Form a Hypothesis. Variables in an Experiment Dependent Variable what is being measured (data) Form a Hypothesis 2. Form a Hypothesis 3 15:03 DRY MIX
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1 Scientific Method 1. Ask a question (Make observation) 2. Do some research 3. Form a Hypothesis MUST BE TESTABLE!! A possible explanation for a phenomenon. 4. Test Hypothesis/collect data (experiment time!) 5. Analyze data 6. Draw Conclusions (Accept/Reject Hypothesis) Form a Hypothesis Hypothesis- a testable explanation of an observation. A hypothesis is NOT just an educated guess about what you think will happen. It must be able to be tested! Form a Hypothesis 2 We write the hypothesis in an If-Then statement ex: If the amount of fertilizer is increased, then the height of the plant will increase. Variables in an Experiment Dependent Variable what is being measured (data) Independent Variable- manipulated by the scientist; what is adjusted; changed Constants factors that stay the same throughout the experiment (ex: amount of food, water, etc.) Controls- baseline for comparison that does not change during the experiment and does not affect the dependent variable DRY MIX One way to remember which data goes on which axis is the acronym DRY MIX. D.R.Y. M.I.X. D- Dependent M- Manipulated R- Responding I- Independent Y- Y-axis X- X-axis Form a Hypothesis 3 The Independent Variable goes after the If I.V. If the amount of fertilizer is increased, then the height of the plant will increase. 1
2 Form a Hypothesis 4 The Dependent Variable goes after the Then If the amount of fertilizer is increased, then the height of the plant will increase. What is Biology? It is the study of life. Branch of science A way of understanding nature. A human endeavor An attempt to understand, explain, integrate and describe the world of living things. D.V. Why Study Biology? Why Study Biology? Two important reasons for studying Biology: 1. Biology is relevant to our everyday experience Medical advances Addressing needs of growing human population Challenges of decreasing rate of biodiversity Biotechnology advances 2. Biology can be controversial Examples: Dealing with endangered species? Use of human fetal tissue in biomedical research? Safety of irradiated foods? Figure 1-1c What is Life? What is Life? Living organisms: Highly organized and complex. Are composed of one or more cells. Contain a blueprint of their characteristics. Acquire and use energy. Carry out and control numerous reactions. Living organisms: Grow. Maintain constant internal environment. Produce offspring. Respond to environmental changes. May evolve. Insert F01_03b 2
3 Biology is a Branch of Science Both an activity and body of knowledge. A way of understanding the natural world. Scientists make predictions and test those predictions. Major Themes in Biology Evolution by Natural Selection Inheritance Cells Biological Classification Homeostasis Ecosystems Microscope Fun Facts Microscopes made it possible to observe living organisms that most people didn t even know existed Microscopes Electron Microscope - uses beam of electrons Scanning - study detailed surface (ex: viruses) Transmission - study of internal structures Light Dissecting Microscope Low magnification used for examining or dissecting larger items and organisms Light Microscope visible light passes through the specimen, then lenses enlarge/magnify the image Used to see very small items (cells ect) at great magnification Dissecting Scope Dissection VS Compound Microscopes Dissection 1 lens No stage- 2 ocular Examine items you can See with naked eye Compound 1 OR 2 lens Has a stage Examine items you can t see with the naked eye 3
4 Parts of a Compound Microscope Binocular Scope 2 ocular tubes Microscope Magnification Microscopes magnify small objects we can not see or can t see in detail with the naked eye The degree of magnification depends on the lens you are looking through and the scope you are using. Dissection scopes magnify usually between 10-30X Compound light scopes X Figure out magnification: Ocular lens (always the same) X Objective lens 10 X 20 = 200X Magnification changes occur depending on which obj lens Cells and Cell Theory Many scientists contributed to the cell theory. The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope. The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists and improvements in the microscope. Many scientists contributed to the cell theory. More was learned about cells as microscopes improved. The cell theory is a unifying concept of biology. Be able to recognize names, you do not have to be able to spell them correctly Leeuwenhoek observed and drew these diagrams from pond water 4
5 Early studies led to the development of the cell theory. The Cell theory has three principles. 1. All organisms are made of cells. 2. All existing cells are produced by other living cells. 3. The cell is the most basic unit of life. 2 types of organisms In terms of cells they are made of Unicellular organisms: are composed of one cell and all of life s activities occur within that single cell. Multicellular organism: made of 2+ cells, each cell carries on most of the major functions of life. There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Common Features Both are enclosed by a plasma membrane. Both are filled with cytoplasm. Both types contain DNA & ribosomes Can be either plant or animal cell Prokaryote Prokaryotic cells (pro=before kary=nucleus) These include bacteria and archaea Don t have a nucleus No membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes: simpler organisms, Oldest single celled organisms evolved bya (billion years ago) cell membrane cytoplasm Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) Bacterium (colored SEM; magnification 8800x) Eukaryotes: larger more complex organisms (you and me), evolved 1.7 bya from prokaryotes Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus. Eukaryotes cells have membrane-bound-organelles. Single or multi-celled Eukaryotic Cells (eu=true kary=nucleus) nucleus Prokaryotes Eukaryotes organelles cell membrane 5
6 Cell Structure and organelles The cytoskeleton is the internal structure of the cell. supports and shapes helps position and transport organelles provides strength assists in cell division aids in cell movement Cell Structure and organelles Cell membrane (aka plasma membrane) is the cell structure that encloses the cell and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment; also aids in protection and support of the cell. Bi-layer of phospholipids. Lines inside of cell wall in plants Cell Structure and organelles Protoplasm: Everything in the cell including nucleus. Cytoplasm: All material between the cell membrane and the nucleus The nucleus stores genetic information, control center of the cell. endoplasmic reticulum the main function is the folding of proteins. Nuclear envelope Membrane that surrounds and protects nucleus Nuclear Pores: Openings in nuclear membrane that allows material to pass in and out. 6
7 Two types of ER. Rough E.R.: Studded with ribosomes on the surface. Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins. Some on Rough ER, some free in cytoplasm. Smooth E.R.: No ribosomes attached. Produces lipids Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold materials. Some hold/transport proteins. Others transport things like waste out of cells (excretion) Golgi apparatus modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules within the cell or outside the cell. Looks like stacks of flattened sacs Organelles with various functions Mitochondria supply energy to the cell, site of respiration. Organelles with various functions Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials. Many in cells. Storage unit 7
8 Organelles with various functions Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes. Help divide DNA in cell division Form cilia and flagella. Organelles with various functions Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material. Can act as a suicide or kill switch for cells. Mainly animal cells only, very rarely in plant cells Organelles only in animal cells FLAGELLA long, thin, whip like structures with a core of microtubules Move with an S-shaped movement Organelles in plant cells only Cell wall provides rigid support. Gives rigidly or crunchiness to plants (think celery) CILIA shorter and more numerous, bundles of microtubules back and forth movement s.utah.edu/content/ begin/cells/insidea cell/ Organelles in plant cells only Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy. 8
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