SHEET. Name: Class: Date: the sentence: write highest, lowest, higher, lower. level of organization is the organism; the

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1 1 1 Label the levels of organization Then complete the sentence: write highest, lowest, higher, lower The level of organization is the organism; the level of organization is the cell Tissues are a organs, but organ systems are a level than level than organs 24 BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3 Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educación, S L

2 2 1 Write the name of each cell: eukaryotic or prokaryotic Then label its parts cell cell BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3 Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educación, S L 25

3 3 1 Label the organ systems For each organ system, label one or two main organs 26 BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3 Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educación, S L

4 AND EXTENSION 1 Complete the summary a All living things are organized into of organization b The cell is the unit, the unit of all living things organisms are made up of one cell organisms are

4 4 AND EXTENSION 1 Complete the summary a All living things are organized into of organization b The cell is the unit, the unit of all living things organisms are made up of one cell organisms are made up of many cells c Cells can be such as bacteria, or such as those in human beings Eukaryotic cells have three structures: d A tissue is a group of that work together to perform a specific function There are four types: e A group of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function is called an f An is a group SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS The origin of eukaryotic cells The Serial Endosymbiotic Theory (SET) was developed by biologist Lynn Margulis According to this theory, eukaryotic cells evolved from ancient prokaryotic cells between 2 and 15 billion years ago The original prokaryotic cell lost its cell wall and became larger As a result, the surface of the cell membrane increased, improving phagocytic capacity In later stages, a pronucleus formed These cells could ingest other smaller, free-living aerobic or photosynthetic prokaryotes and form symbiotic relationships with them a The prokaryotic cell loses its cell wall b The surface of the membrane increases and inner membranes are formed c A pronucleus is formed Endosymbiosis with spirochete bacteria could be the origin of flagella d Association with an aerobic prokaryote could be the origin of mitochondria e Association with a photosynthetic prokaryote could be the origin of chloroplasts of organs that work together to carry out one or more functions g The organ systems involved in nutrition are the: According to the SET theory, successive symbiotic associations explain the presence of cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells h The organ systems involved in interaction are the: 2 What do these terms mean: pronucleus, phagocytic, aerobic and symbiotic? 3 What does the SET theory try to explain? 4 Explain why this theory is called the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory 5 Search for information on SET Explain why two prokaryotic organisms were part of the first symbiotic association i The organ systems involved in reproduction are the systems BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3 Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educación, S L 27

5 SUMMARY Levels of organization In order of increasing

are: The chemical composition of living things Biomolecules can be

biomolecules are: The structure of human cells All eukaryotic

The main organelles are: Tissue The four types of tissue are:

Organs are structures made up of Organ systems consist of Examples

5 5 SUMMARY Levels of organization In order of increasing complexity, the different levels into which matter is organized are: The chemical composition of living things Biomolecules can be inorganic, such as or organic, such as Examples of organic biomolecules are: The structure of human cells All eukaryotic cells have three structures: A cell membrane: Cytoplasm: Nucleus: The main organelles are: Tissue The four types of tissue are: Epithelial: Connective: Muscle: Nervous: Organs and organ systems Organs are structures made up of Organ systems consist of Examples of organ systems 28 BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3 Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educación, S L

6 CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND TRANSPLANTS In multicellular organisms, the zygote and the cells produced during early cell divisions are embryonic stem cells: they can form complete new organisms These

and chemical characteristics to perform specific functions Muscle cell Neuron Epithelial cell Blood cell Connective cell ACTIVITIES 1 Answer the questions a Explain what embryonic stem cells are b

function of each cell 4 Why was Japanese professor Shinya Yamanaka awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2012? a What are ips stem cells? b Why are these cells important?

the cell's function COOPERATIVE PROJECT Organ donation campaign Task: Prepare posters on organ donation Work in groups of five Divide up the work in your group Group A: Who can be a donor?

