Chapters 1-4. Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry. SI Prefixes. Units. Dimensional Analysis
|
|
- Douglas Casey
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapters 1-4 What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter (the physical material of the universe). A main challenge of chemistry is to bridge the macroscopic world we experience with the microscopic structure of matter (atoms and molecules). Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry Chemists quantify data, expressing collected data with units and significant figures. Units - designate the type of quantity measured. Prefixes - provide scale to a base unit. Significant Figures - indicate the amount of information that is reliable when discussing a measurement. Units SI Prefixes The base unit designates the type of quantity being measured. SI units (from French Système International) are the base units of science. Some units comprise combinations of these base units and are termed derived units 1 J = 1 kg m 2 s -2 Prefixes are based on multiples of 10. Dimensional Analysis It may sound obvious (and yet is often forgotten) many mistakes can be avoided if an answer is checked for: units order of magnitude sign Dimensional Analysis Example What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 32 mm on each side? Conversion of a result from one system of units to another is called dimensional analysis: 1. To carry out dimensional analysis, we must know the relationship between units (equivalents): e.g. 1 nm = 10-9 m; 2. Use equivalents to determine unit factors: e.g. 1 = 1 nm/10-9 m; 3. Multiply result by appropriate unit factor(s) to convert units. 1
2 Atomic Theory Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different in some fundamental way or ways. Chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine with each other. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms - changes in the way they are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction. Atomic Theory Atomic theory is the foundation of modern chemistry.supported today by direct visualization (and manipulation) of individual atoms using scanning tunnelling microscopes (STM): IBM spelled out in individual atoms on a surface the first nano-advertisement Fundamental Chemical Laws Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither created nor destroyed Law of definite proportion A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass Law of multiple proportions When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers. Atomic Structure and Mass The atom contains: Electrons found outside the nucleus; negatively charged. Protons found in the nucleus; positive charge equal in magnitude to the electron s ec negative e charge. Neutrons found in the nucleus; no charge; virtually same mass as a proton. The nucleus is: Small compared with the overall size of the atom. Extremely dense; accounts for almost all of the atom s mass. The Modern View of Atomic Structure The atom contains: electrons protons: found in the nucleus; positive charge equal in magnitude to the electron s negative charge. neutrons: found in the nucleus; no charge; virtually same mass as a proton. Atomic Number and Mass Number Atomic Number, Z, is the number of protons in a nucleus. identifies the element Mass Number, A, is the sum of the number of protons and number of neutrons in a nucleus. 1 amu = x g Proton charge = 1.602x10-19 C Electron charge = x10-19 C Protons and neutrons are nearly 2000 times more massive than electrons Particle Mass (amu) Charge Proton Neutron Electron Heaviest atom is ~260 amu (4x10-22 g) Largest atom is 500 pm across. Typical C-C bond length 154 pm 2
3 Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons in their nucleus. same Z but different A Isotopic abundance is the mass percentage of an isotope in a naturally occurring element. Show almost identical chemical properties; chemistry of atom is due to its electrons. In nature most elements contain mixtures of isotopes. Atomic Symbols Information regarding atomic structure is written in scientific shorthand called the atomic symbol. A Z E E is the atomic symbol for element Superscript A is the mass number. Subscript Z is the atomic number, it is redundant and is often left off. Atomic Masses Entry for carbon on the periodic table. Z = 6 Atomic Masses Relative atomic mass for an element is an average of the atomic masses for the naturally occurring isotopes for an element. 12 6C Relative atomic mass = (~99% carbon-12) Element Symbol: C Carbon-12 = x = amu Carbon-13 = x = amu Average mass = = amu Isotopes Two Isotopes of Sodium Mass spectrum showing carbon isotopes. 3
4 Ions Ions are formed when the number of protons and electrons in an atom are not equal. Ions with more protons than electrons are called cations. net positive charge Ions with more electrons that protons are called anions. net negative charge A monatomic ion is derived from a single atom. Ca 2+, Cl - A polyatomic ion is derived from a group of atoms with an overall charge. NH 4+, SO 4 2- Chemical Formulas Chemical formulas describe a compound in terms of the elements the compound contains. The number of atoms for each element is indicated by a subscript to the right of the chemical symbol. Groups of atoms can be designated using parentheses. Subscripts outside these parentheses mean that all atoms enclosed in the parentheses are multiplied by the value indicated by the subscript. Water molecules associated with certain compounds, called hydrates, are indicated separately from the rest of the compound. Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 8H 2 O Chemical Formulas Compounds have different properties than their constituent atoms. Ionic compounds contain cations and anions, usually arranged in a lattice. Molecular l formulas indicate the elements and number of atoms of each element actually contained in a discrete unit of a compound. Empirical formulas indicate the smallest whole number ratio between the number of atoms of each element in a molecular formula. Chemical Formulas The molecular formula for ethylene is C 2 H 4. The empirical formula for ethylene is CH 2. Polyethylene l can be written as [CH 2 CH 2 ] n n is used to emphasize that a large number of these units are found in an individual molecule Chemical Bonding The Periodic Table All bonds are created by the exchange or sharing of electrons. The exchange or sharing of electrons results in lower energy for the compound relative to the separate atoms. Ionic: exchange; cations and anions present Metallic: sharing by forming a mobile sea of electrons Covalent: sharing between atoms The Periodic Table is based on periodic law. Periodic law - when arranged properly, the elements display a regular and periodic variation in their chemical properties. Periods are horizontal rows on the periodic table. Groups are vertical columns on the periodic table. 4
5 Periodic Table Periods and Groups Common names of specific groups: Group 1: alkali metals. Group 2: alkaline earth metals. Group 17: halogens. Group 18: noble gases/rare gases. Table Regions: Groups 1-2 and are main group elements Groups 3-12 are transition metals Lanthanides and actinides are below the rest of the table Special Names for Groups in the Periodic Table Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids Metals are generally toward the left and bottom of the periodic table. They are shiny, malleable, and ductile. They conduct current and easily form cations. Nonmetals occupy the upper right-hand portion of the periodic table. They are not shiny, malleable, or ductile. They do not conduct current but do easily form anions. Metalloids, or semimetals, have chemical properties intermediate of metals and nonmetals. Metalloids are clustered along a diagonal line on the periodic table between the metals and nonmetals. Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of the element carbon, usually with oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. More than 18 million organic compounds exist. Includes biological i l molecules l and nearly all synthetic ti polymers. Isomers: Different organic molecules that have the same formula but are connected differently. Because carbon compounds can become quite large, organic compounds are described simply and unambiguously using line structures, where carbons and hydrogens are not explicitly shown. Each corner or end of a line is a carbon. Hydrogen atoms on carbon atoms are implied. Carbon makes four bonds, missing bonds go to hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen can only make one covalent bond to another atom. Hydrogen atoms on any other element are shown All other elements are shown Inorganic chemistry is the study of all other elements and their compounds. H 2 N CH 2 C OH becomes H 2 N OH O O 5
6 Functional Groups Functional groups are arrangements of atoms that tend to display similar chemical properties. Alkanes Alkanes have the general formula C n H 2n+2 where n is an integer. Chemical formulas are often written to emphasize functional groups. Methanol, an alcohol, is often written CH 3 OH instead of CH 4 O. Hydrocarbons contain only H and C atoms. Addition of functional groups to hydrocarbons results in more complex compounds. Alkanes are hydrocarbons where the carbon atoms are linked together with single bonds. Isomers Functional Groups Isomers are compounds that have the same chemical formula but are connected differently. Three isomers of pentane, C 5 H 12. One straight chain Two branched chains Functional Groups Polymers Polymers are very large molecules made up of many smaller molecules linked together. Monomers - The small molecules linked together in polymers. Polymer backbone - The long chain of bonded atoms formed when monomers link together to form polymers. 6
7 Polyethylene Ethylene monomers are linked together via a free radical mechanism, which converts the carboncarbon double bond to a single bond. Polyethylene The ethylene free radical reacts with another ethylene monomer, extending the polyethylene chain. Free radicals have an unshared single electron and are extremely reactive. An initiator produces the free radical that reacts with ethylene, opening the double bond and transferring the free radical to the ethylene monomer. Polymerization continues until the free radical reacts with another free radical, or terminator, which terminates the growth of the chain. Polyethylene Polymers Polyethylene polymers can be linear chains (highdensity polyethylene, HDPE) or branched chains (low-density polyethylene, LDPE). Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, UHMWPE, contains extremely long chains. Polymers are the materials of choice for a host of everyday objects. a) polyethylene b) polystyrene c) poly(vinyl chloride), PVC Polymers Models showing how atoms are arranged in several polymers. Each of these polymers has distinct properties. Chemical Equations A representation of a chemical reaction: C 2 OH + 3O 2 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O reactants products Reactants are only placed on the left side of the arrow, products are only placed on the right side of the arrow. The equation is balanced. All atoms present in the reactants are accounted for in the products. 1 mole of ethanol reacts with 3 moles of oxygen to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide and 3 moles of water. The balanced equation represents an overall ratio of reactants and products, not what actually happens during a reaction. Use the coefficients in the balanced equation to decide the amount of each reactant that is used, and the amount of each product that is formed. 7
