Ecology is the study of the rela2onships. among organisms and their environment.

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1 Ecology is the study of the rela2onships among organisms and their environment.

2 Simple Levels of Organiza2on in Living Things: Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System 2

3 Ecologists study environments at different levels of organiza2on.

4 1 st Level of Organization Organism: An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops 4

5 An organism is an individual living thing, such as an alligator. One specific species. Organism Organism

6 2 nd Level of Organization Population: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. 6

7 A popula.on is a group of the same species that lives in one area. Organism Popula.on Popula.on Organism

8 3 rd Level of Organization Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. 8

9 A community is a group of different species that live together in one area. Community Community Organism Popula.on Popula.on Organism

10 4 th Level of Organization Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. 10

11 An ecosystem includes both bio2c and abio2c factors. Bio2c factors are living things. plants animals fungi bacteria plants

12 Abio2c factors are nonliving things. moisture temperature wind sunlight soil sunlight moisture

13 An ecosystem includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other abio2c (nonliving) things in a given area. Ecosystem Ecosystem Community Community Organism Popula.on Popula.on Organism

14 5 th Level of Organization Biome: A major ecological community of organisms adapted to a particular climate on a large geographic area Types of Biomes: Terrestrial biomes or land biomes ex. tundra, taiga, grasslands, savannas, deserts, tropical Freshwater biomes ex. large lakes, polar freshwaters, tropical coastal rivers, river deltas, etc. Marine biomes ex. continental shelf, tropical coral, kelp forest, benthic zone, pelagic zone, etc. 14

15 A biome is a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate condi2ons and plant communi2es that thrive there. Biome Ecosystem Ecosystem Community Community Organism Popula.on Popula.on Organism

16 6 th Level of Organization Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports life. Life is found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water 16

17 Rela2onships in an Ecosystem can be shown two ways: Food Chain Food Web

18 Food Chains and Pyramids Linear pathway of energy transfer through an ecosystem With each step through the chain, there is a loss of energy to the environment (10% Rule) The à shows the direc2on of the transfer of energy Ul2mate energy source is the sun

19 Food Chain Example Sun Autotroph- Herbivore- Omnivore - Carnivore - Decomposer- decomposer carnivore omnivore herbivore Which organism contains the most energy? The least energy? autotroph Sun

20 A network of ea2ng rela2onship & their energy transfers through an ecosystem Can you find examples of: Producers- Primary consumers- Secondary consumers- Ter2ary consumers- Food Web

21 More Ecology Terms Showing Rela2onships Among Organisms in an Niche Symbiosis Preda2on Commensalism Mutualism Parasi2sm Scavengers Decomposers Ecosystem:

22 Preda2on: one organism benefits (predator) other is harmed (prey)

23 Commensalism One species benefits, the other is unaffected Fish find protec2on (benefit) and jellyfish is unaffected

24 Another example of Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unharmed Ø Human Our eyelashes are home to 2ny mites that feast on oil secre2ons and dead skin. Without harming us, up to 20 mites may be living in one eyelash follicle. Commensalism + Demodicids Eyelash mites find all they need to survive in the 2ny follicles of eyelashes. Magnified here 225 2mes, these creatures measure 0.4 mm in length and can be seen only with a microscope. Ø Organism is not affected + Organism benefits

25 Mutualism Both species benefit Animals receive energy, plants receive help with reproduc2on

26 Parasi2sm One species benefits & the other is harmed

27 Human parasites: ectoparasites (such as leeches) endoparasites (such as hookworms)

28 Scavengers An animal, such as a bird or insect, that feeds on dead or decaying ma_er.

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