Honors Biology Midterm Review

Transcription

1 Honors Biology Midterm Review Please review the following topics and pages in your text. Be sure to review any worksheets that I have provided, old tests and quizzes, as well as notes taken in class. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 - Exploring Life * What are the characteristics of living things? * Levels of organization beginning at the atomic level, ending at the biosphere. Know all definitions. * Know producers, consumers, and decomposers. How does energy move through an ecosystem? How is this different from the way chemical nutrients move through an ecosystem? * Basic functions of cells * Know the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells * Know and categorize life s three domains * Basic principles of natural selection. What is an adaptation? * Scientific Method - know steps, experimental design, independent/dependent variables ECOLOGY Chapter 34 ( , 34.9), Chapter 36 ( , omit 36.3), Chapter 37 (Hon 37.1, 37.2, 37.4, 37.6, ) Biogeochemical cycles ( ) Ecology I - Intro o What is ecology? o Review the Levels of organization o Biotic and abiotic factors - provide examples o Habitat vs niche o Overview of biomes o Microclimate o Be able to interpret climate diagram Ecology II - Population Dynamics o Characteristics of populations o What determines a population s size? o Immigration and emigration. How does each affect population size? o Logistic and exponential growth. Know shapes of each graphs. What conditions lead to each form of growth? Be able to construct/interpret graphs. o Carrying capacity o Know about predator-prey relationships/boom and crash cycles o Density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors - be able to list examples for each o Competition, predation, parasitism, disease (know definitions). What type of limiting factors are these?

2 Ecology III - Shaping an Ecosystem, Relationships, Energy Flow 1) What biotic and abiotic factors shape an ecosystem? Review niche and habitat. 2) Discuss relationships between organisms such as competition and predation. What is the competitive exclusion principle? 3) What are the three forms of symbiosis we discussed in class? Provide an example for each. 4) What is ecological succession? Discuss the characteristics of both primary and secondary succession. 5) What are producers? How do they make their own food? Be able to describe the processes of photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. 6) What is the major source of energy on Earth? 7) What are consumers? Be able to describe the characteristics and examples of carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, detritivores, and decomposers. 8) Describe the flow of energy through a food chain. 9) How is a food web different from a food chain? 10) Be able to identify different trophic levels in a chain or web. 11) What percentage of energy moves from one trophic level to the next? 12) Know the three types of ecological pyramids? Ecology IV Nutrient Cycles 1) How is the flow of energy in an ecosystem different from the movement of chemical nutrients? 2) Describe the essential steps and vocabulary of the water cycle. 3) Why is carbon essential for life? Be able to cite a few sources of carbon in the atmosphere, waterways, ground, and through living things. 4) Why is nitrogen essential for life? Be able to cite a few sources of nitrogen in the atmosphere, waterways, ground, and through living things. 5) What is nitrogen fixation? Denitrification? 6) Why is phosphorus essential to life? How does it cycle through living things? Where does it not cycle? 7) What is primary productivity? 8) What is a limiting nutrient? 9) What results in algal bloom? CHEMISTRY All of Chapter 2 * List the 4 elements that are found in high concentrations in living things. * Know important trace elements found in living things. * A is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.

3 * Refer to your periodic table. Look at the element Phosphorus. Fill in the following blanks: Atomic Number = Atomic Mass = Mass Number = # Protons = # Neutrons = # Electrons = Draw a Bohr Model of Phosphorus: * How many valence electrons does Phosphorus have? * Draw a Lewis Dot structure for this element: What is an isotope? How are carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 different in terms of structure? Radioactive Isotopes have an nucleus and they over time.! List 2 uses for radioactive isotopes and 2 dangers. Draw Lewis Dot diagrams for the following elements: Boron, Chlorine, Helium! Ionic bonding takes place between a and a.! What is a cation and anion?! Show the formation of the bond that exists between Calcium and Fluorine.! Covalent bonding takes place between a and a. Show the formation of the bond that exists between carbon and chlorine to yield carbon tetrachloride.! Why is water considered a polar molecule? In your response, bring up the terms electronegative, partial positive charge, and partial negative charge. What types of bonds allow water molecules to be cohesive? Are they strong or weak? Define the terms cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. What is the difference between heat and temperature?! Why is ice less dense than water?

4 What are the two components of a solution? If I was making a solution of hot chocolate using water and a powdered mix, the mix would be the and the water would be the. What is the difference between an acid and a base? Sketch the ph scale below. Identify the ranges of acids, bases, and neutral substances. Show arrows indicating increasing hydrogen ions and increasing hydroxide ions.! Be able to list some examples of strong acids, strong bases, weak acids, weak bases, and a neutral substance. What is a buffer?! Be able to identify the reactants and products in the following chemical reaction: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 MOLECULES OF CELLS Sections , omit All organic compounds contain this element: 2. are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen. 3. Draw the following compounds: Propane: Isobutane: 1-butene:

5 4. Draw an isomer of pentane, a hydrocarbon containing 5 carbons. 5. Identify the following functional groups: a) NH2 b) --COOH c) --C=O d) --CH3 e) --PO4 f) --OH 6. Polymers are constructed from individual by a process known as (2 words). what is removed during this reaction? 7. Polymers are broken down into individual units by a process known as. Section 3.4 * monomers of carbs = monosaccharides * fill in the ratio for atoms that make up carbs: * carbon: hydrogen: oxygen atoms * What are some examples of monosaccharides? Section Formation of disaccharides links 2 monosaccharides through dehydration Examples = fill in the correct monosaccharide or disaccharide glucose + maltose glucose + sucrose glucose + galactose Section polysaccharides many monosacch. joined by dehydration Name that polysaccharide in terms of their function: glucose storage (in plants =, in animals = ) and structural ( in plants)

6 Sections 3.8 and 3.9 (Lipids) * mostly carbon and hydrogen, few atoms * Structure/properties: glycerol head (polar/hydrophilic) and fatty acid tail (nonpolar/ hydrophobic) * polymers are formed by adding fatty acids via dehydration * Know the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats * Functions structural (phospholipids) waterproofing (waxes) long term energy storage steroid hormones insulation (temperature regulation and myelin in nerve cells)