11/18/2009. History. History. Small Living Things, What Surrounds Them, & How to Keep Them the Same

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1 Or Small Living Things, What Surrounds Them, & How to Keep Them the Same History 1663 Robert Hooke - Using a simple microscope, looked at cork, saw little boxes of cells Thought that they were sacks filled with juices History 1831 Robert Brown First to describe cell nucleus 1838 Matthias Schleiden Announced that all plant tissue is composed of cells 1

2 History 1839 Theodor Schann Announced that all animal tissue is composed of cells 1840 J. Purkinje Introduced protoplasm Term used for all juices in cells History 1858 Rudolf Verchow Ominis cellula e cellula Every cell from a cell Part of the cell theory Remember A cell is not static, it is always moving, always changing A cell is in a state of flux or upheaval A cell is always changing shape, volume, pulsing Substances enter and exit the cell constantly It must be studied one moment at a time 2

3 Cells are Different Cells are Different Cells are Different 3

4 Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Prokaryotic cells are small, simple cells Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles Thought to be the earliest versions of cells Bacteria cells are prokaryotic Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Eukaryotic cells are complex cells Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles Thought to be very advanced on evolutionary scale Most cells that you think of are eukaryotic Cell Membrane AKA Plasmalemma Dynamic, always moving, changing 4

5 Cell Membrane Form Bilipid layer 4 5 nm thick Consists of proteins and phospholipids Phospholipids A hydrophillic phosphate based head Two hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains Side View of Bilipid Layer 5

6 Discovery of Bilipid Layer Gorter extracted membrane from RBC Spread it over water and found that it covered twice as much area as it should Must have been two layers Questions: ask your teacher to explain Cell Membrane Function Maintains difference between contents of cell and environment Acts as a selective barrier Selective and semipermiable Cell Membrane Bilipid layer acts as solvent for membrane proteins The result is a dynamic-fluid membrane AKA Fluid-mosaic Model 6

7 Membrane Proteins Three types of proteins Marker proteins Like a name tag for the cell Receptors Transmit information across the membrane Channels Act as passageways for substances into and out of the cell Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Jelly-like Juice of the cell May produce cytoplasmic streaming Movement of the cytoplasm in the cell 7

8 Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Consists of RNA Found in two locations Free-floating in cytoplasm Produces cellular proteins Attached to E.R. Produces extra-cellular proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum AKA E.R. Bilipid layer three dimensional Maybe connected to the nucleus Serves as communication system or transport system for the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough E.R. Smooth E.R. 8

9 Cellular/Extra-Cellular Proteins Cellular proteins are for use inside the cell Extra-cellular proteins are for use outside the cell For example: a saliva gland would produce extra-cellular proteins Golgi Apparatus Form Flat plate like structures similar to E.R. Forms vesicles Function Processing, packaging, secreting substances Golgi Body 9

10 Protein Path Ribosomes ER transport vesicle golgi body vesicle cell membrane Don t understand? ASK! Mitochondria Form Rod-like with inner membranes called cristae Move about the cell and may fuse and divide Have their own DNA, therefore may be a prokaryotic cell Function Site of respiration or ATP production ATP Adenosine Triphosphate The battery molecule of the cell Stores energy for later use You will learn about ATP in the next unit 10

11 Mitochondria Cristae Lysosomes Form Single layered sack filled with digestive enzymes Function Digests: Bacteria Food Parts of cells See teacher for hand stump theory Microfilaments Form Protein fibers that have contractile ability Function Give shape to the cell Move organelles 11

12 Microtubules Form Protein tubes Function Maintain shape of the cell Centrioles Group = centrisome Found only in animal cells Form Cylindrical body Found in association with the nucleus Function Forms spindle fibers during cell division Cilia and Flagella Same thing, only cilia is shorter than flagella Form Made of microtubules Nine pairs around two Function Move the cell about the environment by rotation of the cilia/flagella 12

13 Nucleus The control center of the cell Largest organelle of the cell Nucleus Form Surrounded by bilipid layer with pores Nucleus Function Directs all functions of the cell Contains: Chromosomes Nucleolus 13

14 Nucleus Nucleolus E.R. Chromosomes A structure composed mostly of DNA and some protein that contain the cell s genetic information Nucleolus Site of ribosome production Found inside the nucleus 14

15 Plant Cells Vs. Animal Cells Organelles found only in plants Cell wall Vacuoles Plastids Cell Membrane Mitochondria Nucleus Nucleolus E.R. Lysosome Centrisome Cell wall Chloroplast Vacuole Cell membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria Cytoplasm Golgi appratus 15

16 Cell Wall Found outside the cell membrane Composed of cellulose and H 2 O Gives added shape and support to plant cells Allowing the plants to remain upright Cellulose A polysaccharide Vacuoles Membrane bound sack used for the storage of: Enzymes Food Pigments H 2 O Waste products 16

17 Plastids Organelles containing pigments Chloroplast Most common plastid Leucoplast Storage of starch, proteins, and lipids Chromoplast Contains pigments Red, yellow, orange Chloroplast Most common plastid Contain plate-like layers called grana The site of photosynthesis Non-grana filled with fluid called stroma Give plants their green color Chloroplast Grana 17

18 Multicellular Organization Tissues Groups of similar cells Organs Tissues that work together to perform one function Systems Organs that work together to perform the same function in an organism Organism A living thing This Is the End of the Presentation You can go on, but it will not make any sense You should go back and be sure that you understand all of the ideas presented If you do not understand - ASK! Enzymes Proteins that help speed up chemical reactions Catalysts 18

19 19

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