FINAL EXAM REVIEW TOPICS. Review all notes, quizzes, test, and handouts and be familiar with all terms we have used!

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1 FINAL EXAM REVIEW TOPICS Review all notes, quizzes, test, and handouts and be familiar with all terms we have used! UNIT 1: CHEMISTRY (30%) Ion Molecular compound Combination Binary molecular compound Element Ionic compound Decomposition Law of conservation of mass Molecule Word equation Single replacement Reaction rate Compound Skeleton equation Double replacement Temperature Cation Balanced chemical equation Combustion Surface area Anion Chemical reaction Complete combustion Catalyst Reactants State symbol Incomplete combustion Concentration Products Coefficient Neutralization Activation energy Acids Bases Acid-base indicator Describe the differences in composition and properties between ionic & molecular compounds Be able to name and write the formula of ionic compounds Be able to write the name and formula of binary and polyatomic molecular compounds Describe the law of conservation of mass Be able to write and balance chemical equations What the four state symbols you might see in a balanced chemical equation? Which elements exist as diatomic molecules? What are the five types of chemical reactions? What needs to be present for a combustion reaction to occur? What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion? Describe the differences in composition and properties between acids and bases What is the ph scale? What is a neutralization reaction? Be able to name and write the formula for acids and bases Describe four factors that affect reaction rate What are some examples of acid-base indicators and how do they work? UNIT 2: PHYSICS (30%) Motion Significant digits Uniform motion Velocity Reference point Scientific notation Speed Constant velocity Scalar Compass points Constant speed Average velocity Vector Coordinate system Average speed Instantaneous velocity Distance Displacement Instantaneous speed Acceleration Position Time Time interval

2 What are the 5 rules for significant digits? Be able to determine the appropriate significant digits for basic calculations Be able to write numbers in scientific notation What is the difference between scalar and vector quantities? What three things do you need to determine position? How can you represent direction? Describe similarities and differences between distance and displacement What does GRASP mean when solving problems using calculations? Be able to determine position, distance, and displacement using calculations What does the slope of a position-time graph tell us? What does it mean for an object to be in uniform motion? Describe similarities and differences between speed and velocity What does the slope of a distance-time graph tell us? How do you calculate for average and instantaneous speed on a distance-time graph? What are three situations that show changing velocity Be able to analyze and interpret distance-time, position-time, and velocity-time graphs What does the slope of a velocity-time graph tell us? How can you calculate displacement graphically from a v-t graph? What do the dots on a ticker tape tell us about the motion of an object? Be familiar with various motion formulas and how to use them to solve calculations UNIT 3: ECOLOGY (30%) Biotic factor Population Ecological footprint Sustainable ecosystem Abiotic factor Community Ecological niche Limiting factors Ecology Producer Photosynthesis Density-dependent limiting factors Ecosystem Consumer Cellular respiration Density-independent limiting factors Aquatic Decomposer Carrying capacity Nitrification Terrestrial Primary consumer Bioaccumulation Assimilation Unsustainable Secondary consumer Biomagnification Ammonification Sustainability Tertiary consumer Trophic pyramid Denitrification Nutrients Herbivore Trophic levels Nitrogen fixation Fertilizer Omnivore Trophic efficiency Greenhouse gas Eutrophication Carnivore Sustainable use Greenhouse effect Nitrogen cycle Predation Ecosystem services Enhanced greenhouse effect Carbon cycle Symbiosis Watershed Alien species Carbon sink Competition Ecotourism Invasive species Carbon source Biomass Connectivity Overexploitation Algal bloom Deforestation Biodiversity Resilience Paradigm Paradigm Shift