8 Avogadro s Number and the Mole A mole is a means of counting the large number of particles in samples. One mole is the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of 12 C (carbon-12). 1 mole contains Avogadro s number (6.022 x particles/mole) of particles. The mass of x atoms of any element is the molar mass of that element. Balanced chemical reactions also provide mole ratios between reactants and products. 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(g) 2 moles H 2 : 1 mole O 2 : 2 moles H 2 O Determining Molar Mass The molar mass of a compound is the sum of the molar masses of all the atoms in a compound. 2 mol H 1.0 g H 1 mol H + 1 mol O 16.0 g 1 mol O = 18.0 g/mol H 2 O Calculations Using Moles and Molar Mass Molar mass allows conversion from mass to number of moles, much like a unit conversion. 1 mol C 7 = g C 7, (TNT) Calculations Using Moles and Molar Mass Avogadro s number functions much like a unit conversion between moles to number of particles. 1 mol C 7 = C 7 molecules How many molecules are in moles of TNT,? 1 mol C g C g C mol C molecules C 7 1 mol C 7 = mol C 7 = molecules C 7 Molar Example Fundamentals of Stoichiometry Potassium-40 is one of the few naturally occurring radioactive isotopes of elements of low atomic number. Its percent natural abundance among K isotopes is 0.012%. How many 40 K atoms do you ingest by drinking one cup of whole milk containing 371 mg of K? Stoichiometry is a term used to describe quantitative relationships in chemistry. How much? of a product is produced or reactant is consumed. Balanced chemical equation needed. Conversion between mass or volume to number of moles frequently needed. 8
9 Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation This flow diagram illustrates the various steps involved in solving a typical reaction stoichiometry problem. Mole ratios are obtained from the coefficients in the balanced chemical reaction. 1 mol CH 4 : 2 mol O 2 : 1 mol CO 2 : 2 mol H 2 O These ratios can be used in solving problems: No different than unit conversion Usually more than one conversion is necessary Write all quantities with their complete units 1 mol CH 4 or 2 mol H O 2 2 mol O 2 1 mol CH 4 Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation Limiting Reactants How many grams of water can be produced if sufficient hydrogen reacts with 26.0 g of oxygen? In many chemical reactions, one reactant is often exhausted before the other reactants. This reactant is the limiting reactant. Limiting iti reactant t is determined d using stoichiometry. t The limiting reactant limits the quantity of product produced. Limiting Reactants Introductory Examples 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(g) Reaction between 6 H 2 and 6 O 2 will produce 6 H 2 O. 1. How many copper atoms are there on the end surface of 18-gauge wire? 6 H 2 can produce 6 H 2 O. 6 O 2 can produce 12 H 2 O. H 2 is limiting reactant. 3 O 2 left over. 2. Oxygen can be generated by heating a solid if the oxygen is loosely bound in the solid. KClO 3 is an example of such a solid. a. Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of KClO 3 into KCl and O 2. b. How many grams of O 2 can be produced from 10. g of KClO 3? 9
9.1.1 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND STOICHIOMETRY
9.1.1 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND STOICHIOMETRY Work directly from Zumdahl (Chapter 3). Work through exercises as required, then summarise the essentials of the section when complete. A chemical equation is
More informationChapter 3. Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions In this chapter, Chemical structure and formulas in studying the mass relationships of atoms and molecules. To explain the composition of compounds and
More informationGeneral Chemistry. Chapter 3. Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions CHEM 101 (3+1+0) Dr. Mohamed El-Newehy 10/12/2017
General Chemistry CHEM 101 (3+1+0) Dr. Mohamed El-Newehy http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/melnewehy Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions 1 In this chapter, Chemical structure and formulas in studying
More informationACP Chemistry (821) - Mid-Year Review
ACP Chemistry (821) - Mid-Year Review *Be sure you understand the concepts involved in each question. Do not simply memorize facts!* 1. What is chemistry? Chapter 1: Chemistry 2. What is the difference
More informationAtoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table
Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table 2-1 2.1 Dalton s Atomic Theory 2-2 1 2.1 Dalton s Atomic Theory The scanning tunneling microscope, STM, invented in 1981, allows us to create images of matter at the
More informationLecture outline: Section 3. Law of conservation of mass: atoms are not created or. reactions. They simply rearrange. Mass before = mass after
Lecture outline: Section 3 Chemical reactions: chemical changes that occur when substances react to form new substances 1. Chemical equations 2. Atomic and molecular 3. Chemical calculations Law of conservation
More informationChapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 2 Table of Contents (2.1) (2.2) (2.3) (2.4) (2.5) (2.6) (2.7) (2.8) The early history of chemistry Fundamental chemical laws Dalton s atomic theory Early experiments
More informationLaw of Definite Proportion** (Proust): A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass.
