations Balanced Chemical Equations - Types of chemical reactions - Simple Composition/Synthesis element + element > compound 4

5 - Decomposition compound > element + element - Single Replacement element + compound > element + compound - Double Replacement compound + compound > compound + compound - Combustion hydrocarbon + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water CxHy + O2 > CO2 + H2O - Neutralization acid + base > salt + water Unit 2 - Weather Dynamics Terms to Know weather longitude advection climate equatorial regions albedo weather dynamics polar regions heat capacity weather lore mid-latitude regions pressure gradients rotation summer solstice aneroid barometer revolution winter solstice Earth s tilt Tropic of Cancer vernal equinox isobars Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle latitude autumnal equinox radiation conduction convection Concepts to Know - know the difference between weather and climate - be able to give examples - be able to explain how the sun provides the energy that drives the Earths weather - be able to give a couple of examples of weather lore and explain what they mean - be able to list some of the technology we currently use to study weather and climate - be able to explain, with the aid of a diagram, how the tilt of the Earth creates 5

6 the seasons - describe, using examples, the methods of energy transfer - be able to use a diagram to describe the balance of reflection and absorption of energy from the sun - be able to list, in ascending or descending order, the layers of the atmosphere and be able to identify a couple of features of each - know the temperature gradient for ascending in the troposphere - know the features of a Low pressure zone - know the features of a High pressure zone - know the relationship between the isobars on a pressure gradient and the type of weather we can expect from a Low - given a pressure gradient located over a region of the Earth, be able to predict the type of weather for specific areas 6

7 Unit 3 - Physics of Motion Terms to Know - Physics, Distance, Displacement, Time, Accuracy, Precision, Significant Digits, Exact Values, Counted Values, Defined Values, Scientific Notation, SI Units, Metric System, Uniform Motion, Constant/Average/Instantaneous Speed, Constant/Average/Instantaneous Velocity, Distance-Time Graph, Velocity-Time Graph, Ticker Tape Timer, Acceleration Concepts to Know - Significant Digit Rules - Scientific Notation Rules - Converting Between Units (ex: km to m, km/h to m/s, etc.) - Constant Speed Problems (distance/time) - Average Speed Problems (total distance/total time) - Constant Velocity Problems (displacement/time) - Average Velocity Problems (total displacement/total time) - Distance-Time Graph Calculations - Displacement-Time Graph Calculations - Describe the motion of an object from a Distance-Time/Velocity-Time graph - Describe motion from Ticker Tape - Acceleration Problems (speed/time or velocity/time) - Initial and Final Speed Problems Graphing Concepts - Distance-Time graphs/ Position-time graphs - Remember labels and titles. - The slope of a line of best fit is equal to the speed (velocity for position-time). - High slope angle indicates high speed (velocity for position-time). - Low slope angle indicates low speed(velocity for position-time). - Straight horizontal line indicates object stopped - On a straight line, get slope from slope equation. - Slope of a straight line equal to constant speed (velocity for position-time). - A curved line represents the rate of acceleration - On a curved line, draw a tangent to the point and find slope of tangent. Slope of a tangent is equal to instantaneous speed (velocity for position-time). - Velocity-Time graph - Remember labels and titles. - The slope is equal to the acceleration - High slope angle indicates high acceleration rate - Low slope angle indicates acceleration rate - Straight horizontal line indicates object has constant speed. - Negative slope - Decreasing Speed - Positive slope - Increasing Speed - Area under the line is equal to the displacement. 7

8 Know the following concepts: Round answers using significant digits Determine how many significant digits are in a number When given several numbers determine which number is the most certain Interpret values in scientific notation SI units for distance, time, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration Determine distance and displacement values from a set of movements Determine speed and velocity values from a set of movements Do calculations using the formulas Know how to manipulate formulae to obtain specific values Comparison of average, instantaneous and constant speed How to determine instantaneous speed from a d / t graph Calculate acceleration rate from a set of data How to convert between basic units in the metric system How to describe the motion of an object by examining: a) distance-time graph b) displacement-time graph c) velocity-time Know how to properly plot a graph: proper scales title appropriate labels points plotted independent variable dependant variable units indicated lines drawn Know how to Interpret a Graph: How to plot a distance-time graph. How to plot a displacement-time graph. Calculate the slope of a distance-time graph. What the slope of the graph represent? Use interpolation and extrapolation concepts. How to draw a line of best fit. Calculate acceleration with d/t graph. How to plot a speed-time graph. How to plot a velocity-time graph. Find the slope of a speed-time graph. What the slope of the graph represent? Use interpolation and extrapolation concepts. Calculate the area under a speed-time graph. What does the area represent? Formulae Speed Velocity Acceleration Slope a = v/t (scalar) slope = rise / run a = v/t (vector) Area Under The Line Area = 1/2 b x h for a triangle Area = l x w for a rectangle 8

9 Unit 4 - Ecology Terms to Know: ecosystem food chain food chain denitrification ecology producers food web nitrogen fixation biotic consumers photosynthesis sustainability abiotic herbivores respiration paradigm shift population trophic level pyramid of numbers dominant species community autotrophs biomass succession ecotones heterotrophs pyramid of biomass primary succession natural ecosystem primary consumers pyramid of energy secondary succession artificial ecosystem secondary carbon cycle climax community consumers habitat tertiary consumers Organic forms interspecific completion ecological niche competition inorganic intraspecific competition biodiversity albedo effect nitrogen cycle limiting factors darrying capacity density-dependent factors density-independent factors Concepts to Know - understand how biotic and abiotic factors affect organisms in an ecosystem - understand what a paradigm shift is and how it affects the sustainable management of specific ecosystems - understand the effects of humans on biodiversity and sustainability of ecosystems - know what succession is, when and why it occurs - understand how habitat and ecological niche are related to competition - know how to interpret and construct food webs - know how to interpret trophic levels and the types of organisms located in each - know how to interpret various types of pyramids - know how to explain how organisms occupy ecological niches - know the nutrient cycles (carbon, nitrogen) and how humans alter them - understand the soil profile and how its composition affects nutrient content and plant growth - identify the 4 terrestrial Canadian biomes, where they are located, its dominant species, and other important factors (soils, plant and animal life, climate) Final Exam Details Question Type Part I Selected Response 50 % Part II Constructed Response 50 % Percent Value 9