Principles of Ecology

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1 Principles of Ecology Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between 1. organisms and other organisms 2. organisms and their environment.

2 Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors: All of the living organisms that inhabit the environment. Examples: Predators Prey Competitors Abiotic Factors: Nonliving parts of the environment. Examples: Air currents Temperature Light

3 Levels of Organization: The Hierarchy of Life Organism: a living thing. Types of organisms: -Bacteria -Protists -Fungi -Plants -Animals

4 Population: a group of organisms of one species that can interbred and live in the same place at the same time.

5 Community: A group of populations that interact.

6 Ecosystem: The interaction between populations in a community and the physical surroundings (abiotic factors).

7 Terrestrial Ecosystems: (Located on land) Forests Meadows Desert Scrub Aquatic Ecosystems: Ponds Streams Tide Pools

8 Biosphere: The entire planet including both biotic and abiotic parts. The highest level of organization.

9 Explain how an ecosystem is different than a community. The community refers to only the living species that interact in a region, whereas the ecosystem also includes the abiotic factors in the area.

10 Habitat: The place where an organism lives. Niche: The role a species plays in the community. It includes the space, food, and other conditions needed to reproduce and survive. Ecologists compare the habitat to the address of the organism and the niche to its occupation.

11 Describe the habitat and niche of the following: A bat A mushroom A puffin

12 Roles in the Ecosystem Autotrophs: Organisms that can produce their own food using energy from the sun or in certain chemical compounds. Another name for autotrophs is producers.

13 Almost all autotrophs are plants or algae, performing photosynthesis. A few bacteria can use the energy from certain chemical compounds, such as sulfur compounds from hydrothermal vents, to provide the energy to make food. This process is called chemosynthesis.

14 Heterotrophs: Organisms that get their energy from other organisms. Another name for heterotrophs is consumers.

15 Types of Heterotrophs Herbivores: feeds only on producers. Carnivores: feeds only on other organisms. Predators: kill other living organisms. Scavengers: feed on dead organisms.

16 Heterotrophs cont. Omnivores: Eats both plants and animals. Decomposers: Break down the complex molecules in dead plants and animals. Many bacteria and most fungi are decomposers.

17 What would happen if there were no decomposers? Eventually, all of the nutrients would accumulate in the remains of dead organisms and their waste.

18 Decomposing Pineapple

19 Symbiosis: Organisms living together in a close and permanent association. 3 Types: Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.

20 Symbiotic relationships cont. Commensalism: A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is not harmed. Starlings and Cattle Barnacles and Whales, scallops

21 Symbiotic relationships cont. Parasitism: A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits but the other is harmed.

22 Clown fishes are usually found in the stinging tentacles of a sea anemone. The clownfish is protected by the sea anemone, but the anemone does not benefit. Which type of symbiotic relationship do these 2 species have?

23 Explain the difference between mutualism and commensalism. In mutualism, both species benefit. Whereas in commensalism, the second species neither benefits nor is harmed. Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

24 Which of the following best describes the niche for a worm? A) Worms live in dark, cool soil that they burrow into. B)Worms live in moist dirt and provide food to birds and help keep the soil rich with available nutrients for the surrounding plants. C) Worms are eaten by birds, fish and large insects. D) All the above.

25 Which choice(s) from the following are biotic factors in an ecosystem? A) Soil nutrients B) Climate C) Humidity D) Amount of light E) Competition for food F) All the above G) None of the above

26 Which organism(s) would be considered an autotroph? A) Deer B) Lion C) Mushroom D) Algae E) Ant

27 Oxpeckers (a bird) live on zebras and rhinoceroses, and eat ticks and other parasites. Which type of symbiotic relationship is this? A) Commensalism B) Mutualism C) Parasitism D) Cooperatism

28 Hermit crabs use the empty shells of gastropods as a means to protect their soft bodies. This symbiotic relationship is: A) Commensalism B) Mutualism C) Parasitism D) Cooperatism

29 The process where some bacteria use compounds such as sulfur to trap energy and use as food is called: A) Photosynthesis B) Nitrogen fixation C) Cellular Respiration D) Chemosynthesis E) Symbiosis

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