Most are autotrophic. Heterotrophic Some autotrophic. animal- like = heterotrophs plant- like = autotrophs fungi- like = heterotrophs.

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1 Earth Science Exam 2 Review Energy and Nutrient Flow in Ecosystems Vocabulary to know: ecosystem biotic abiotic organism species population community producers consumers decomposers food chain food web trophic level energy pyramid herbivore carnivore omnivore heterotroph autotroph biogeochemical cycle Diversity of Life: 1. Fill in the missing information from the table. Cellular Kingdom organization Archaeabacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Unicellular, Prokaryotic Unicellular, Prokaryotic Most unicellular; Unicellular (mold, yeast) Multicellular (mushrooms); Multicellular, Energy/Food Examples Where found Most are autotrophic Heterotrophic Some autotrophic animal- like = heterotrophs plant- like = autotrophs fungi- like = heterotrophs Heterotrophs Autotrophs Halophiles, thermophiles, acidophiles Lactobacillus Staphylococcus Streptococcus E. coli Algae (plant like); Plasmodium (animal like) causes malaria yeast, mushrooms, mold Trees, grasses, flowers, vegetables, etc. Extreme environments everywhere Everywhere - aquatic, terrestrial Everywhere primarily terrestrial Animalia Multicellular; Heterotrophs Insects, fish, mammals, etc. Everywhere 2. To which kingdom do Plasmodia, the organisms which cause malaria, belong? Protista 3. Define halophiles, thermophiles, and acidophiles. Which kingdom includes all of these organisms? Halophiles salt- loving live in extremely salty environments; thermophiles heat- loving ; acidophiles acid- loving All from the Archaeabacteria kingdom

2 4. Which kingdom(s) are producers? Archaeabacteria, some Eubacteria, some Protista, Plantae 5. Which kingdom(s) only include prokaryotes? Archaeabacteria and Eubacteria 6. Which kingdom(s) are decomposers? Some Archaeabacteria, some Eubacteria, Fungi, Some Protista Ecosystems: 7. What is the difference between a population and a community? A population is a group of the same species living in an area, while a community includes all living organisms in an area 8. Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors and give 3 examples of each in a pond ecosystem. Biotic living or once- living; abiotic non- living: Biotic frog, algae, bacteria, fish, cattails, etc. Abiotic water, temperature, salinity, ph, rocks, air, etc. 9. What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem? An ecosystem includes the abiotic factors in addition to the biotic factors. Energy Flow in Ecosystems: 10. For this energy pyramid, draw or write an organism for each level: producer, quaternary consumer, primary consumer, tertiary consumer, and secondary consumer. Bottom producers (plants); next level up primary (insect, for example); middle section secondary (frog, for example); next to top tertiary (snake, for example); top level quaternary (hawk, for example) 11. Fill in the amount of energy available to each level Energy 0.56 Energy 5.6 Energy 56 kj Energy 560 Energy Explain how producers and consumers influence each other. Producers convert energy from sun into food (sugars) and oxygen, which is used by consumers; consumers in turn give off carbon dioxide which producers use; in addition, decomposed consumers provide nutrients for producers 13. Give an example of each of the following in a forest ecosystem: herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, and decomposer Examples: Herbivore rabbit; carnivore coyote; omnivore turkey; decomposer - mushroom 14. Explain how a raccoon could be a primary consumer, a secondary consumer, and a tertiary consumer. (Raccoons are omnivores.) If a raccoon eats corn = primary; if it eats a chicken that ate corn = secondary; if it eats a chicken that ate a worm = tertiary

3 15. How much of the energy from one trophic level is available to the next trophic level? 10% 16. Draw a food chain that includes at least 6 trophic levels and label each level as decomposer, primary consumer, tertiary consumer, secondary consumer, producer, and quaternary consumer. Draw three more chains containing at least 3 trophic levels and interconnect your chains. (You can write the names of the organisms, rather than draw, if you choose. (answers will vary) Food Chain 1 Food Chain 2 Food Chain 3 Food Chain What is your diagram now called? A food web 18. Identify one additional food chain with at least 5 levels you may not include one of your original 4 chains. (Answers will vary)

4 Biogeochemical Cycles: 19. Draw arrows showing the direction of the flow of carbon in the diagram below. 20. Explain how plants and animals rely on each other for carbon. What other product do plants provide animals? Plants produce sugars (carbon compounds) which animals eat when the eat plants; animals in turn give off carbon dioxide for plants to take in and produce sugars 21. How does carbon re- enter the carbon cycle after it becomes trapped in fossil fuels? Burning fossil fuels 22. Identify one biotic and one geologic portion of the carbon cycle. Plants or animals would be biotic; fossil fuels, atmospheric carbon dioxide would be abiotic

5 23. Draw arrows showing the direction of flow of nitrogen in the diagram below. 24. If plants and animals can t utilize atmospheric nitrogen, by what process are they able to obtain the nitrogen necessary to them? Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrogen compounds that plants can use; animals get nitrogen by eating plants and other animals which ate plants. 25. Farmers often rotate their corn crops with soybeans. Why do they choose soybeans and not some other type of crop for this rotation? Soybeans have nodules that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria; these bacteria replenish nutrients in soil 26. Identify one biotic and one geologic portion of the nitrogen cycle. Biotic = bacteria; plants or animals that decompose; abiotic = atmospheric nitrogen

6 27. Draw arrows showing the direction of flow of phosphorus in the diagram below. 28. How do plants and animals rely on each other for phosphorus? Plants take in phosphorus from soil, animals consume plants; animals decompose and return phosphorus to soil 29. Identify one biotic and one geologic portion of the phosphorus cycle. Biotic = plants and animals; abiotic rocks that contain phosphorus 30. How do bacteria and fungi contribute to the phosphorus cycle? Bacteria and fungi return phosphorus to soil be decomposing dead plants or animals