# 10 Notes Unit 2: Laws, Properties & Mols Ch. Atoms, Molecules, Ions 5 Chemical Laws: I. Law of Conservation of Mass** (Lavoisier): Mass cannot be created or destroyed. II. III. IV. Law of Definite Proportion**
More informationLecture 11 - Stoichiometry. Lecture 11 - Introduction. Lecture 11 - The Mole. Lecture 11 - The Mole. Lecture 11 - The Mole
Chem 103, Section F0F Unit IV - Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations Lecture 11 The concept of a mole, which is a very large group of atoms or molecules Determining the formulas for a compound Stoichiometry
More informationLecture outline: Section 3
Lecture outline: Section 3 Chemical reactions: chemical changes that occur when substances react to form new substances 1. Chemical equations 2. Atomic and molecular mass 3. Chemical calculations 1 Law
More informationب 3 18 قسم الكيمياء مصطفي عيد
memxtd@yahoo.com m.moustapha@sau.edu.sa 0115888078 ب 3 18 قسم الكيمياء مصطفي عيد The Atom Nucleus Electron Shell or Orbit The Atom. What are the 3 major parts of an atom? Proton Neutron Electron Stoichiometry
More informationChapter 3: Stoichiometry
Chapter 3: Stoichiometry Key Skills: Balance chemical equations Predict the products of simple combination, decomposition, and combustion reactions. Calculate formula weights Convert grams to moles and
More informationChemistry B11 Chapter 3 Atoms
Chapter 3 Atoms Element: is a substance that consists of identical atoms (hydrogen, oxygen, and Iron). 116 elements are known (88 occur in nature and chemist have made the others in the lab). Compound:
More informationCounting by mass: The Mole. Unit 8: Quantification of Chemical Reactions. Calculating molar mass. Particles. moles and mass. moles and particles
Unit 8: Quantification of Chemical Reactions Chapter 10: The mole Chapter 12: Stoichiometry Counting by mass: The Mole Chemists can t count individual atoms Use moles to determine amounts instead mole
More informationChem 101 Review. Fall 2012
Chem 101 Review Fall 2012 Elements, Atoms, Ions Elements in nature symbols Constant composition chemical formula Dalton s atomic theory Atomic structure what makes up the atom ions isotopes Periodic table
More informationName AP CHEM / / Chapter 3 Outline Stoichiometry
Name AP CHEM / / Chapter 3 Outline Stoichiometry Atomic Masses The modern system of atomic masses, instituted in 1961, is based on carbon-12. Carbon-12 is assigned the mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units
More informationPhysical Science Study Guide
Name: Class: Date: Physical Science Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Mendeleev arranged the known chemical elements in a table
More informationSolid Gas Liquid Plasma
Unit 1: MATTER 1. Define CHEMISTRY: 2. Define MATTER: Use one of the states of matter to complete each statement. (Words will be used more than once.) Solid Gas Liquid Plasma 3. A has definite volume and
More information5.1 Atoms are the smallest form of elements
5.1 Atoms are the smallest form of elements 1 All matter is made of atoms Same type of atoms = element There are approximately 100 elements known today 2 Each element has its own symbol & properties Hydrogen
More informationMass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Chapter 3 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Micro World atoms & molecules Macro World grams Atomic mass
More informationSCH3U- R. H. KING ACADEMY ATOMIC STRUCTURE HANDOUT NAME:
Particle Theory of Matter Matter is anything that has and takes up. All matter is made up of very small. Each pure substance has its of particle, from the particles of other pure substances. Particles
More informationStoichiometry. Chapter 3
Stoichiometry Chapter 3 Chemical Stoichiometry Stoichiometry: The study of quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions. In macroworld, we can count objects by weighing assuming
More informationChemistry 1-2E Semester I Study Guide
Chemistry 1-2E Semester I Study Guide Name Hour Chapter 1 1. Define the following terms. Matter Mass Law of Conservation of Mass 2. Define and give 2 examples of the following: Pure substance Element Compound
More informationChapter 2: Mass Relations in Formulas, Chemical Reactions, and Stoichiometry
Previous Chapter Table of Contents Next Chapter Chapter 2: Mass Relations in Formulas, Chemical Reactions, and Stoichiometry Section 2.1: The Atomic Mass The atomic mass is the mass of 1 atom. Atoms are
More informationAtoms, Molecules and Ions. Chapter 2
Atoms, Molecules and Ions Chapter 2 2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter Democritus [460-370 BCE] Described tiny, indivisible particles Called them atomos Differed from Aristotle 17th century - idea of atoms
More informationChapter 1: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 1.1 Atoms are the smallest form of elements.
