Define Ecology. study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment

Transcription

1 Ecology

2 Define Ecology

3 Define Ecology study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment

4 Describe each of the following terms: Biosphere Biotic Abiotic

5 Describe each of the following terms: Biosphere - part of Earth that supports life, including the top portion of Earth's crust, the atmosphere, and all the water on Earth's surface Biotic - living Abiotic non-living

6 Describe each of the following Biome terms:

7 Describe each of the following terms: Biome - large geographic areas with similar climates and ecosystems Includes: TUNDRA TAIGA DESERT TROPICAL RAINFOREST TEMPERATE RAINFOREST DECIDUOUS FOREST DESERT GRASSLAND

8 Describe each of the following terms: Organism Population Community

9 Describe each of the following terms: Organism one of any living thing Population - all the organisms that belong to the same species living in a community Community - all the populations of different species that live in an ecosystem

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11 Describe each of the following terms: Ecosystem Habitat Niche

12 Describe each of the following terms: Ecosystem - all the living organisms that live in an area and the nonliving features of their environment Habitat - place where an organism lives and that provides the types of food, shelter, moisture, and temperature needed for survival Niche - in an ecosystem, refers to the unique ways an organism survives, obtains food and shelter, and avoids danger

13 Describe each of the following terms: Limiting factor Carrying capacity

14 Describe each of the following terms: Limiting factor - anything that can restrict the size of a population, including living and nonliving features of an ecosystem, such as predators or drought Carrying capacity - largest number of individuals of a particular species that an ecosystem can support over time

15 Describe each of the following terms: Producer Consumer Decomposer

16 Describe each of the following terms: Producer - organism, such as a green plant or alga, that uses an outside source of energy like the Sun to create energyrich food molecules Consumer - organism that cannot create energy-rich molecules but obtains its food by eating other organisms Decomposer consume wastes and dead organisms

17 Describe each of the following terms: Predator Prey

18 Describe each of the following terms: Predator an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food. A predator is a consumer [carnivore or omnivore] Prey an animal that is hunted and caught for food. Prey is a consumer; it may be a herbivore, omnivore, or carnivore.

19 Describe each of the following terms: Species Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore

20 Describe each of the following terms: Species- a class of individuals having some common characteristics or qualities; related individuals that resemble one another, are able to breed among themselves, but are not able to breed with members of another species. Carnivore eat omnivores or other carnivores [other consumers] Herbivore eat producers Omnivore eat producers and consumers

21 Describe each of the following terms: Adaptations of consumers: Carnivore - meat-eating animal with sharp canine teeth specialized to rip and tear flesh Herbivore - plant-eating mammal with incisors specialized to cut vegetation and large, flat molars to grind it Omnivore - plant- and meat-eating animal with incisors specialized to cut vegetables, premolars to chew meat, and molars to grind food

22 Review food chains, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, decomposers foodchain.html

23 Describe each of the following terms: Energy flow through an ecosystem

24 Describe each of the following terms: Energy flow through an ecosystem - the movement of energy through an ecosystem through food webs. The transfer of energy from one organism to another.

25 Review the flow of energy through plants and animals here: me2.html

26 Describe each of the following terms: Food chain Food web

27 Describe each of the following terms: Food chain - chain of organisms along which energy, in the form of food passes. An organism feeds on the link before it and is in turn prey for the link after it. Food web - Complex network of many interconnected food chains and feeding relationships; a group of interconnecting food chains

28 Review food chains here: foodchains.htm

29 Describe each of the following Energy pyramid terms:

30 Describe each of the following terms: Energy pyramid a way of showing energy flow. As the amount of available energy decreases, the pyramid gets smaller. Each layer on a pyramid is called a trophic level.

31 Describe each of the following terms:

32 Review energy pyramids here: pyramid.html

33 Describe each of the following terms: Mutualism Commensalism Symbiosis Parasitism

34 Describe each of the following terms: Mutualism - a type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit Commensalism - a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is not affected Symbiosis - any close relationship between species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism Parasitism -a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed

35 Describe each of the following terms: Succession Primary succession Secondary succession

36 Describe each of the following terms: Succession - natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be primary or secondary Primary succession takes where no soil exists Secondary succession takes place where soil is already present

37 Describe each of the following terms: Pioneer species Climax community

38 Describe each of the following terms: Pioneer species - a group of hardy organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary stage of succession and that begin an area's soil-building process Climax community - stable, end stage of ecological succession in which the plants and animals of a community use resources efficiently and balance is maintained by disturbances such as fire.

