Final Study Guide. Science Skills. Directions: Make a study set in Quizlet called Final Study Guide. Research the answers to each bullet.

Transcription

1 Final Study Guide Directions: Make a study set in Quizlet called Final Study Guide. Research the answers to each bullet. Make a one or more Quizlet cards (or actual index cards) for each bullet. Remember you can add pictures to your cards. Study your set. Science Skills Identify variables in an investigation o independent variable the variable that you are changing in the experiment o dependent variable what you are observing/measuring o constant variables what remained the same, your baseline for comparison. Explain the purpose of having controls in an experiment the purpose of having a control is to be sure that you have a fair test and to serve as a baseline for your experiment. This way you know how your changes impacted the final results. Be able to: Draw accurate conclusions from data Measure accurately o Time o Distance o mass Display data in tables and graphs Interpret data in graphs

2 Chemistry Describe the parts of an atom o charges electrons have a negative charge, protons have a positive charge, and neutrons have no charge. o locations protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom and the elctrons are found in the orbital shells. o relative masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons What are the particles found in an atom? Describe how elements are arranged in the periodic table Draw Bohr and Lewis Structure diagrams of elements 1 20 o Hydrogen Explain why elements in the same group have similar properties. o Elements in the same group in the periodic table have similar chemical properties. This is because their atoms have the same number of electrons in the highest occupied energy level. Group 1 elements are reactive metals called the alkali metals. Group 0 elements are unreactive non metals called the noble gases. Describe the properties of the groups on the periodic table alkali metals

3 o alkaline earth metals o metalloids o noble gasses Describe the location of the families on the periodic table o metals o non metals o metalloids to/content/the periodic table metals nonmetals and metalloids.html Vocabulary: proton, neutron, electron, atomic mass, atomic number, period, family, group, electron cloud, electron levels/shells, nucleus, charge, chemical symbol, chemical name, element, valence, metals, nonmetals, metalliods

4 Life Explain how life is organized from single cells to ecosystems o cell tissue organ organ system organism population community ecosystem Identify and describe the needs of life o food, air, shelter, and water Describe how living things obtain what they need to live. List and describe the characteristics of living things o Identify the purpose of each of the chemicals of life o protein build a repair cells o carbohydrate energy o fats/oils cell membrane o nucleic acid building blocks of life o water hydration for cells o ATP energy for cellular processes List and describe the functions of the parts of a microscope.

5 State the parts of the cell theory (there are 3) Vocabulary: cell, stimulus, homeostasis, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, unicellular, multicellular, stage, objective lens, arm, diaphragm

6 Cells Describe the function of each part of a eukaryotic cell Describe the differences between plant and animal cells ID and describe how one celled organisms obtain energy o How can you tell if a one celled organism is an autotroph o How can you tell if a one celled organism is an heterotroph? Describe how one celled organisms can move around (there are three ways) o p o f o c Vocabulary: flagella, pseudopod, cilia, bacteria, protista, fungi, chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, flagella, cilia, pseudopod Cell Transport Describe and explain diffusion and osmosis o What is diffusion and how does it work? o What is osmosis and how does it work? o How is osmosis similar to diffusion? How is it different? Describe and compare active and passive transport o What is the difference between active and passive transport? Explain how large molecules get into and out of cells o How is exocytosis different than endocytosis? How are they similar? Vocabulary: selectively permeable, diffusion, passive transport, active transport, osmosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, equilibrium Cell Energy Describe the process and function of photosynthesis o What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? Be able to write the formula. o How can you tell from looking at a cell if the organism could perform photosynthesis? Describe the process and function of cellular respiration o What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration? Be able to write the formula. o How can you tell from looking at a cell if the organism could perform cellular respiration? Vocabulary: cellular respiration, photosynthesis Cell Division Describe ways that cells can reproduce o What is binary fission and which types of cells use it? o What is the purpose of mitosis and which types of cells use it? ID and describe the stages of mitosis o What is the correct order of the 4 stages of mitosis? o Be able to look at a diagram of the stages and identify which stage it is. Cytokinesis o What is the difference between cytokinesis and mitosis? Vocabulary: binary fission, cytokinesis, chromosomes, chromatids, spindle fibers, centromere, centriole

