ANSWER KEY SNC 1D1 EXAM REVIEW 2016/17

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1 SNC 1D1 EXAM REVIEW 2016/17 DATE OF EXAM: ROOM NUMBER: TIME: MATERIALS NEEDED: CHEMISTRY (Chapter 4-6): TEXTBOOK UNIT REVIEW: p260 #1-18, 23-25, Define the following terms: Malleability, Ductility, Density, Viscosity o Malleability: The ability of a metal to be hammered into thin sheets o Ductility: A solid material s ability to deform under tensile stress (stretched into a wire) o Density: The measure of the quantity of mass per unit of length, area or volume o Viscosity: Describes how a liquid pours. 2. Name the signs that a chemical reaction has occurred. Colour change -Formation of a precipitate -Formation of a gas (bubbles) -Odour change -Temperature change -The change is difficult to reverse 3. List the location, charge and whether it moves or is stable for the 3 sub-atomic particles in an atom. Particle Location Charge Stable or Moving Proton Nucleus Positive Stable Neutron Nucleus Neutral Stable Electron Orbits the Nucleus Negative Moving

2 4. How does a Heterogeneous mixture differ from a solution? -Different compounds can be seen in a heterogeneous mixture but not in a solution. 5. What are the patterns and trends of the periodic table? Groups (18) & periods (7) o 4 groups alkaline metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases Metals/Non-metals o Metals = left side, non-metals = right side Conductivity (as you move down periodic table) 6. Define the shape and volume of the 3 states of matter. - Solid: beside each other, compact - Liquid: spread out with some space in between particles - Gas: significant space in between 7. What determines the order of elements in the modern periodic table? -Number of protons 8. Which of the following always have the same number in a neutral atom of an element: Protons, neutrons, electrons. - Protons and electrons 9. What is the Particle Theory of Matter. 1. All matter is made up of particles 2. All particles in a pure substance are identical (no two different pure substances have the same particles) 3. All particles have space between them 4. All particles are always moving more energy (heat) produces more movement 5. All particles are attracted to one another 10. Name the following changes in matter: Solid to Liquid, Liquid to Gas, Liquid to Solid, Gas to Liquid i. Solid to Liquid: Melting/Fusion ii. Liquid to Gas: Vaporization/Boiling iii. Liquid to Solid: Freezing iv. Gas to Liquid: Condensation 11. What is an ion? -When an atom becomes charged by gaining or losing electrons 12. When an atom loses an electron, what charge does it now have? -Positive (because electrons are negative) 13. Name the following elements: Na - Sodium K - Potassium Au - Gold Hg Mercury, S - Sulfur

3 14. Find the element Calcium on the periodic table. From its position in the periodic table, answer the following questions: Is Calcium a metal or a non-metal? Metal Is Calcium more or less reactive than Potassium? Less Is Calcium more or less reactive than Argon? More What is the formula when Calcium and Sulphur combine? CaS What is the name of the molecule from d)? Calcium Sulfide What type of molecule is formed when Calcium and Sulphur combine? Ionic Compound 15. What is a cation? What is an anion? What charge does it give you? o Cation positively charged atom o Anion negatively charged atom 16. Write the following in standard atomic notation: Helium and Fluorine 17. Complete the table below: Atomic Symbol Atomic # Mass # # protons # electrons # neutrons Be Cl K Draw a Bohr-Rutherford diagram for: a) Chlorine atom and Chlorine ion

4 b) Magnesium atom and magnesium ion 19. What is the difference between an ionic compound and molecular compound? What is another name for both? Ionic compound i. Contains a metal + non-metal ii. Has a positive and negative charged ion attracted to one another iii. Electrons are donated iv. Eg. Na + Cl = sodium chloride Molecular compound i. Also known as a covalent compound ii. Sharing of electrons iii. Usually with 2 non-metal elements iv. Eg. Carbon + Hydrogen = CH4 20. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative properties? List them all. Write your own definition of each. Quantitative properties i. Data info about the amount of something (something that can be measured with numbers like height, weight, length etc.) Qualitative properties i. Properties that can be observed but cannot be measured 21. What were the names of the 4 scientists that developed the atom? What was each of their contributions? Bohr Rutherford Dalton J.J. Thompson