6 6 CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND TRANSPLANTS In multicellular organisms, the zygote and the cells produced during early cell divisions are embryonic stem cells: they can form complete new organisms These embryonic stem cells can develop into different types of cells There are approximately 200 types of cells in the human body During cell differentiation, cells acquire the appropriate morphological and chemical characteristics to perform specific functions Muscle cell Neuron Epithelial cell Blood cell Connective cell ACTIVITIES 1 Answer the questions a Explain what embryonic stem cells are b When a cell specializes to carry out different functions, it loses its ability to become a new organism Explain why this happens 2 Describe the characteristics of each of the cells above Find out the function of each cell 4 Why was Japanese professor Shinya Yamanaka awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2012? a What are ips stem cells? b Why are these cells important? 5 Explain the meaning of the following: Mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent cells 3 Make correlations between the morphological and physiological characteristics of each cell and the cell's function COOPERATIVE PROJECT Organ donation campaign Task: Prepare posters on organ donation Work in groups of five Divide up the work in your group Group A: Who can be a donor? Which organs can be donated? Why is umbilical cord blood donated? What is living organ donation? Group B: What are the criteria for organ and tissue transplants? What side effects does the patient experience? Why does rejection occur? Group C: How are organ donations and transplants handled in Spain? What is a donor card and what is it for? Do organ donors receive any benefits? Group D: Report on innovative transplant solutions, for example: stem cells and regenerative medicine, kidney paired transplants, a registry of intended kidney donor recipient pairs BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3 Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educación, S L 29

7 EXTENSION EARLY OBSERVATIONS OF MICROSCOPIC LIVING THINGS PROJECT OBJECTIVE Find out who was the first person to observe microscopic organisms Leeuwenhoek

century Zacharias Jansen, the person and his contributions Robert Hooke and his observations Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the person and his contributions Carl

names of scientists, animalcule, optical microscope, simple optical microscope, compound optical microscope, The Royal Society of London Kruif, P de 2002

suggested a way to 1665 Robert Hooke observed 1674 Leeuwenhoek reported his discovery of Later, he observed 1828 William Nicol invented 1838 Schleiden and

histologists developed 2 Present your information in chronological order as a timeline Development time: one week Organization: groups of five students

7 7 EXTENSION EARLY OBSERVATIONS OF MICROSCOPIC LIVING THINGS PROJECT OBJECTIVE Find out who was the first person to observe microscopic organisms Leeuwenhoek microscope Hooke microscope Binocular microscope Compound microscope PROCEDURE Recommended research topics: Earliest forms of magnification up to the 16th century Zacharias Jansen, the person and his contributions Robert Hooke and his observations Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the person and his contributions Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbé, their contributions and collaboration Modern microscopes Research sources: Key words for various websites: history of the microscope, names of scientists, animalcule, optical microscope, simple optical microscope, compound optical microscope, The Royal Society of London Kruif, P de 2002 Microbe hunters, 3rd edition Mariner Books, 2002 Prepare the poster: 1 Do research to complete the sentences 1608 Zacharias Jansen built 1611 Kepler suggested a way to 1665 Robert Hooke observed 1674 Leeuwenhoek reported his discovery of Later, he observed 1828 William Nicol invented 1838 Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory, which stated 1849 Quekett published 1876 Abbé showed how to 1881 Retzius described many animal Ramon y Cajal and other histologists developed 2 Present your information in chronological order as a timeline Development time: one week Organization: groups of five students Presentation: poster approximately 12 m by 2 m, with historical and cultural timelines and explanations 30 BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3 Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educación, S L

8 EXTENSION INTERPRETATION OF TISSUE SECTIONS Osseous or bone tissue The basic unit called the osteon is visible in a transverse section In the centre of each osteon is the Haversian or central canal

osteocytes to obtain nutrients Osteocytes are enclosed in small cavities within the mineralized bone matrix Adipose tissue Adipose cells (adipocytes) are spherical when isolated, but polygonal when

thin outer layer surrounds each cell The extracellular matrix is made up of reticular fibres (type III collagen) Smooth muscle tissue Long fibres (cells) are visible The cytoplasm is abundant and

and dark bands (striations) During embryonic development, each skeletal muscle cell is formed by the fusion of many stem cells In adults, skeletal muscle fibres (cells) are actually syncytia

transverse section In a longitudinal section, the branching fibres (cells) and nuclei are visible Cells have a central nucleus Between cells there are thick fibrocollagenous membranes Desmosomes are

In most of the cerebral cortex, there are six layers with different types of cells Capillaries are abundant The darkly stained circles are the nuclei of glial cells; oligodendrocytes are the most