39 Review succession here: succession1.html

40 List the types of biomes:

41 List the types of biomes: Tundra Taiga (Coniferous Forest) Deciduous Forest Desert Tropical rain forest Temperate rain forest Grasslands

42 Describe each biome Tundra - cold, dry, treeless biome with less than 25 cm of precipitation each year, a short growing season, permafrost, and winters that can be six to nine months long

43 Tundra

44 Tundra

45 Tundra

46 Tundra

47 Describe each biome Taiga (Boreal or Coniferous Forest)- world's largest biome, located south of the tundra between 50 N and 60 N latitude; has long, cold winters, precipitation between 35 cm and 100 cm each year, cone-bearing evergreen trees, and dense forests

48 Taiga

49 Taiga

50 Taiga

51 Describe each biome Temperate rainforest - biome with 200 cm to 400 cm of precipitation each year, average temperatures between 9 C and 12 C, and forests dominated by trees with needlelike leaves. About 1/4 of all the medicines we use come from rainforest plants. Usually near the Ocean

52 Temperate Rainforest

53 Temperate Rainforest

54 Temperate Rainforest

55 Describe each biome Tropical rain forest - most biologically diverse biome; has an average temperature of 25 C and receives between 200 cm and 600 cm of precipitation each year. Usually near the equator. About 1/4 of all the medicines we use come from rainforest plants.

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57 Tropical Rainforest

58 Tropical Rainforest

59 Tropical Rainforest

60 Describe each biome Grasslands - temperate and tropical regions with 25 cm to 75 cm of precipitation each year that are dominated by climax communities of grasses; ideal for growing crops and raising cattle and sheep

61 Grassland

62 Grassland

63 Describe each biome Desert - driest biome on Earth with less than 25 cm of rain each year; has dunes or thin soil with little organic matter and plants and animals specially adapted to survive extreme conditions

64 Desert

65 Desert

66 Desert

67 Describe each biome Deciduous forest - biome usually having four distinct seasons, annual precipitation between 75 cm and 150 cm, and climax communities of deciduous (Leafy) trees

68 Deciduous Forest

69 Deciduous Forest

70 Deciduous Forest

71 Chapparal (scrub) dry summer, rainy winter hot summer, cool winter Tundra dry cold Taiga (coniferous forest) Temperate Deciduous Forest Grassland adequate adequate wet season, dry season poor Biomes cool yearround cool season and warm season warm to hot (often with a cold season) permafrost (frozen soil) poor, rocky soil fertile soil fertile soil shrubs, some woodland (like scrub oak) lichens and mosses conifers deciduous trees grasses (few or no trees) drought and fire-adapted animals migrating animals many mammals, birds, insects, arachnids, etc. many mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, arachnids, etc. many mammals, birds, insects, arachnids, etc.

72 Chapparal (scrub) dry summer, rainy winter hot summer, cool winter poor shrubs, some woodland (like scrub oak) drought and fire-adapted animals Tundra dry cold permafrost (frozen soil) lichens and mosses migrating animals Taiga (coniferous forest) adequate cool yearround poor, rocky soil conifers many mammals, birds, insects, arachnids, etc. Temperate Deciduous Forest adequate cool season and warm season fertile soil deciduous trees many mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, arachnids, etc. Grassland wet season, dry season warm to hot (often with a cold season) fertile soil grasses (few or no trees) many mammals, birds, insects, arachnids, etc.

73 Describe each biome Freshwater - flowing water such as rivers and streams and standing water such as lakes, ponds, and wetlands

74 Describe each biome Saltwater - oceans, seas, a few inland lakes, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, coastal inlets and estuaries

75 Review biomes here: msese/earthsysflr/biomes.html

76 More information on biomes can be found here: