Unit 8: Ecology Guided Reading Questions (60 pts total)

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1 AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 10th Edition Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello Name: Unit 8: Ecology Guided Reading Questions (60 pts total) Chapter 51 Animal Behavior 1. How do behavioral ecologists define behavior? 2. Define the following terms: a. behavioral ecology b. fixed action pattern c. signal d. communication - e. pheromone f. innate behavior g. learning h. imprinting - i. sensitive period j. spatial learning k. cognitive map l. associative learning m. problem solving n. social learning o. culture - Page 1 of 12

2 3. How might associative learning help explain why the Viceroy butterfly so closely resembles the Monarch butterfly? 4. Why does the mode of fertilization correlate with the presence or absence of male parental care? 5. What is altruistic behavior? 6. Define the following terms: a. altruism b. inclusive fitness c. kin selection d. reciprocal altruism - 7. Is reciprocal altruism common in animals? Why or why not? 8. What is sexual selection? 9. Differentiate between intersexual and intrasexual selection. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. Which of the following is TRUE of innate behaviors? A. They occur with or without environmental stimuli. B. Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes. C. They are expressed in most individuals in a population. D. They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals. Page 2 of 12

3 Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere 1. What do the following subfields of ecology study? (Figure 52.2) a. organismal ecology b. population ecology (include the definition of population) c. community ecology (include the definition of community) d. ecosystem ecology (include the definition of ecosystem) e. landscape ecology (include the definition of landscape) f. global ecology (include the definition of biosphere) - 2. Define the following terms and give an example of each: a. abiotic b. biotic 3. What is the difference between macroclimate and microclimate? 4. How does latitude affect sunlight intensity? 5. What causes the seasons? 6. Explain how mountains affect rainfall. Page 3 of 12

4 7. Briefly describe the following terrestrial biomes (Figure 52.11). a. tropical forest b. desert c. savanna d. chaparral e. temperate grassland f. northern coniferous forest g. temperate broadleaf forest h. tundra - 8. Briefly describe the following aquatic biomes (Figure 52.14). a. lakes b. wetlands- c. streams and rivers d. estuaries e. intertidal zones f. ocean pelagic biome g. coral reef h. marine benthic zone 9. Give an example of how humans could expand a species distribution by changing its dispersal. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? A. temperature and light B. light and precipitation C. temperature and plants D. temperature and precipitation Page 4 of 12

5 Chapter 53 Population Ecology 1. Define the following terms: a. population b. density c. dispersion d. mark-recapture method e. immigration f. emigration g. territoriality 2. What are the three patterns of dispersion and what can be concluded from these patterns? (Figure 53.4) 3. Define the following terms: a. demography b. life tables c. survivorship curves d. reproductive table e. life history 4. Use Figure 53.6 to label the three different survivorship curves. Give an example of an animal that fits each curve and an explanation of why they fit that curve. Examples: I - II - III Page 5 of 12

6 5. What is exponential population growth? What is the shape of the graph you would expect to see? 6. Read Concept 53.3 slowly we are focusing on the concepts only, not on the math. Label the graph of the logistical population growth model below. What does it tell you and why? 7. Contrast K-selection and r-selection. 8. What is the difference between density-independent and density-dependent factors as a general term? Choose a species and list three density-dependent factors and three density-independent factors. 3 Density-Dependent Factors 3 Density-Independent Factors What inferences can be made from age structure graphs? (Figure 53.24) AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. Currently, how large is the worldwide population of humans relative to Earth's carrying capacity for humans? A. at the carrying capacity B. below the carrying capacity C. above the carrying capacity D. there is insufficient information to answer this question Page 6 of 12

7 Chapter 54 Community Ecology 1. Define the major types of interspecific interactions and give an example of each. a. interspecific intractions b. interspecific competition c. ecological niche d. resource partitioning e. character displacement f. predation g. herbivory h. symbiosis i. parasitism j. mutualism k. commensalism l. facilitation - 2. What is the relationship between interspecific competition and the Competitive Exclusion Principle? 3. Define and give an example of the following physiological defense adaptations. a. cryptic coloration b. aposematic coloring c. Batesian mimicry d. Müllerian mimicry Page 7 of 12

8 4. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? Which provides a more complete ecological picture and why? 5. Name every organism in the pictured food chain, and give the trophic level in the box (Figure 54.14). 6. Explain the energetic hypothesis that addresses the question as to why food chains are relatively short. 7. How do you characterize the dominant species? How is this different from the keystone species? 8. Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession. Page 8 of 12

9 9. What is the Island Equilibrium Model and how does it help us better understand ecological changes? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to their relationship? A. mutualism B. commensalism C. competitive exclusion D. interspecific competition Chapter 55 Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology 1. What is an ecosystem? Why is the law of conservation of mass important for ecosystems? 2. Why is the transfer of energy in an ecosystem referred to as energy flow, not energy cycling? 3. Why are detritivores (decomposers) essential to an ecosystem? 4. Define the following terms: a. primary production b. gross primary production (GPP) c. net primary production (NPP) d. net ecosystem production (NEP) 5. How do light limitations and nutrient limitations impact primary production? Page 9 of 12

10 6. What is eutrophication? Is it considered a positive or a negative for a lake environment? 7. Why is the energy transfer between trophic levels limited? 8. Choose one of the cycles illustrated in Figure and draw it in the space below. 9. Why does deforestation of a watershed increase the concentration of nitrates in streams draining the watershed? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem? A. the trophic efficiency of the ecosystem B. the rate of decomposition in the ecosystem C. the location of the nutrient reservoirs in the ecosystem D. the production efficiency of the ecosystem s consumers Page 10 of 12

11 Chapter 56 Conservation Biology and Global Change 1. How are conservation ecology and restoration ecology different? 2. How is diversity decreasing due to human activity? Give examples of decreases in genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity in your answer. genetic diversity species diversity ecosystem diversity - 3. What are some benefits of species and genetic diversity? 4. Distinguish between endangered species and threatened species. 5. Name and describe the four major threats to biodiversity Page 11 of 12

12 6. Differentiate between the small-population and declining population approaches to population conservation. 7. Discuss fragmentation, edges, and movement corridors as methods of conservation. 8. Describe each the following: a. biodiversity hot spot b. nature reserve c. zoned reserve 9. What is biophilia and how does it affect the future of our biosphere? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: 10. One of the most severe consequences of habitat degradation is the of a population. A. fossilization B. precipitation C. fragmentation D. biomagnification Page 12 of 12