8 8 EXTENSION INTERPRETATION OF TISSUE SECTIONS Osseous or bone tissue The basic unit called the osteon is visible in a transverse section In the centre of each osteon is the Haversian or central canal Concentric layers of bone matrix surround the canal The osteocytes within the bone matrix are organized around the central canal Osteocytes have cytoplasmic extensions that connect them to other osteocytes to obtain nutrients Osteocytes are enclosed in small cavities within the mineralized bone matrix Adipose tissue Adipose cells (adipocytes) are spherical when isolated, but polygonal when close together They vary in size from about 50 to 150 microns The nucleus appears flat and is not always visible because it is pushed to one side of the cell by the large vacuole of lipids (fats) A thin outer layer surrounds each cell The extracellular matrix is made up of reticular fibres (type III collagen) Smooth muscle tissue Long fibres (cells) are visible The cytoplasm is abundant and pink Many cells have no visible nucleus When visible, nuclei are elongated and centrally located Skeletal muscle tissue A longitudinal section shows long parallel fibres (cells) and alternating light and dark bands (striations) During embryonic development, each skeletal muscle cell is formed by the fusion of many stem cells In adults, skeletal muscle fibres (cells) are actually syncytia containing many nuclei Each cell is surrounded by an outer layer: a cell membrane (sarcolemma) The cytoplasm of a muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm Cardiac muscle tissue Cells appear elliptical in a transverse section In a longitudinal section, the branching fibres (cells) and nuclei are visible Cells have a central nucleus Between cells there are thick fibrocollagenous membranes Desmosomes are structures that hold the cells together Nervous tissue (cerebral cortex) Neuron cell bodies are visible including some axons and dentrites Neurons vary in size and shape according to their function In most of the cerebral cortex, there are six layers with different types of cells Capillaries are abundant The darkly stained circles are the nuclei of glial cells; oligodendrocytes are the most visible The background is a network of neuronal and glial cell processes (axons and dendrites) ACTIVITIES 1 Make a fact file for four types of tissues: a Name of tissue b Subtypes of these tissues c Name of the principal cells in the tissue d Function of the tissue in the human body e Ability to regenerate or not after a destructive process f The type of tumor that is produced when there is uncontrolled cell division g Non-cellular elements, if any, that form part of the tissue BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3 Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educación, S L 31

1 ASSESSMENT 1 Read and write prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells: a They are the largest and most complex cells b Their genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm c The only organelles they

Protein DNA Polysaccharide RNA Amino acids Glycerol Fatty acid 3 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism Are the following reactions anabolic or catabolic?

9 1 ASSESSMENT 1 Read and write prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells: a They are the largest and most complex cells b Their genetic material is dispersed in the cytoplasm c The only organelles they contain are ribosomes d They have a nucleus and a nucleolus e They contain mitochondria f Bacterial cells 2 Make pairs of related concepts: use these words Explain why they are related Glucose Protein DNA Polysaccharide RNA Amino acids Glycerol Fatty acid 3 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism Are the following reactions anabolic or catabolic? a amino acids + energy proteins b glucose inorganic molecules + energy 4 Label the diagram and answer the questions a What type of cell is it? b Which two organelles are visible? c What are the membranes like? d What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes? 32 BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3 Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educación, S L

10 5 What is the relationship between the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles? 6 Complete the table Cells Tissue and type Tissue function Red blood cells Osteocytes Neurons Chondrocytes 7 What are the differences between tissues and organs? And between organs and organ systems? Give examples 8 Write the parts of the body where each tissue is found Endothelium Epidermis Connective Smooth muscle Nervous Cartilaginous 9 Name the organ systems involved in nutrition Name two parts or organs in each system and their function 10 Identify the following micrographs and describe what you see What type of microscope was used for each observation? a b BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3 Photocopiable material 2015 Santillana Educación, S L 33

Name Hour. Section 7-1 Life Is Cellular (pages )

Name Hour. Section 7-1 Life Is Cellular (pages ) Name Hour Section 7-1 Life Is Cellular (pages 169-173) Introduction (page 169) 1. What is the structure that makes up every living thing? The Discovery of the Cell (pages 169-170) 2. What was Anton van