Chapter 1: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 1.1 Atoms are the smallest form of elements. All matter is made of atoms. About 100 different atoms, or elements, make up everything on Earth. Hydrogen
More informationChapter 2: Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules and Ions Sep 24 10:24 AM 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry The Greek did not use experiments to establish the veracity of their ideas. Alchemy "gold making juice" Khem the
More informationChapter 2. Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table. Chapter 2 Topics. 2.1 Dalton s s Atomic Theory. Evidence for Atoms. Evidence for Atoms
Chapter 2 Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table Chapter 2 Topics 1. Dalton s s Atomic Theory 2. Structure of the Atom 3. Ions 4. Atomic Mass 5. The Periodic Table Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
More informationMass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Chapter 3 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Micro World atoms & molecules Macro World grams Atomic mass
More informationCHAPTER 2. Structure of the Atom. Atoms and Elements
CHAPTER 2 Atoms and Elements 1 Atoms Dalton s Atomic Theory - 1808 1. -Element is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms. 2. -Atoms of an element have identical properties that differ from
More informationFormulas and Models 1
Formulas and Models 1 A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in
More informationb. Na. d. So. 1 A basketball has more mass than a golf ball because:
Chem I Semester Review All of the following are general characteristics of a substance in the liquid state except a. definite volume. c. not easily compressed. b. able to flow. d. definite shape. In the
More informationChapter 3 - Molecules, Compounds and Chemical Equations
Chapter 3 - Molecules, Compounds and Chemical Equations Section 3.2 two general types of bonding between atoms found in compounds, ionic and covalent ionic bonds result when electrons have been transferred
More informationUnit 2 Chapters 5 and 6 Atoms/Periodic Table/ NOMENCLATURE NAMING AND FORMING COMPOUNDS
Unit 2 Chapters 5 and 6 Atoms/Periodic Table/ NOMENCLATURE NAMING AND FORMING COMPOUNDS Review of Atomic Structure What is an atom? The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that
More informationChemical Equations. Law of Conservation of Mass. Anatomy of a Chemical Equation CH4(g) + 2O2(g) Chapter 3
Chemical Equations Chemical equations are concise representations of chemical reactions. Chapter 3 : Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Law of Conservation of Mass Anatomy of a Chemical
More informationMemorize: Understand: Know how to:
NAME: CLASS PERIOD: REVIEW FOR HONORS CHEMISTRY SEMESTER 1 EXAM Memorize: Understand: Know how to: 1 SI units for different measurements (length, volume, number, mass, temperature, density) Definition
More information9/14/ Chemistry Second Edition Julia Burdge. Stoichiometry: Ratios of Combination. Molecular and Formula Masses
9/14/1 Chemistry Second Edition Julia Burdge Stoichiometry: Ratios of Combination Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Stoichiometry: Ratios
More informationAtoms, Molecules and Ions
Atoms, Molecules and Ions Atomic Theory of Matter Modern Atomic Theory Relation to Periodic Table Isotopes & Mass Number Periodic Table Ionic Compounds Molecular Compounds Acid Compounds The Atomic Theory
More informationReview for Chemistry Final Exam [Chapters 1-9 & 12]
Name: Block: Date: Chapter 1 Matter and Change Review for Chemistry Final Exam [Chapters 1-9 & 12] 1-1. Define the terms matter and atom. 1-2. Define the terms element and compound and list some examples
More informationChapter 3 Stoichiometry. Ratios of combination
Chapter 3 Stoichiometry Ratios of combination Topics Molecular and formula masses Percent composition of compounds Chemical equations Mole and molar mass Combustion analysis (Determining the formula of
More informationL = 6.02 x mol Determine the number of particles and the amount of substance (in moles)
1.1 The Mole 1.1.1 - Apply the mole concept to substances A mole is the name given to a certain quantity. It represents 6.02 x 10 23 particles. This number is also known as Avogadro's constant, symbolised
More informationQuantitative chemistry Atomic structure Periodicity
IB chemistry Units 1-3 review Quantitative chemistry Significant figures The mole- be able to convert to number of particles and mass Finding empirical and molecular formulas from mass percentage States
More informationAP* Chapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. Monday, September 16, 13
AP* Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions AP Learning Objectives LO 1.1 The student can justify the observation that the ratio of the masses of the constituent elements in any pure sample of that compound
More informationCHEMISTRY Matter and Change
CHEMISTRY Matter and Change Table Of Contents Section.1 Measuring Matter Section.2 Mass and the Mole Section.3 Moles of Compounds Chapter : Section.4 Empirical and Molecular Formulas Section.5 Formulas
More informationChapter 2 Atoms and Elements
Chapter 2 Atoms and Elements Law of Conservation of Mass in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed total mass of the materials you have before the reaction must equal the total mass
More informationAtoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, l and Ions Chapter 2 Table of Contents 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry 2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws 23 2.3 Dalton s Atomic Theory 2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the
More informationUnit (2) Quantitative Chemistry
Unit (2) Quantitative Chemistry Chapter (1) :The mole & chemical equation Lesson (1) Mole and chemical equation Chemical equation: The chemical symbols and formulas of the reactants and products which
More informationGeneral Chemistry. Lecture 3
General Chemistry Lecture 3 Electrons Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus Electrons surround the nucleus in energy levels or shell at certain distances around the nucleus The number of electrons
More informationMass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Chapter 3 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Micro World atoms & molecules Macro World grams Atomic mass
More informationChapter 3. Mass Relationships in Chemical. Reactions. Chemistry, Raymond Chang 10th edition, 2010 McGraw-Hill
Chemistry, Raymond Chang 10th edition, 2010 McGraw-Hill Chapter 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Ahmad Aqel Ifseisi Assistant Professor of Analytical Chemistry College of Science, Department of Chemistry
More informationChapter 3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations. Lecture Presentation
Lecture Presentation Chapter 3 : Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College Cottleville, MO Law of Conservation of Mass We may lay it down as an
More informationChapter 5. Stoichiometry
Chapter 5 Stoichiometry Chapter 5 Table of Contents (5-1) Counting by weighing (5-2) Atomic masses (5-3) Learning to solve problems (5-4) The mole (5-5) Molar mass (5-6) Percent composition of compounds
More information5. Measured quantities, such as length, mass, or time, can best be described as:
1. How many significant figures are there in the number 0.0006042? a. 7 b. 3 c. 8 d. 4 e. 0 2. The agreement of a particular value with the true value is called a. accuracy. b. error. c. precision. d.
More informationStoichiometry. Introduction. Rx between Hydrogen and Oxygen can be described as: Balanced equation: Or Avogadros Number: (number of Molecules)
Stoichiometry Introduction Rx between Hydrogen and Oxygen can be described as: Balanced equation: Or Or Avogadros Number: (number of Molecules) Or Moles (amount of a substance containing avogadros number
More informationCHAPTER #2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
CHAPTER #2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry - Ancient Greeks - thought matter was composed to 4 substances earth, air, fire, water ( vs. ) Alchemy - (discovered many elements;
More informationChapter 3 The Mole and Stoichiometry
Chapter 3 The Mole and Stoichiometry Chemistry, 7 th Edition International Student Version Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop Brady/Jespersen/Hyslop Chemistry7E, Copyright 015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved
More informationChapter 3. Atomic Number. Atomic Number. Section 3. Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons.
Section 3 Atomic Number Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. Atoms of the same element all have the same number of protons. The atomic number (Z) of an element is the number of
More informationChemistry Study Guide
Chemistry Study Guide Marking Period 3 Exam Week of 3/21/17 Study Guide due - When studying for this test, use your do nows, notes, homework, class handouts, and your textbook. Vocabulary Chapter 7 Anion
More information-AP Biology Biochemistry/Chemistry Review
-AP Biology Biochemistry/Chemistry Review Name Chapter 2 - The Nature of Molecules Sections 2.1-2.3 Chapter 3 The Chemical building blocks of life 1. What occurrence 12.5 billion years ago is proposed
More informationMatter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Three physical states of matter
Nature of Matter Some basic concepts Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Three physical states of matter Characteristics of solid o Definite volume o Definite shape Characteristics of
More informationChapter 3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations
Chapter 3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Lecture Outline 3.1 Chemical Equations The quantitative nature of chemical formulas and reactions is called stoichiometry. Lavoisier
More informationCh. 3 The Mole: Relating the Microscopic World of Atoms to Laboratory Measurements. Brady & Senese, 5th Ed.
Ch. 3 The Mole: Relating the Microscopic World of Atoms to Laboratory Measurements Brady & Senese, 5th Ed. Index 3.1 The mole conveniently links mass to number of atoms or molecules 3.2 Chemical formulas
More information1. Demonstrate knowledge of the three subatomic particles, their properties, and their location within the atom.
1. Demonstrate knowledge of the three subatomic particles, their properties, and their location within the atom. 2. Define and give examples of ionic bonding (e.g., metal and non metal) and covalent bonding
More informationChapter 5 Review 1. The order of elements in the periodic table is based on a. the number of protons in the nucleus. b. the electric charge of the
Chapter 5 Review 1. The order of elements in the periodic table is based on a. the number of protons in the nucleus. b. the electric charge of the nucleus. c. the number of neutrons in the nucleus. d.
