A population is a group of individuals of the same species, living in a shared space at a specific point in time.

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2 A population is a group of individuals of the same species, living in a shared space at a specific point in time. A population size refers to the number of individuals in a population.

3 Increase Decrease Birth Death Immigration Emigration

4 Population size can be counted in a few different ways. We will be covering 3 in class Counting individuals Counting by sample area Mark and recapture

5 Counting individuals entails counting every single individual in a given area Works great in small and non-dense areas Sample counting entails counting the individuals in a smaller area and then extrapolating from there. Can be a good estimate but may not be perfectly acurate

6 The population size is estimated through calculations Average # per section Area of a section = Population size = = Total study area You count 46 individuals in an area of 4 m 2, what is the population size if the total study area is 3.7 km 2

7 Mark and recapture is a process where a certain number of individuals are captured and released into the wild. Individuals from the same population are captured again. By counting the number of individuals recaptured, you can estimate the population.

8 # recaptured = # marked animals Total # captured 2 nd time = Population size Let s try it out! 75 marked animals 46 recaptures out of 87 caught

9 The density of a population refers to the number of individuals per unit of area. Density = # of individuals / Area Density of Canada 35,427,524 people (2014 est.) 9,984,670 km 2

10 The distribution of a population is the way the individuals of a population are dispersed within their habitat. There are 3 types Clumped Uniform Random

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12 Ecological factors are factors that affect the living organisms living there. Factors can be biotic or abiotic Biotic are factors are living Abiotic are factors that are non-living

13 Abiotic Factors Amount of light Soil or water ph Terrain Depth of snow Temperature Air humidity Biotic Factors Birth rate Disease Amount of food Predation Competition Human activity

14 The biological cycle of a population is composed of alternating periods of rise and fall in its size. These periods are of fixed duration and are repeated continually. These are cycles for predators and prey.

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17 The predator s population is affected by amount of prey available. When there is tons of prey, populations rise but when the prey is scarce, populations fall. The prey s population is affected by the amount of predators. Too many predators cause a decrease of the prey and when there aren t too many predators, the prey s population rises.

18 A community is a set of populations of different species sharing the same habitat. Populations do not usually live alone in their habitats. The study of communities is an indispensible aspect of ecology.

19 Biodiversity describes the variety of species in a community. The number of species in a given territory is defined as the species richness. Relative abundance is the number of individuals in the different species.

20 Biodiversity considered to be high when there is a high number of species along with a good relative abundance. It is best to have relatively the same amount of the different species. We will look at two different communities and observe their different biodiversity.

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22 As previously mentioned, species are constantly interacting with one another. There are 4 different types of interaction Competition Predation Mutualism Commensalism

23 Resources are limited in a habitat. Predators can compete for the same prey. Plants can compete for water or light. Competition is regarded as a negative for both species involved.

24 Competition comes in two varieties Intraspecific: Two individuals of the same species fighting for the same resource Interspecific: Two individuals of different species fighting for the same resource.

25 Predation is the interaction between two living organisms in which one feeds on the other. The prey can be either an animal or plant. A predator can either be a carnivore or a herbivore.

26 Lions eat antelope, where an animal eats another animal. Caterpillars eat leaves, where an animal eats a plant. In this situation, one animal wins and the other is a big loser. Another specialised for of predation is the parasite.

27 Mutualism is the interaction between two living organisms that benefits both organisms. In this relationship, both parties win. Sea anemones and clown fish live in harmony. The clown fish are immune to the sea anemone s poison and the sea anemone get fed.

28 Commensalism is the interaction between two living organisms in which one organism benefits while the other remains unaffected. Birds build their nests in trees. The birds get a home, but the trees are not affected one way or the other.

29 Type of Interaction Effect on Population A Effect on Population B Competition - - Predation/Parasites + - Mutualism + + Commensalism + O

30 An ecosystem the a community of living organisms interaction with one another and with the nonliving components on the environment they inhabit. We started looking at a population, then moved up to a community and now finally the ecosystem. The ecosystem involves both living and nonliving parts.

31 Different environments are all different ecosystems. Ecosystems can be as large as the Amazon, or as small as a lake. Let s look at the environment and how individuals interact.

32 Trophic relationships are the feeding connections among the living organisms in an ecosystem. Organisms eat other organisms. There are 3 levels into which every organism fits into.

33 A food chains are a description of how different species eat another and how energy is transferred from one level to another. Remember, the main reason why we eat is for energy. Let s see how energy gets transfered

34 Producers are autotrophic organisms with the ability to create organic matter from inorganic matter in an ecosystem. What that means is that they can create things like sugars, fats and proteins from things like water, minerals and the air. The principle mechanisms used to create this material is photosynthesis.

35 Producers are typically plants. There are also bacteria and simple organisms which do so. Up until a few years ago, it was thought that there were no animals which could do that. Autotrophic animals only do so partially and due to algae living symbiotically.

36 Consumers are heterotrophic organisms that feed on living organisms to survive. There are multiple levels of consumers. Primary consumers feed off of producers. They are herbivores or omnivores. Secondary and higher level consumers feed on other consumers.

37 The level of the consumer depends on how many degrees of separations between the consumer and producer. A particular organism can be a primary, secondary and tertiary consumer depending on what/who it is eating. Consumers can either be carnivores or omnivores.

38 Decomposers are organisms that feed on the waste and remains of other living organisms. Decomposers are said to be detritivores, meaning they eat dead material. Decomposers are essential to the food chain as they break down organic matter into inorganic matter.

39 Decomposers turn things like protein and sugars back down into their basic elements. Decomposers consist of most worms, all fungi, some bacteria and certain insects. Decomposers are heterotrophs and must eat to survive.

40 All organisms fit into a trophic network. The food web shows how energy is transferred from one level to the next. Not only does energy get transferred, but so does matter. If there were no decomposers, the organic matter would not be able to be reused.

41 According to the law of conservation of mass, nothing is lost, nothing is created, matter is transformed. This applies to chemistry as it does to ecology. This occurs due to the cycle of producers and decomposers creating and breaking down organic matter.

42 Circle of Life

43 As previously mentioned, organisms eat for energy. With each trophic level, energy is transferred from one organism to another. The transfer isn t perfect though With each level, there is a loss of energy.

44 The loss of energy comes from waste produced. This also comes from activities such as growing, moving and reproducing. There is also energy lost from heat. Energy is not recycled like matter, energy must always be replaced.

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48 When drawing a food chain/web, the direction of the arrows is important. The arrows show the flow of energy. The arrows must go from the prey towards the predator.

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