3 Describe a sustainable ecosystem What different kinds of ecosystems are there? What is the relationship between population, community, and ecosystem? Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors and be able to provide examples What the relationship between producers, consumers, and decomposers? What are three types of biotic-biotic interactions? What is exponential growth? When do populations demonstrate exponential growth in nature? What are limiting factors and how can we categorize them into two groups? Provide examples. What is carrying capacity? What is an ecological niche, and be able to identify and provide examples How have humans been able to expand our niche and carrying capacity? What human impacts are included in ecological footprints? Is small or large more sustainable? Be familiar with the different parts of the nitrogen cycle How can human activities such as the use of fertilizers affect the nitrogen cycle? Describe the process of eutrophication Describe how carbon is cycled within an ecosystem Describe carbon sinks and sources, and provide examples for each What are some examples of human activities that may affect the carbon cycle, and how? How do greenhouse gases contribute towards the greenhouse effect? What is the difference between the greenhouse effect and enhanced greenhouse effect? What effects do increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and oceans have on ecosystems? What are three ways in which humans can actively reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? What is a trophic pyramid and how is each category defined? Describe herbivore, omnivore, and carnivore How much energy is transferred from one level to the next? Where does the other 90% go? Why is there more biomass found at lower trophic levels from an energy point of view? Provide an example of the effect of human impact from water pollution on ecosystems Compare bioaccumulation and biomagnification What are five ecosystem services provided by sustainable ecosystems? Give examples. How do forests benefit watersheds? How can deforestation disrupt aquatic ecosystems? List three possible causes of colony collapse disorder What evidence showed the relationship between biodiversity and resilience? What are four threats to biodiversity? Describe human activities that disrupt ecosystems, and their impacts on ecosystems How do invasive species upset the balance of an ecosystem? What is the importance of aerial insectivores? How might disrupting connectivity affect them? Explain the importance of connectivity between by using the salmon life cycle. What is a paradigm? What is a paradigm shift? What shift are we in the middle of right now? What is evidence of this shift?

4 SAMPLE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the best answer. 1. Which of the following is a greenhouse gas? a) water b) methane c) carbon dioxide d) all of the above 2. A group of organisms of the same species living in an area is called a: a) organism b) population c) community d) ecosystem 3. A rabbit is a: a) producer b) primary consumer c) secondary consumer d) tertiary consumer 4. The biotic interaction in which one organism feeds on another organism is called: a) mutualism b) competition c) predation d) symbiosis 5. The maximum population of a species that an ecosystem can support is called: a) climate change b) carrying capacity c) greenhouse effect d) target species 6. Also called a primary consumer: a) herbivore b) carnivore c) omnivore d) insectivore 7. In the study of ecology, the term exotic means a) tasty b) earthy c) non-native d) expensive 8. An example of a carbon sink: a) the ocean b) cellular respiration c) fossil fuel deposits d) all of the above 9. an organism that produces its own energy is a: a) producer b) consumer c) decomposer d) symbiotic relationship 10. Which pair is not matching? a) producer cat b) consumer rabbit c) decomposer earthworm d) carnivore wolf 11. It takes about 1000kg of grass to feed: a) 1kg of grasshoppers b) 10kg of grasshoppers c) 100kg of grasshoppers d) 1000kg of grasshoppers 12. A group of similar organisms that can and do breed in nature is called a(n): a) community b) population c) species d) ecosystem 13. Group of different species living together in one area is called a: a) population b) ecosystem c) community d) organism