More informationClass XI Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Chemistry
Question 1.1: Calculate the molecular mass of the following: (i) H 2 O (ii) CO 2 (iii) CH 4 (i) H 2 O: The molecular mass of water, H 2 O = (2 Atomic mass of hydrogen) + (1 Atomic mass of oxygen) = [2(1.0084)
More informationMatter What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
Matter What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. What is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Chemists use a scientific method to study matter.
More informationA chemical reaction shows the process in which a substance (or substances) is changed into one or more new substances
A chemical reaction shows the process in which a substance (or substances) is changed into one or more new substances Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7 th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. A chemical equation uses
More informationChapter 3. Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations
Chapter 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations Matter Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space 2 Composition of Matter Atom number of protons = atomic number (Z)
More informationDATE: NAME: CLASS: BLM 1-9 ASSESSMENT. 2. A material safety data sheet must show the date on which it was prepared.
Chapter 1 Test Goal Demonstrate your understanding of the information presented in Chapter 1. What to Do Carefully read the instructions before answering each set of questions. True/False On the line provided,
More informationStoichiometry (Chapter 3)
Stoichiometry (Chapter 3) Antoine Lavoisier eperimental observations lead to the development of the Law of Conservation of Mass (a.k.a. Law of Conservation of Matter). The updated version of the law of
More informationCh. 1: Introduction to Chemistry. Ch. 2: Matter and Change
Review Sheet for Chemistry First Semester Final Refer to your class notes, worksheets, and the textbook to complete this review sheet. Study early so that you will have time to ask questions about what
More informationGeneral Chemistry I, Unit I: Study Guide
General Chemistry I, Unit I: Study Guide General Chemistry I Unit I 1 CDS Chapter 1: Atomic Molecular Theory Law of Conservation of Mass the total mass of all products of a chemical reaction is equal to
More informationMass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Chapter 3 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Micro World atoms & molecules Macro World grams Atomic mass
More informationChapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions. Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Chapter 2 Table of Contents (2.1) (2.2) (2.3) (2.4) (2.5) (2.6) (2.7) (2.8) The early history of chemistry Fundamental chemical laws Dalton s atomic theory Early experiments
More informationScience 10 Chapter 4 Atomic Theory Explains the Formation of Compounds
What is a pure substance? -contains only 1 kind of matter What are the 2 categories of pure substances? -elements -compounds What is an element? -a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
More informationChapter 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Section 2.1 The Early History of Chemistry Early History of Chemistry Greeks were the first to attempt to explain why chemical changes occur. Alchemy dominated for
More informationThe Mole. Relative Atomic Mass Ar
STOICHIOMETRY The Mole Relative Atomic Mass Ar Relative Molecular Mass Mr Defined as mass of one atom of the element when compared with 1/12 of an atom of carbon-12 Some Ar values are not whole numbers
More informationVijaykumar N. Nazare
Std-XI science Unit 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Vijaykumar N. Nazare Grade I Teacher in Chemistry (Senior Scale) vnn001@ chowgules.ac.in 1.1 IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY Chemistry is the branch of science
More informationCh 3.3 Counting (p78) One dozen = 12 things We use a dozen to make it easier to count the amount of substances.
Ch 3.3 Counting (p78) One dozen = 12 things We use a dozen to make it easier to count the amount of substances. Moles the SI base unit that describes the amount of particles in a substance. Mole is abbreviated
More informationChapter 3. Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations. Chemical Bonds
Lecture Presentation Chapter 3 Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations Chemical Bonds Compounds are composed of atoms held together by chemical bonds. Chemical bonds result from the attractions between
More informationAP Chemistry Chapter 3. Stoichiometry
AP Chemistry Chapter 3 Stoichiometry Stoichiometry Is the study of the quantities of substances consumed and produced in chemical reactions Derived from the Greek words stoicheion meaning element and metron
More informationChapter 3. Stoichiometry
Chapter 3 Stoichiometry Chapter 3 Chemical Stoichiometry Stoichiometry The study of quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions. Since atoms are so small, we must use the average
More informationAP CHEMISTRY READING GUIDE
Name: Due Date: AP CHEMISTRY READING GUIDE Chapters 1-3, Chemical Foundations & Stoichiometry Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations Define the following terms in your own words: Scanning Tunneling Microscope
More informationTopic 7: The Mole Concept Relating Mass to Numbers of Atoms
Topic 7: The Mole Concept Relating Mass to Numbers of Atoms (Chapter 3 in Modern Chemistry beginning on p.82) In order to understand the quantitative parts of chemistry, there are three very important
More informationAtomic Structure. Ch 3 Prentice Hall
Atomic Structure Ch 3 Prentice Hall The Nuclear Atom By 1919 Rutherford concluded that the atom has a dense positive center called the nucleus containing what he called protons The electrons surround
More informationBalancing Chemical Reactions. CHAPTER 3: Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions. Zn + HCl ZnCl 2 + H 2. reactant atoms product atoms
CHAPTER 3: Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions Stoichiometry: Greek for measure elements Stoichiometry involves calculations based on chemical formulas and chemical equations (reactions) quantitative.