5 ECOLOGY (Chapter 1-3): TEXTBOOK UNIT REVIEW: pg128 #1-15,17,19-21, What s the difference between a food web and a food chain? -A food chain shows one path for energy, a food web shows multiple paths for energy in an ecosystem 2. What is the difference between Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification? -Bioaccumulation is the build-up of toxins in one organism -Biomagnification is the build-up of pollutants as they pass through a food chain 3. Name the process that converts nitrogen in the air to nitrates. -Nitrification 4. Define the term Niche. -The specific role an organism plays in its environment 5. What happens during Photosynthesis? -Plants use sunlight to produce glucose 6. Give examples of the organisms that fit into the following categories: a. Producers: Grass, wheat, tree b. Primary Consumers: Mouse, deer, squirrel c. Secondary Consumers: Fox, wolf 7. Define Biodiversity. -The differences that exist in the variety of organisms in an ecosystem 8. What type of organisms (herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, not applicable) are predominant at the following trophic levels? First: Not Applicable, Second: Herbivore, Third: Omnivore, Fourth: Carnivore 9. Define Community. - A group of organisms of different species living together. 10. Define Ecosystem. 11. How might abiotic factors be different under a log than on top of it? -Above the log sunlight is more intense, there is less moisture, more wind exposure and it s warmer -Below the log sunlight is less intense, there is more moisture, less wind exposure and it s colder

6 Population Size ANSWER KEY 12. How do you measure biodiversity? - Transect sampling, canopy fogging, netting, 13. What is the difference between a dominant species vs ecosystem engineer? - Dominant species that is largest in number in a particular ecosystem - Ecosystem Engineer is an organism that can create or modify a specific ecosystem that changes the whole ecosystem altogether. 14. How is a predator different than prey? - Prey is the one being hunted - Predator is the hunter, usually top of the food chain 15. Compare Heterotrophs and Autotrophs. - Heterotrophs: eat the autotrophs - Autotrophs: plants, use photosynthesis from sunlight to produce energy 16. Define Equilibrium and what is that the key to in Ecology? -Equilibrium is the ability of an ecosystem to adapt to stay balanced. -It is the key to sustainability in ecology 17. Define Carrying Capacity. -The maximum number of individuals than an ecosystem can support indefinitely 18. In the following graph, what will happen to the population size of the rabbits after year 10. Rabbit Growth Curve Year Population a. What are 2 biotic and 2 abiotic factors that could influence the rabbits population growth? -It has exceeded its carrying capacity, but should start to rise again as the high number of predators die out because of lack of food. -Biotic: Number of predators, abundance/lack of resources, biotic potential (births) -Abiotic: Temperature, fire, flood, amount of water 19. Name and give THREE specific examples for how humans have negatively impacted the biodiversity and ecosystems of the Toronto land and water area. -Shoreline development by Lake Ontario (new condos) -Treatment plant that pumps waste into Lake Ontario -Deforestation to build houses, etc. such as in Vaughn/Maple

7 20. What is biodiversity? How are humans affecting biodiversity in the world. - Wide range of life in a particular area/ecosystem - Humans affect biodiversity by polluting, destroying natural habitats, building new homes/highways, disturbing the peace of ecosystems, 21. How does driving a car effect the balance of an ecosystem? What type of environmentally friendly ways of how cars are designed presently? - Cars pollute CO2, there are a lot of drivers, roads are needed to drive on thus destroying local areas and ecosystems. Growing population more cars and more cars more pollution and problems for the surrounding area. - Types of cars: Hybrids fuel + cell Electric purely electric 22. Use the following information to construct a food web. In a particular ecosystem, the producers are carrots and lettuce. There are also dead leaves. Grasshoppers eat lettuce and dead leaves. Rabbits eat Carrots and grasshoppers (they must be hungry). Blue Jays only eat Grasshoppers. Racoons eat Lettuce. Hawks eat Blue Jays and Rabbits. Coyotes only eat Rabbits.

