Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions
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1 Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and Ions Atomos uncuttable Dalton s Atomic Theory ~1805 (page 38) Atoms are small, indivisible balls. Mid-1800s: scientists find that atoms consist of: charge Protons +1 Neutrons 0 Electrons -1
2 Modern View of Atomic Structure 1. Atoms in their elemental form are electrically Neutral 2. Mass of 1 proton Mass of 1 neutron 3. e - s are MUCH lighter than protons & neutrons 4. Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons only; nuclei contain all of the positive charge and almost all of the mass of the atom 5. Most of an atom s volume is empty space
3
4 How big are atoms? 1Å = m
5 Atoms: Atomic Number Mass Number Atomic Symbols
6 Isotopes: Atoms of a given element that differ only in the # of neutrons.
7 Atomic Weight of an Element = Weighted average of all isotopes of the element AW = Σ (mass of each isotope) x (its % abundance)
8 The Periodic Table Elements are arranged by atomic number, and in groups with similar properties in vertical columns. Group names you must know: 1 - alkali metals 2 - alkaline earth metals 3-12 Transition metals 17 - halogens 18 - noble gases (rare, or inert gases)
9 Location of Metals and Nonmetals
10 Ions Ions have UNEQUAL #s of protons and electrons ions are charged particles Ions form when a neutral atom loses or gains one or more electrons. Metals form Positive ions Nonmetals form Negative ions
11 Metal Atoms lose e - s (oxidation) to form CATIONS Non-Metal Atoms gain e - s (reduction) to form ANIONS Na Cl Na + e - Cl - When a nonmetal gains an e -, where does it come from?
12 Predicting Ionic Charges; can we? sometimes. how? Find nearest noble gas Use periodic table; count # of e - s a metal must lose or a nonmetal must gain Note: Cannot predict for ALL atoms, but can often tell from formula.
13
14 Ions combine to form Ionic Compounds, which are 1. Composed of ions ; with 2. Neutral overall; Amount of positive charge must equal amount of negative charge. 3. Formed by transfer of e - (s) from metal to nonmetal 4. Held together by electrostatic attraction
15 Pg. 60 & 62 Group 1A Can t predict! Group 2A Group 3A Group 7A Group 6A Group 5A
16 Nomenclature =naming substances. 1.Ionic Compounds Cation name is unchanged Add anion name: Simple anions - names end in ide if cation s (metal s) charge is variable use Roman numerals PbS HgS Fe 2 O 3 vs PbS 2 vs Hg 2 S vs FeO
17 2. Polyatomic Ions; many common ones end in ide or -ate ex. OH - (hydroxide ion) CN - (cyanide ion) C 2 H 3 O 2 - (acetate ion) Polyatomic cations have -ium ending
18 Oxyanions Memorize these 5 common oxyanions: NO 3 - ClO 3 - CO 2-3 SO 2-4 PO 3-4 nitrate chlorate carbonate sulfate phosphate All related forms are derived from these
19 Green = Ba(NO 3 ) 2 Red = SrCO 3, Li 2 CO 3 Stars = KClO 4
20 Black = PbO 2 White= PbCO 3 Blue = CuSO 4 Reddish-yellow =PbO Green =FeSO 4
21 Oxyanions Common form = ate one less O = ite ex: SO 4 2- (sulfate ion) ex: SO 3 2- (sulfite ion) One more or two fewer O s; Use Prefixes : perchlorate ion (ClO 4- ) chlorate ion (ClO 3- ) chlorite ion (ClO 2- ) hypochlorite ion (ClO - )
22 Announcements 1. Office hours canceled today; Chapter 2 homework is now due Monday night instead of Sunday night 2. If you are in lab section: 036 Monday 2-5 pm TA: Awanthi or 037/S37 Tuesday 1-4 pm TA: Lyndsay You will take the exam upstairs in SEM 326 next Friday.
23 Figure 2.26 (p. 61) Note: Oxyanions with 2- and 3- charges can add H + to form anions with less negative charge.
24 Acids Neutral compounds that produce H + ions in water Acids formed by simple anions have a hydro prefix and an ic suffix: ex. HCl is hydrochloric acid. HF is?
25 Anions whose names end in ate have acids with an ic suffix: HNO 3 is nitric acid. H 2 SO 4 is sulfuric acid HSO 4 - is NOT named as an acid; why not?
26
27 Molecular Compounds 1. Made of neutral nonmetal atoms only 2. Neutral overall; no charges involved (no ions!) 3. Formed by sharing of e - s between atoms Chemical formulas Empirical formulas
28 Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: 7 exist in nature
29 Binary Molecular Cmpds: Contain two different nonmetals Named like ionic compounds, except Prefixes are used to indicate how many atoms of each element: mono (1) di (2) tri (3) tetra (4) penta (5) hexa (6) hepta (7) octa (8)
30 NaCl (table salt) SiO 2 sand CaCO 3 limestone, shells quartz
Ionic Compounds. And Acids
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