More informationMolecules, Compounds, and Crystals
Matter: Properties and Change Atoms and Elements 1. Matter is anything that has mass and volume. All substances are made up of different types of matter. 2. Mass is the amount of matter in a substance.
More informationCHEMISTRY Matter and Change. Chapter 10: The Mole
CHEMISTRY Matter and Change Chapter 10: The Mole CHAPTER 10 Table Of Contents Section 10.1 Measuring Matter Section 10.2 Mass and the Mole Section 10.3 Moles of Compounds Section 10.4 Empirical and Molecular
More informationName: Period: CHEMISTRY I HONORS SEMESTER 1 EXAM REVIEW
Name: Period: CHEMISTRY I HONORS SEMESTER 1 EXAM REVIEW Unit 1: Nature of Science What rules must be obeyed to safely conduct an experiment? What are the components of a good scientific experiment? What
More informationYour Guide for Success Chemistry Unit Name:
Your Guide for Success Chemistry Unit Name: Chemistry Outline I. Atoms A. Structure of an Atom 4 1. Subatomic Particles 2. Different Form b. Isotope II. Periodic Table 1. Arranging 6 a. Mendeleev b. Mosely
More informationMole. The SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance.
Stoichiometry Stoichiometry The study of quantitative relationships between the amounts of reactants used and products formed by a chemical reactions; it is based on the law of conservation of mass. Mole
More informationCHAPTER 3. Chemical Foundations
CHAPTER 3 Chemical Foundations 3.1 THE ELEMENTS 118 elements in 92 occur naturally, the rest are synthesized All matter in the universe can be chemically broken down into elements Compounds are made by
More information6 atomic # C symbol Carbon name of element atomic mass. o Examples: # 1 mol C = g # 1 mol O = g # 1 mol H = 1.
7.1 AVOGADRO S NUMBER AND MOLAR CONVERSIONS CHEMISTRY NOTES Identify the mole as the unit used to count particles, whether atoms, ions, or molecules. Use Avogadro s number to convert between amount in
More informationCh. 3 Answer Key. O can be broken down to form two atoms of H and 1 atom of O. Hydrogen and oxygen are elements.
Ch. 3 Answer Key 1. The Greeks believed that all matter is made of elements. We currently believe the same thing. However, the Greeks believed that there were 4 elements: earth, water, air and fire. Instead,
More informationTest Review # 4. Chemistry: Form TR4-9A
Chemistry: Form TR4-9A REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 4 Location of electrons. Electrons are in regions of the atom known as orbitals, which are found in subdivisions of the principal energy levels
More informationAtoms, Ions and Molecules Calculations
Atoms, Ions and Molecules Calculations 1. How do you calculate the atomic mass of an element? Atomic Mass = (% abundance of isotope 1)(mass of isotope 1) + (% abundance of isotope2)(mass of isotope 2)
More information1011_1st Exam_
1011_1st Exam_1011017 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following functional groups gives acidic properties to organic
More information2) Which one matches the element symbol for the atom with its atomic number? a) O (8) b) oxygen (O)
1) Which one matches the correctly spelled element names with chemical symbols? b) phosphorous (P), aluminum (A), hydrogen (H), fluorine (F) c) carbon (C), neon (N), oxygen (O), boron (B) d) sulfur (S),
More informationChapter 2. Law of. Chapter Dalton s Atomic Theory. Elements, compounds, and chemical reactions. Concept of atoms --- nearly 2500 years ago.
Chapter 2 Elements, compounds, and chemical reactions 1 2.1 Dalton s Atomic Theory Concept of atoms --- nearly 2500 years ago. Greek Philosophical reasoning: atomos Modern atomic theory was developed from
More informationFinal Review -- Chemistry Fall Semester Period Date. Using the word bank provided on each page, complete the following study guide.
Final Review -- Chemistry Fall Semester Name Period Date Using the word bank provided on each page, complete the following study guide. boiling points chemistry colloids compound element filter paper formula
More information