Organism Species Population Community Ecosystem
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1 Name: Date: Period: Ecosystems and Their Interactions S8.B.3.1 Getting the idea The environment is everything that surrounds an organism. Organisms cooperate and compete with each other to get everything they need to live from their environment. Therefore, organisms are dependent upon their environments and each other for their survival. Parts of an ecosystem An ecosystem is made up of all the organisms in an area as well as their relationships with each other and with the non-living materials in the environment. Abiotic Factors non-living Examples light, precipitation, temperature, soil, and oxygen and carbon dioxide Biotic Factors living Examples organisms, plants Hierarchy of Ecosystems Organism: any individual example of life. Species: a closely related group of organisms that can breed Population: a group of individuals of the same species in a live in a given area. Community: all the populations of different species that interact with one another in a given area. Ecosystem: the entire community of living organisms and how they interact with the environment. Ecosystem interactions Competition an ecosystem interaction that occurs when organisms sharing an ecosystem compete with each other for resources such as food, water, sunlight and living space The most successful competitors are best adapted for survival Predator Prey Relationships Predation the relationship in which one organism hunts and kills another organism to obtain food
2 Predators organisms that kill and eat other organisms Prey Organisms that are killed and eaten Predator prey relationships Predator prey relationships maintain balance in an ecosystem. If there are too many predators the prey population will decline, reducing the amount of food available for predators Predators will then leave the ecosystem or die The decrease in predators will allow the prey population to increase Predator-prey population cycle As the graph shows the population of predators and prey affect each other. When the prey population is large, more predators will be able to survive The cycle continues Parts of an ecosystem All organisms have an established habitat. The habitat is the place where a particular species lives and from which it obtains what it needs for survival. Depending on the organism, it s habitat can be as large as the Atlantic Ocean or as small as a rotting log in the forest.
3 The role an organism plays in their habitat is called its niche. A niche, or it s lifestyle, is when the organism is active, how it eats, or when it reproduces. Organisms niches can be grouped into levels called trophic levels. Trophic Levels Producers - Uses photosynthesis to convert solar energy to chemical energy. They are the basis of all ecosystems. Include plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria. Consumers: An organism gets its energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms. Primary consumer: feed on plants Herbivores: plant eaters What are some examples? Secondary consumer: feeds on primary consumers Carnivore meat eaters Omnivore eat both plants and meat What are some examples? Tertiary consumer: feeds on primary & secondary consumers. (Top carnivore/omnivore) What are some examples? Scavengers: feeds on dead organisms Decomposers: usually a type of bacteria or fungus that breaks down dead organisms and wastes These are both important because they breakdown wastes in the environment More about Trophic levels All the organisms in a feeding level are the same number of steps away from the sun. Producers 1; Primary Consumers 2; etc.. As you move up from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem, there is a 90% loss of energy. Where does that energy go? Some of the energy is used by the organism to move and live. Some is incorporated into the bones and tissues for growth. Some
4 is lost in the animals wastes and some is lost as heat from metabolism. Since we are talking about energy Energy is transferred when one organism eats another organism. Roughly, how much is transferred? These energy transfers in an ecosystem are represented by food chains and food webs. What s the difference? A food chain is a simple, linear example while a food web is a more realistic, complicated example of the feeding relationships. Food webs are made out of many food chains. Every food chain or food web must begin with producers. The arrows point to the organism who is feeding. Why does the food chain usually stop after 4-5 trophic levels? Food Web
5 Biomes Ecosystems are parts of biomes. A biome is a region that contains similar ecosystems and is characterized by certain climatic conditions. There are many different kinds of biomes. Terrestrial Biomes Land biomes Marine Biomes Oceans Freshwater Biomes Rivers, lakes, streams, ponds and wetlands Terrestrial biomes Temperate Deciduous Forest Biome Made up of trees that lose their leaves in the fall Trees include: birch, beech, maple, oak, hickory, elm and willow Animals include: bears, deer rabbits squirrels and birds This is our biome Coniferous Forest Biome Made up of trees that do not lose their leaves in cold weather These are trees with needles. Trees include: pine, fir, hemlock and spruce Animals include: moose, bears, lynxes, wolves Snow usually covers the ground during long winters Tropical Forest Biome Made up of tall trees with broad leaves that form a dense canopy of vegetation As many as 300 species of trees can be found in an area the size of 2 football fields Animals include: snakes, lizards, colorful birds, and monkeys Grassland biomes Made up of grasses and plants that produce colorful flowers. In the United States, this biome is commonly called a prairie. Grasslands have rich, fertile soil, making them well suited to grow crops. Animals include bison, mice, and prairie dogs. Desert Biome Receives very little rainfall throughout the year Vegetation is sparse and consists mostly of plants such as cacti. Animals include: snakes, lizards and jack rabbits. Tundra Biome
6 Characterized by very cold conditions and very little vegetation. Tundra biomes are located in the far north and near the tops of tall mountains. Animals found in the tundra include musk oxen and wolves. Marine biome The marine biome consists of the oceans. Oceans cover almost 75% of Earth s surface. There are four zones in the marine biome: Intertidal zone Neritic zone Oceanic zone Benthic zone Marine biome Intertidal zone the region where ocean meets the land Includes shellfish and birds Neritic zone The edge of the intertidal zone Contains more species than any other zone Contains fish, sea turtles and squids Oceanic zone open ocean Sunlight cannot reach more than 200 meters Most of this zone is cold and dark and does not support much life Animals include fish and whales Benthic zone found on the ocean floor Depth varies near the shore it is shallow In the ocean benthic zone is very deep and no light reaches the bottom Animals include: starfish, anemones, sponges Freshwater Biomes Consist of fresh water that is found on Earth s surface Includes rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and wetlands Wetlands are land areas that remain wet for all or part of the year Examples include: swamps and marshes
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