The Cell. What is a cell?

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1 The Cell What is a cell?

2 The Cell What is a cell? Structure which makes up living organisms.

3 The Cell Theory l All living things are composed of cells. l Cells are the basic unit of life. l Cells come only from preexisting cells.

4 Cellular Respiration The process that takes place within cells to convert nutrients into ATP ATP Energy molecule created in all living things

5 Cell Types l Prokaryote VS Eukaryote l Plant VS Animal l Unicellular VS Multicellular

6 Cell Type Prokaryote VS Eukaryote Organelles? Prokaryote No membrane bound organelles; no nucleus Eukaryote Have membrane bound organelles

7 Cell Type Plant VS Animal Cell Wall l Plant Has cell wall l Animal Lacks cell wall

8 Cell Type Plant VS Animal Plastids l Plant Has plastid responsible for photosynthesis l Animal Lacks plastids

9 Cell Type Plant VS Animal Cell Division l Plants Have cell wall l Animals NO cell wall

10 Cell Type Plant VS Animal Similarity l Both plant cells and animal cells are classified as eukaryotes. l What does that mean?

11 Cell Type Plant VS Animal Similarity l Both plant cells and animal cells are classified as eukaryotes. l What does that mean? They have a true nucleus. They have membrane bound organelles.

12 Cell Type Unicellular VS. Multicellular Number of Cells l Unicellular organisms are composed of one cell. l Multicellular organisms are composed of many cells.

13 Solutions Uniform mixtures of 2 or more substances

14 Solutions Uniform mixtures of 2 or more substances Solute and Solvent

15 Solutions Uniform mixtures of 2 or more substances Solute and Solvent Solute the dissolved substance Solvent the substance that the solute is dissolved into

16 Solutions Isotonic Solution where solutes outside the cell = solutes inside the cell Hypertonic solute concentration outside cell > solute concentration inside cell Hypotonic solute concentration outside cell is < solute concentration inside cell

17 Homeostasis Staying the same The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things

18 Diffusion The movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

19 Osmosis The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane to a region of higher solute concentration This will equalize the solute concentration on the two sides

20 Multicellular Organisms l In multicellular organisms all cells work together to form the organisms. l Multicellular level of organization? Cell -Tissue Organ -Organ System

21 The Cell l What is it? The smallest portion of living organisms that can still retain life.

22 The Tissue l What is it? Group of cells that have the same function.

23 The Organ l What is it? Group of tissues which work together.

24 The Organ System l What is it? Group of organs which work together.

25 The Eukaryotic Cell and the Parts l Major Components common to all Eukaryotes l Organelles

26 Major Components of ALL Eukaryotes l Cell Membrane l Nucleus l Cytoplasm

27 Cell Membrane Permeable membrane allows the exchange of contents

28 Plasma Membrane l Barrier for cell contents l Double phospholipid layer Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails

29

30 Cellular Transport l What is it? Movement of substances into and out of a cell through the cell membrane l 2 types of cellular transport: I. Passive transport II. Active transport

31 Passive Transport l NO energy required l Movement from area of high concentration to area of low concentration (moving down the concentration gradient) l Examples: 1. diffusion 2. osmosis

32 Passive Transport - Diffusion l Movement of particles from high to low

33

34 Passive Transport - Osmosis l Movement of water from high to low l Directions of osmosis: A. Hypotonic solution B. Hypertonic solution C. Isotonic solution

35 Passive Transport Osmosis Hypotonic Solution l Cell will swell l The water concentration was high outside the cell, so the water goes from outside (hi) to inside (low)

36 Passive Transport Osmosis Hypertonic Solution l Cell will shrink l The water concentration was high inside the cell, so the water goes from inside (hi) to outside (low)

37 Passive Transport Osmosis Isotonic Solution l Water level is equal both inside and outside l The water moves in and outs but the cell size does not change

38 Plasmolysis The shrinking of the cytoplasm of a plant cell in response to diffusion of water out of the plant cell and into a hypertonic solution

39 Active Transport l Requires energy l Movement of substances form an area of low concentration to and area of high concentration l 2 types: 1. Exocytosis 2. Endocytosis

40 Active Transport - Exocytosis l Substances leave the cell using a vesicle

41 Active Transport - Endocytosis l Substances enter the cell through a vesicle

42 Major Components of ALL Eukaryotes Cell Membrane l Function? Surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell the gatekeeper

43 Major Components of ALL Eukaryotes Nucleus l Nucleus (Singular) Nuclei (Plural) l Description? Surrounded by nuclear envelope which has pores contains Nucleolus

44 Major Components of ALL Eukaryotes Nucleus l Function? Control center of the cell Contains genetic information or DNA in the form of chromatin

45 Major Components of ALL Eukaryotes Cytoplasm l Description? Everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus. l 2 parts: Cytosol Organelles

46 Major Components of ALL Eukaryotes Cytoplasm - Cytosol l Description? Jellylike mixtures of water, proteins, carbs, and other substances. l Function? Suspend organelles & provide site for chemical reactions to occur.

47 Major Components of ALL Eukaryotes Cytoplasm - Organelles l Description? mini organs which are generally surrounded by a membrane l Function? Carry out functions of the cell.

48 Eukaryotic Organelle Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) l Description? Folded membranes with or without ribosomes l With ribosomes Rough ER l Without ribosomes Smooth ER

49 Eukaryotic Organelle Endoplasmic Reticulum - Continued l Function? Detoxification of the cell Connects the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane Transportation of cell products

50 Eukaryotic Organelle Ribosome l Description? Structure found on endoplasmic reticulum and in cytosol l Function? Site of protein synthesis

51 Eukaryotic Organelle Mitochondria l Mitochondria (plural) Mitochondrion (singular) l Description? Bean shaped structure

52 Eukaryotic Organelle Mitochondria - Continued l Function? Site of cellular respiration; production of ATP Power house of the cell

53 Eukaryotic Organelle Golgi Apparatus l Description? Flattened membrane sacs l Function? Package & secrete cell products

54 Eukaryotic Organelle Vacuole l Description? Spherical vesicle l Function? Storage of food & water

55 Eukaryotic Organelle Cilia l Cilia (plural) Cilium (singular) l Description? Hair like projections on the surface of the cell l Function? Moves substances across the surface of the cell

56 Eukaryotic Organelle Flagella l Flagella (plural) Flagellum (singular) l Description? Tail like projections on the surface of th cell l Function? Allows cell to move and gather food

57 Eukaryotic Organelle Nucleolus l Description? Dense body found in nucleus l Function? Production of ribosomes

58 Eukaryotic Organelle Plastid l PLANT CELLS ONLY! l Description? Structures including chloroplast, leucoplast, and chromoplast l Function? Photosynthesis, food storage, color

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