8 ELECTRICITY (Chapter 9-12): TEXTBOOK UNIT REVIEW: p524 #1-13, 17, 19, What type of electricity is lightning? -Static Electricity 2. Define Grounding. -The process of connecting a wire to the Earth for excess electrons to flow 3. Define and give some examples of an electrical Load. -An electrical component or portion of a circuit that consumes electric power -Ex: Light Bulb, Motor, Toaster, etc. 4. What is the Law of Electric Charges? -Like charges repel and opposite charges attract 5. Name 3 renewable and 3 non-renewable sources of energy Renewable Non-Renewable -Solar -Nuclear -Tidal -Fossil Fuels -Hydroelectric -Natural Gas -Geothermal 6. What is an insulator and what are some examples? -A material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and therefore make it nearly impossible to conduct an electric current. -Ex: Rubber, Plastic, etc. 7. Describe charging by: a. Induction, Conduction, Friction Induction: One objects passes electrons to another without contact Conduction: One objects passes electrons to another by touching it Friction: Rubbing 2 objects together to transfer electrons 8. Explain how lightening forms. o Induction - clouds charges interact and repel ground charges exposing the opposite charges 9. What are the advantages of a parallel circuit over a series circuit? -You can remove a light bulb and the others will stay lit (Parallel) -Light bulbs will stay the same level of brightness (Parallel)

9 10. Define Ohm s Law. What is the formula? What are the names for each part of the formula? What is the difference between each? -The potential difference between two points on a conductor is proportional to the electric current flowing through the conductor, in other words: V=I x R 11. What unit is used to measure the following: a. Voltage - Volts b. Resistance - Ohms c. Current - Amperes 12. a) Draw a series circuit that has a two cell battery and three light bulbs connected so that they can each be controlled by their own switch. There is an ammeter measuring the current of one of the light bulbs. b) Draw a parallel circuit that has a three cell battery and three light bulbs. Each bulb has their own switch. Create a master switch for the entire circuit controlling it (in series). Connect a voltmeter across the cell. 13. A battery in a circuit provides 40 volts and each light bulb (3 of them) provides 7.0 ohms of resistance. Calculate the current flowing through this circuit. (Use GRASP) G V = 40 Volts R = 7 Ω x 3 = 21 Ω R I =? A I = V/R S I = 40V / 21Ω I = 1.9A P The current flowing through the circuit is 1.9 Amperes 14. A hair dryer is plugged into a wall outlet: (Use GRASP) a. The resistance of the hair dryer is 15 Ω. How much current is being used if the outlet voltage is 120 V? G V = 120 Volts R = 15Ω R I =? A I = V/R S I = 120V / 15Ω I = 8.0A P The hair dryer is using 8.0 Amperes of current

10 b. If the hair dryer uses 80 watts per hour and is only on one hour a day, how many watts will be used in a year? G w/hour = 80 watts Hours/Day = 1 Days/year = 365 R Watts / Year =? A Watts / Year = w/hour x Hours/day x Days/year S Watts / Year = 80w x 1 x 365 I = Wh = 29.2kWh per year P The hair dryer will use 29.2 Kilowatts per year 15. A comb becomes negatively charged when it is brushed through hair. Using a diagram (or diagrams), please depict what will happen (with respect to electrons), when the negatively charged comb is brought close to a neutrally charged pith ball. -As the comb comes close to the pith ball, it will repel the pith pall s negative charges and cause a separation of charges -Once the negative charges are repelled, the positive charges will be close to the comb -The positive pith ball charges will be attracted to the negative comb charges 16. What is the difference between an ammeter and a voltmeter? How are they set up in circuits? - Ammeters are located in series to the circuit, measure current - Voltmeters are located in parallel to a load (bulb, cell, motor, etc.), measure potential difference (how much energy is being used) 17. Use the electrostatic series to answer the following questions: a. What charge is at the top of the list? Bottom of the list? - positive b. What happens as you move down the series? - Items become more negatively charged because as you move down, those items have a strong hold for electrons (-) c. Compared with wool, what happens with the electrons on human hair? - Electrons will move from the hair to the wool 18. What is the difference between parallel and series circuits? How are houses wired? Explain. - Houses wired in series (master switch) and in parallel (individuals rooms on different circuits) Polyester Foam - Electrons in parallel circuits can bypass one direction and continue another route to power up another area Ebonite In series circuits, once one load goes out, or if there is a break on the circuit, it will then stop the flow of electrons Glass Human Hair Nylon Wool Fur Silk Cotton Lucite (a clear plastic) Stronger Hold on Electrons 19. What is an insulator? Conductor? Name a bunch of examples. - Insulator (plastic/rubber), does not allow electrons to escape and flow through - Conductor (copper wire, metal, water), allows electrons to flow through at various speeds

