Common names are confusing with respect to taxonomy

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Todd Summers
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1 Common names are confusing with respect to taxonomy 1

2 What is a buzzard? small/ healesvilleblackbuzzard.jpg

3 Genus: related organisms Species: consistently distinguishable from other organisms Two species of genus Pinus 3

com/state_misc/ illinois_tree.jpeg http://www.guiamarina.

4 Same specific name does not imply same species Quercus alba Chionis alba illinois.state-capitals.com/state_misc/ illinois_tree.jpeg 18%20Aves/Chionis%20alba.htm the combination of genus and species is unique 4

5 5

6 What constitutes a species? Lomolino et al

7 What constitutes a species? 1. phylogenetic: organisms with at least one diagnostic characteristic that is present in all members but absent in other species Lomolino et al Note: MacDonald calls this phylogenetic 7

8 What constitutes a species? 2. biological: can interbreed freely under natural conditions and are reproductively isolated classical definition of species Polargrizz: DNA tests confirm hybrid 8

9 What constitutes a species? 3. evolutionary: direct ancestor-descendant relationship traceable in the fossil record based on morphological traits (size, shape) and so on 9

10 Species can be reclassified over time Example: brontosaurus => apatosaurus 10

11 Species can be reclassified over time Example: birding lumpers vs. splitters Northern Oriole, Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula Bullock s Oriole, Icterus bullockii

12 Populations of mountain pine beetle exhibit variability in important life history traits northern populations Development time southern population Bentz et al.,

13 Communities Eucalypt woodland in Australia Alpine meadows in Canada

14 Ecosystems Di-El/Ecosystem.html Hicke, Global Biogeochem. Cycles,

15 Biomes 15

16 Biosphere (compare with atmosphere, lithosphere, etc.) people.hofstra.edu/.../conc8en/envisys.html 16

17 17 Bakker 1971

18 Food webs (not linear chains) 18

19 Food webs (not linear chains) heterotrophs = derive energy from other organisms autotrophs = derive energy with self 19

20 Food webs (not linear chains) tertiary consumers secondary consumers primary consumers 20

21 Food webs (not linear chains) Which are herbivores? Carnivores? Omnivores? 21

22 22 Still et al., 2003

23 Gross Primary Productivity (GPP): C fixed by plants Biology and the hierarchies of life Photosynthesis and energy flow Autotrophic Respiration (R a ): C respired by plants about of GPP Heterotrophic Respiration (R h ): decomposition of litter, roots, debris Roughly = to NPP energy available to ecosystem Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = GPP R a Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) = NPP R h 23

$active radiation fpar: fraction of absorbed$

24 How to compute NPP 1. light-use efficiency model NPP = PAR x fpar x * x radiation absorbed by vegetation conversion to C PAR: photosynthetically active radiation fpar: fraction of absorbed PAR *: maximum light-use efficiency : reduces NPP in unfavorable climate conditions 24

25 NPP estimated from satellite observations Hicke, Global Biogeochem. Cycles,

26 How to compute NPP 2. biomass difference NPP = B2 B1 + L + G B1: biomass at time 1 B2: biomass at time 2 L: losses associated with mortality between times 1, 2 G: losses from herbivory photo_lib_reserves/stockwood/photo2.htm 26

27 Forest NPP estimated from inventories Jenkins et al

28 Chemosynthesis Energy source: chemical reactions Locations: Hydrothermal vents, whale falls 2500 m below ocean surface Large biomass, numbers of species Mineral-laden sites ocean-ridge.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/subgeol/hot_springs Base of food web: Bacteria oxidize sulfur from H 2 S through chemical reactions instead of using sunlight and photosynthesis Craig Smith and Mike Degruy 28

29 Residence times of energy in food webs In living plants grasslands: 3 years forests: years In plant litter tropics: 3 months extratropical forests: 100 years Typically, some of energy from photosynthesis moves to highest trophic levels in a few weeks 29

30 Efficiencies Bird/mammals 3% of received energy is assimilated Insects 39% Fish 10% Why are birds and mammals relatively inefficient? 30

Ecosystems. 1. Population Interactions 2. Energy Flow 3. Material Cycle

Ecosystems. 1. Population Interactions 2. Energy Flow 3. Material Cycle Ecosystems 1. Population Interactions 2. Energy Flow 3. Material Cycle The deep sea was once thought to have few forms of life because of the darkness (no photosynthesis) and tremendous pressures. But