7 Human Body Unit Describe the major functions of each of the major body systems Excretory o Identify metabolic waste products (waste produced by cell functions) produced by the human body and the way they are removed from the body o Describe the function of the excretory systems o Identify the three main organ systems involved in excretion and their main parts involved in excretion o Explain why feces is not considered part of the excretory system? o ID two other body systems that perform excretion and describe how they do it. Nervous o Describe the peripheral nervous system o Describe the central nervous system o Explain the difference between neurons and nerves Skeletal o Describe the 4 functions of bone o Describe the organs/tissues of the skeletal system and their function o Describe and give examples of three types of joints o Identify/name the major bones Respiratory o Identify and describe the parts and functions of the respiratory system o Describe the flow of air through the respiratory system o Describe the relationship between the respiratory system and cardiovascular system Muscular o Describe the functions of the parts of the muscular system o Describe how skeletal muscles move bones o Name and describe how the muscular system works with several other body systems Integumentary o Describe the major functions of the integumentary system o ID and describe the functions of the major parts of skin Endocrine System o Draw, label, and describe the parts of the endocrine system on the body. o Explain the function of the endocrine system o Name and describe at least two other systems that work closely with the endocrine system Reproductive System o Describe the two types of reproduction o Describe how reproduction has changed over time o Identify and describe the organs and functions of the human reproductive system o Name and describe how the reproductive system works closely with two other systems Digestive System o Trace the path of food from beginning to end, describing the parts and functions of the digestive system. o Compare mechanical digestion and chemical digestion o Describe how the digestive system works closely with at least 2 other systems Nervous System o What are the two divisions of the nervous system? o What is the brain's role in the nervous system? o What is a neuron and how does it work?

8 o Which regions of the brain regulate breathing and heart rate? hearing and emotion? appetite and sleep patterns? balance? Cardiovascular System o Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system o Describe the parts and functions of blood o Trace the path that blood takes through the heart & body o Identify and describe blood vessels

9 Ecology Organization in the Environment Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic parts of the environment o List several biotic parts of the environment o List several abiotic parts of the environment ID and describe the 5 levels of environmental organization o Which levels contain only biotic parts? o Which levels contain both biotic and abiotic parts? o How is a population different than a community? Vocabulary: biotic, abiotic, ecology, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, organism, biome Energy in the Ecosystem Explain how energy flows through a food web o What do the arrows in a food web/chain show? o What is a primary consumer? Secondary consumer? Tertiary consumer? o How would other organisms be affected if one organism was removed from food web? o What does an energy pyramid show? o Why are there fewer organisms at the top of energy pyramid? Describe the functions of producers, consumers and decomposers in an ecosystem o What is the job of producers? Why are they important in the ecosystem? o What is the job of consumers? o What is the job of decomposers? Distinguish between a food web and a food chain What do food webs, food chains, and energy pyramids have in common? Vocabulary: herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, scavenger, producer, consumer, decomposer, food web, food chain, energy pyramid, niche, habitat Interactions ID interactions in the environment o What is carrying capacity? o What are limiting factors? ID and describe the interactions among organisms o What are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships? o Give examples of each of the 6 types of interactions among organisms Vocabulary: limiting factors, carrying capacity, competition, predator, prey, symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, coevoultion Cycles in Nature Trace the cycle of water between the land, oceans, atmosphere and organisms o How does water get transferred between the biotic and abiotic parts of living things? How does water get from the environment into plants? Animals? How does water from living things get into the environment? o Why is water important to living things?

10 Diagram the carbon cycle and explain why carbon is important to living things o How does carbon gets transferred between the biotic and abiotic parts of the environment? How does C get from the environment into plants? Animals? How does C from living things get into the environment? o How does too much carbon in the atmosphere affect the environment? o Why carbon is important to living things? Diagram the nitrogen cycle and explain why nitrogen is important to living things o How nitrogen gets transferred between the biotic and abiotic parts of the environment? How does N get from the environment into plants? Animals? How does N from living things get into the environment? o What is the job of bacteria in the N cycle? o What role do producers, consumers, and decomposers play in the nitrogen cycle? o Why is nitrogen important to living things? Vocabulary: decomposition, combustion, transpiration, evaporation, condensation

11 Genetics Explain the connection between genes and heredity. Describe the how alleles can be expressed. Calculate probability and express as a % Make and use a Punnett square Identify genotypes and phenotypes Use a Punnett square to complete and analyze cross(mating) between two organisms Vocabulary: allele, gene, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, hybrid, purebred, heredity, trait, genotype, phenotype, gametes, Classification & Identification List the seven levels of classification o Which level is more general? o Which level is more specific? Explain how living things are classified o Why do scientists classify things? o What criteria do scientists use to classify things? o What are the benefits of branching diagrams Use and make a dichotomous key o Explain the difference between classification and identification o Use a dichotomous key to identify organisms Know how to write a scientific name Be able to interpret a cladogram Vocabulary: classification, identification, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, cladogram, taxonomy, dichotomous key Adapatation Describe the evidence that supports how organisms have changed over time Describe the four steps in Natural Selection Give an example of natural selection in action Describe the accomplishments of Charles Darwin Describe the steps of how new species form