11 20. What would happen if you unscrew a bulb in a series circuit? Parallel circuit? Explain. - Series: whole circuit shuts off because a bulb has a series circuit near the filament (tungsten) and if that is disconnected the electrons have no where to go. - Parallel: circuit can still work, electrons flow through another pathway and will allow another load to get powered. 21. How do we generate electricity? How does each example effect the environment? - Wind, solar (sun) - geothermal (heat from ground), - nuclear plants, - tidal (waves), - coal (burning carbon)

12 SPACE (Chapter 7): 1. What did we get from studying the sky? - Constellations, astronomy, discoveries of a universe, calendar, seasons etc. 2. Compare and contrast revolution and rotation. -Rotation: The spinning of the Earth on it s axis -Revolution: The orbiting of the Earth around the Sun 3. How are the seasons caused? -Caused by the Earth s tilt towards or away from the Sun. 4. What is an Astronomical Unit (AU)? -A unit of measure equal to the distance between the Earth and the Sun (1 AU = 1.5 x 10 8 km) -Used to measure distances in the solar system 5. What is a light year? -A measure of the distance that light travels in a year (9.46 x km) 6. Define the term Constellation. What are a few examples? What is an asterism? -A group of stars that make a recognizable shape E.g.: Ursa Major, Cancer, Andromeda etc. Asterism: group of stars within a constellation that build a shape/new constellation (i.e. big dipper) 7. Compare a planet (other than Earth) and a star in terms of temperature, distance to us, and size. -Planets are closer to us, cooler and much smaller than a star 8. What are all of the planets? Spell them correctly. - My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nachos - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune 9. Explain how the moon effects the earth. - Tides: high/low tides change depending on where the moon is positioned (on land or on water) - Gravitational pull shifts the water levels - Moon gives us

13 10. Define the term Galaxy. -A galaxy consists of about 200 billion stars, dust, gas, and solid matter that may form planets. 11. Name the 3 types of galaxy shapes. -Spiral -Elliptical -Irregular 12. What has the Sun given us? Why is it so important? - Sun is our everything & existence - Gives us photosynthesis for plants to survive - Gives heat to survive - Gives us light to see 13. Explain how we get a year? Day/night? Seasons? High/low tide? - 1 Year: revolution of Earth around Sun takes days - 1 Day: rotation of earth on its axis takes 24 hours - Season: Earths tilt toward or away from the Sun - High/Low Tide: Gravitational pull from the moon 14. If you were asked to travel to Mars tomorrow, what are three things that you would need to make sure you had sorted out or at least understood (all science related) before you left? -Atmosphere -Distance from us -Temperature -Growing conditions -Can you build on the land, etc. 15. Draw diagrams to show the difference in the positioning of celestial bodies for solar and lunar eclipses. Explain the difference between the SOLAR ECLIPSE 16. How did astronomers measure time a long time ago? Explain how they did. - Sun Dial: shadow of the sun on a dial (spike) located in an open area 17. What is the difference between the heliocentric model versus geocentric model? - Heliocentric Model: present day belief, planets/earth all revolve around the Sun,

14 Sun is the centre of universe - Geocentric Model: old belief where all planets + sun revolved around Earth