5 14. A community and its abiotic environment together form a: a) population b) ecosystem c) target species d) biome 16. Sunlight, food availability and rainfall are typical: a) limiting factors b) symbiotic relationships c) biotic elements of an ecosystem d) target species 17. Which of the following is a chemical property: a) liquid b) flammable c) yellow d) density of 0.7g/ml 18. A physical change: a) burning b) cooking c) melting d) rusting 19. Which of the following is an ionic compound? a) CO b) NH 3 c) NaCl d) H 2 O 20. An atom that has lost 2 electrons has a charge of a) +2 b) 2 c) 1 d) Which atom or ion has the same number of electrons as the Cl -1 ion a) Ne b) Cl c) K +1 d) Li +1 e) N Electrons are: a) low mass and positively charged b) in the nucleus c) low mass and negatively charged d) high mass and negatively charged 23. A chlorine atom (Cl) with mass 37 and atomic number 17 has: a) 17 protons, 20 electrons, 20 neutrons b) 17 protons, 17 electrons, 17 neutrons c) 20 protons, 20 electrons, 17 neutrons d) 17 protons, 17 electrons, 20 neutrons 24) Which of the following is used to organize the periodic table? a) atomic number b) atomic mass c) atomic size d) number of neutrons 25) Which of the following is constant during uniform circular motion? a) velocity b) speed c) direction d) displacement 26) Which term best describes the straight-line length between two points? a) distance b) displacement c) speed d) velocity 27) Which of the following correctly describes motion? a) An object travelling with equal displacements for each time interval b) The process of changing velocity c) An object travelling with equal distances for each time interval d) The process of changing position

6 28) Vincent is chasing Jerry and Jerry is running away. At a certain time, Jerry was 21.5 m[e] from the school. Vincent was 4.5 m[e] from the school. What is the displacement from Jerry to Vincent? a) 17 m[e] b) 17.0 m[e] c) 17 m[w] d) 17.0 m[w] MODIFIED TRUE AND FALSE Write true (T) or false (F) on the line provided. IF false, modify (change) the underlined word to make the statement true on the line provided below. 1. Electrons are LOST completely by one atom and GAINED by another in molecular compounds 2. Atoms from ionic compounds move around freely when dissolved in water 3. Molecular compounds have ionic bonds SHORT ANSWER Answer the following on the lines provided. 1. Indicate whether each of the following changes are chemical (C) or physical (P): a. A new substance is formed b. A change in state (e.g. melting, freezing) c. Baking a cake d. Cutting a piece of paper in half e. Fireworks f. Ice cream melting g. Methane gas produced from decomposition 2. Name the following compounds: a. MgF 2 b. NCl 3 c. LiBr d. CoBr 2 e. NaCO 3 3. Write the formula of the following compounds: a. Lithium phosphide b. Zinc sulfide c. Sliver phosphate d. Sodium chloride

7 4. Solve the following and round your final answer using correct significant digits. a. A car is travelling at 27 m/s. It approaches a stop sign and slows down at 11 m/s 2. How long does it take the car to stop? b. What is the displacement of a motor bike travelling at 3.14 m/s [E] for 303 s? WRITTEN ANSWER Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Provide detail, and keep in mind key ideas and vocabulary. 1. Draw the carbon cycle. Label 3 carbon sinks and 3 carbon sources. 2. Describe three ways in which nitrogen can get into the soil for plants to absorb. 3. Draw a food web. Label at least one producer, primary consumer, omnivore, and carnivore. 4. Explain the process of eutrophication. 5. Using the example of DDT, what happens during biomagnification? 6. What is an invasive species, and how do they disrupt ecosystems? 7. What are trophic levels, and how much energy is transferred from one level to the next? What happens to the remaining energy? 8. Describe three abiotic and three biotic limiting factors. How do they affect the carrying capacity of an ecosystem? 9. A good predator-prey relationship keeps the two populations in balance. What does this mean? 10. How do you know if a compound is an ionic or molecular compound? 11. How are ionic bonds different from covalent bonds? 12. Distinguish between an atom, ion, molecule, and a compound. 13. Answer the following given the chemical reaction: magnesium + hydrochloric acid à magnesium chloride + hydrogen gas a. The reactants are: b. The products are: c. What indicates that a chemical reaction has occurred?

8 14. Is the statement acceleration is just the change in speed over the interval of time that the speed changed correct or incorrect? Why or why not? 15. Mr. Henderson is chasing Ms. Sonia at 11 m/s [E]. It takes him 21 seconds to catch her. How far did he have to run? Show your work using GRASP. 16. A car is travelling at 21 m/s[e] for 16 s when it starts to slow down uniformly until it comes to rest 18 s later. Determine the total displacement during the entire time interval. Show your work using GRASP.