CHAPTER 52 Study Questions (An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere)

Transcription

1 WLHS / AP Bio / Monson Name CHAPTER 52 Study Questions (An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere) 52.1: Earth s climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly (p ) 1) Distinguish between ABIOTIC and BIOTIC factors. Give an example of each. 2) Summarize the information shown in figure 52.8 include why the territory of this butterfly has expanded in recent years. 52.2: The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance (p ) 3) What is meant by a DISTURBANCE in an ecological sense? Give an example. **Read through & study the various TERRESTRIAL biomes especially the Human Impact section for each biome! (p ) (check here that you read about all of the terrestrial biomes!) 52.3 Aquatic Biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth (p ) 4) What percent of the Earth s surface is covered by ocean? 5) Distinguish between the photic zone and the aphotic zone in aquatic biomes. 6) Summarize the human impact on LAKES. **Read through & study the various AQUATIC biomes especially the Human Impact section for each biome! (p ) (check here that you read about all of the aquatic biomes!)

2 52.4: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species (p ) 7) Distinguish between ecological time & evolutionary time. (p. 1163) 8) Study Figure on page Summarize the experiment performed by W.J. Fletcher, et al. How did they set up their experiment? What were their conclusions? 9) For the 2 abiotic factors listed below, summarize how each can influence or limit a species distribution / dispersal. Temperature: Sunlight:

3 CH 53 READING GUIDE: Population Ecology 53.1: (p ) 1) Define the following terms: population: density: dispersion: immigration: emigration: 2) Describe the mark-recapture method for measuring density. (see fig. 53.2) 3) In a mark-recapture study of a lake trout population, 65 fish were captured, marked, and released. In a second capture, 72 fish were captured; 12 of these were marked. What is the estimated number of individuals in the lake trout population? 4) Describe a reason / situation which would result in plants or animals exhibiting each of the following dispersion patterns (see fig. 53.4): CLUMPED: EVENLY SPACED: RANDOM: 5) (A) Sketch / label / describe Type I, II, and III survivorship curves. Give an example of an organism that follows each type of curve. (see fig. 53.6) (B) Sketch and explain a stair-stepped survivorship curve. What kind of organism might follow this type of curve? (read paragraph on p. 1174)

4 : (p ) 6) Explain each of the figures in the following equation: ΔN / Δt = B - D ΔN = B = Δt = D = 7) What is meant by CARRYING CAPACITY? 8) (A) Write and explain the factors in the logistic growth equation. (B) Sketch a graph showing exponential growth vs. logistic growth. (see fig. 53.9) : (p ) 9) Distinguish between density independent and density dependent (see fig ) population growth rates (either birth or death rates). Give an example of each. **Read through & study the various mechanisms of density-dependent regulation! (p ) (check here that you read about all of the mechanisms!) 10) (A) What is meant by ecological footprint? (B) In terms of energy use, how does the ecological footprint of someone in the USA compare to someone in central Africa? (see fig )

5 CH 54 READING GUIDE: Community Ecology 1) Define the following terms: community: ecological niche: 2) What is meant by interspecific competition? Describe two examples of interspecific competition. 3) Complete the following chart of interspecific interactions. Type of interaction Definition / description +/+, +/-, +/0, -/- Example Predation Parasitism -endoparasitism -ectoparasitism Herbivory Commensalism Mutualism 4) Describe two ways in which plants defend themselves against herbivores. 5) Describe three ways in which animals defend themselves against predators.

6 6) Distinguish (and give an example of each) between: a) cryptic coloration and aposematic coloration. b) Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry. 7) What is meant by a keystone species? Describe one example of a keystone species. 8) Distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession. Give an example of a situation which would result in each type of succession. 9) What is a PATHOGEN? Describe how pathogens are altering coral reef communities. 10) How have human activities contributed to the transporting of pathogens around the world at unprecedented rates?

7 CH Study Questions - ECOSYSTEMS & CONSERVATION CH 55: Ecosystems & Restoration Ecology 1) Define the following terms: primary producers: primary consumers: secondary consumers: detritivores / decomposers: primary production: 2) Why are detritovores essential to an ecosystem? 3) What percent of visible light that does reach photosynthetic organisms is actually converted to chemical energy? Why is this percentage so low? 4) Which factors are important in limiting primary production in AQUATIC ecosystems? TERRESTRIAL ecosystems? 5) Why do food webs usually include only 3-5 trophic levels? (include an explanation of trophic efficiency) **Read through & study the various water and nutrient cycles! (p ) (check here that you read about all of the cycles!) 6) Describe the process of nitrogen fixation. (see p. 1229)

8 7) What factors influence decomposition rates in an ecosystem? Compare the decomposition rates of: tropical rainforests, temperate forests, and tundra ecosystems. (see p. 1230) CH 56: Conservation Biology & Global Change 8) Describe the discipline of conservation biology. 9) Complete the following chart: Problem Cause / Human role Effect Example or Evidence Introduced species (a.k.a. non-native, or exotic species) Overharvesting Greenhouse effect (see p ) Depletion of atmospheric ozone (see p ) Acid precipitation (see p. 1244, under Global Change )