= Monera. Taxonomy. Domains (3) BIO162 Page Baluch. Taxonomy: classifying and organizing life
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1 Taxonomy BIO162 Page Baluch Taxonomy: classifying and organizing life species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Spaghetti Good For Over Came Phillip King Domains (3) DOMAINS 1. Bacteria 2. Archea (Archbacteria) 3. Eukarya 1. Plantae 2. Animalia 3. Fungi (fungus) 4. Protista (algae & protozoa) = Monera 1
2 Kingdoms (5) 5 Kingdoms 1. Monera = Bacteria 2. Plantae = Plants 3. Animalia = Animals 4. Fungi = Fungi 5. Protista = Protists Kingdoms (5) 5 Kingdoms 1. Monera = Bacteria 2. Plantae = Plants 3. Animalia = Animals 4. Fungi = Fungi 5. Protista = Protists Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann proposed that all animal and plant tissues were composed of cells Rudolf Virchow Biogenesis life can only arise from preexisting life. 2
3 The Two Major Categories of Cells The countless cells on earth fall into two categories Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in several respects. Prokaryotic cell Nucleoid region Eukaryotic cell Nucleus Organelles Figure 4.4 Prokaryotic cells Are smaller than eukaryotic cells Lack internal structures surrounded by membranes (ie organelles) Lack a nucleus. 3
4 Prokaryotic flagella Pili Capsule Cell wall Plasma membrane Nucleoid region (DNA) Ribosomes Figure 4.5 A Panoramic View of Eukaryotic Cells Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Centriole Lysosome Flagellum Not in most plant cells Plasma membrane Mitochondrion Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Figure 4.6A, p. 59 The Prokaryote Cell Bacterial cell envelope Cell membrane Cell wall (composed of peptidoglycan) Glycocalyx (slimy layer secreted outside cell wall) Slime layer (not highly organized or attached to cell wall) Capsule (highly organized and attached to cell wall) Capsule (sometimes presents, identified by negative stain) Cytoplasm Chromosome Ribosomes Cytoplasmic particles 4
5 Cytoplasm Medium found within the cell consisting of Water Enzymes Oxygen Waste Proteins Charbohydrates Lipids Cytoplasmic particles ribosomes Cell Wall Gram Positive Gram Negative Gram Stain Gram Positive Gram Negative 5
6 Chromosome (Bacterial Nucleoid) Genetic material composed of a long, single, super-coiled, circular DNA. Duplicates self Guides cell division Direct cellular activity Plasmids extra-chromosomal DNA not part of nucleoid, found in cytoplasm. Flagella Flagella are protein appendages that enable bacteria to move: Peritrichous bacteria flagella around perimeter of bacteria Lophotrichous bacteria tuft of flagella at 1 end Amphitrichous bacteria flagella at both ends Monotrichous bacteria single polar flagellum Pili (Fimbriae) Pili (pilus sing.) hair like structures found in gram negative bacteria. Not associated with motility Use to attach to surfaces Transfer genetic material from one bacterial cell to another (sex pilus - conjugation) 6
7 Spores Spores (Endospores) made by some bacteria as means of survival. Sporulation process by which spores are formed. Founded by John Tyndall Tyndallization process to kill sporulated bacteria The Eukaryotic Cell Protista Protozoa and Algae Fungi - Fungus The Eukaryotic Cell Cell Membrane Cell Wall Cytoplasm Endoplamic Reticulum Golgi Complex Mictochondria Cytoskeleton Plastids Lysosomes and Peroxisomes Flagella and Cilia Nucleus Nuclear membrane Chromosomes 7
8 Plant Cells Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Nucleus Rough endoplamsic reticulum (ER) Not in animal cells Central vacuole Cell wall Chloroplast Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Plasma membrane Plasmodesmata Golgi apparatus Figure 4.6B, p. 59 Cell Membrane and Cell Wall Cell Wall Algae cell walls contain cellulose Fungi cell walls contain chitin Cell Membrane Selective permeability Mosaic model Regulates passage of materials between inside and outside of cell Cytoplasm Fluid matrix within cell Organelles suspended in matrix Cytoskeleton found in matrix and maintains cell shape and is structural component for movement 8
9 Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Complex Convoluted membrane system that is interconnected. Rough endoplasmic reticulum contain ribosomes for protein synthesis Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex completes protein formation and packaging Mitochondria and Plastids Mitochondria power plant of cells where ATP is formed from cellular respiration Plastids membrane bound structure containing chloroplasts which is a site of photosynthesis. (Light energy is converted to chemical energy) Flagella and Cilia Flagella structures used for movement in some protozoa and algae (i.e. flagellates) Cilia hair like structures found on some protozoa (i.e. ciliates) also used for movement 9
10 Lysosomes and Peroxisomes Lysosomes originate at Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes to breakdown foreign material. Phagocytosis autolysis Peroxisomes membrane bound vesicles containing the enzyme catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen Nucleus Membrane bound Contains nucleoplasm Chromosomes DNA RNA Genome Nucleolus produces ribosomal components Classification Carl Woese developed a system of classifying organisms based on rrna 10
11 References world/structure.html 11
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