NOTES: FLOW OF ENERGY

Transcription

1 NOTES: FLOW OF ENERGY

2 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Energy in an Ecosystem Autotrophs (Producers) Organisms that use energy from sunlight or chemicals to produce food. Heterotrophs (Consumers) Organisms that get energy by consuming other organisms. A lynx is a heterotroph.

3 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Decomposers (Consumers) Organisms that feed on dead plants or animals or their waste products. Fungus

4 Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in a cell INCLUDES: PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy (SUGARS) for use by the cell. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Sugar molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell.

5 ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) Releases energy when a bond is broken, forming ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

6 PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW Photosynthesis occurs in the CHLOROPLAST Photosynthesis occurs in two phases: Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions BALANCED chemical equation: Carbon Water Glucose Oxygen dioxide

7 Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Kingdoms with Photosynthesis Plantae SOME Protista SOME Eubacteria

8 CELLULAR RESPIRATION OVERVIEW Cellular Respiration occurs in the CYTOPLASM & MITOCHONDRIA Cellular Respiration occurs in two phases: Glycolysis Aerobic Respiration BALANCED chemical equation The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water ATP photosynthesis. dioxide

9 Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Kingdoms with Respiration Animalia Plantae Fungi SOME Protista, Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

10 Process Organelle(s) What is Needed? What is Produced? Photosynthesis Chloroplast CO 2 and H 2 0 and Sunlight Glucose and O 2 Cellular Respiration Mitochondria and Cytoplasm Glucose and O 2 CO 2 and H 2 0

11 ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION Lactic Acid Fermentation Occurs in animal cells when not enough Oxygen is present to go through Respiration Occurs in the Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid is broken down by enzymes into CO 2 and lactic acid Releases 2 ATP molecules Lactic acid builds up creating oxygen debt and leaving muscles sore. Breathing IN O 2 breaks down lactic acid causing soreness to be relieved.

12 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level. Organisms are grouped into trophic levels based on their source of energy. Organism Energy Source Example C O N S U M E R S Producer Sunlight Grass Herbivore Plants Deer Carnivore Animals Lion Omnivore Plants & Animals Bear Decomposer Dead Organisms Bacteria

13 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Food Chains A food chain is a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem. Arrows go from food to what is eating it: Plant Grasshopper Mouse Snake

14 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Food Webs A food web shows many interconnected food chains in which energy flows through an ecosystem.

15 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Energy Pyramid Shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level. Only 10% of the energy at one level is passed on to the next level - the other 90% is lost as heat. This means that when you eat a hamburger, 10% of that hamburger becomes part of your body the rest is burned off.

16 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Energy Pyramid Level 1: Producers (Grass) Level 2: Primary Consumers (Grasshopper) Level 3: Secondary Consumers (Mouse) Level 4: Tertiary Consumers (Snake) Level 5: Decomposers (Bacteria) ALL ENERGY IN THE ECOSYSTEM ORIGINALLY COMES FROM THE SUN!!

17 Consumers Primary = 1 arrow up from plants Secondary = 2 arrows up from plants Tertiary = 3 arrows up from plants Quarternary = 4 arrows up from plants Detritus = waste or debris Top carnivores have NO arrows pointing AWAY from them

18 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Competition When 2+ organisms use a resource at the same time intraspecific (with 1 population) interspecific (between 2+ populations) Predation When species get their food by eating other organisms. Have adaptations for catching/killing prey. Sharp teeth Eyes that point forward Able to run distances

19 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Symbiotic Relationships When two or more species live together and are affected by the relationship Mutualism: both organisms benefit Commensalism: 1 benefits and 1 is not helped or harmed Parasitism: 1 benefits and 1 is harmed