Life is Cellular. Discovery of the Cell. Chapter 7 Cell Structure & Function. Exploring the Cell. Introduction. The Discovery of the Cell
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1 Chapter 7 Cell Structure & Function Life is Cellular Discovery of the Cell As is usually the case, it was the discovery of new technology that led to an important scientific advance Early microscopes led to the discovery of the. Exploring the Cell Late 1500 s the first microscopes were invented by Dutch eye-glass makers - magnifies objects up to 9X 1665 Robert Hooke used a microscope to draw the first picture of cork s 1674 Anton van Leeuwenhoek begins to make single lens microscopes that magnify objects 200X The Discovery of the Cell Robert Hooke was an Austrian monk - he invented one of the first true microscopes. Introduction Hooke thought the little chambers looked like the s (or rooms) in which monks lived in monasteries coined the term ulae or Hooke s drawing of dead plant s 1
2 Modern micrograph of cork s. Introduction 10 mm = 1cm 1000 m = 1 mm 1000 nm = 1 m 1mm = 1,000,000 nm Roach droppings Exploring the Cell Today we have powerful microscopes and advanced technology for observing s. Different Microscopic Views of the same type of s Microscopes Create detailed images of objects too small to see Resolution - The ability to distinguish two discrete points 1. Light Microscopes Simple or Compound Light Microscopes Resolves objects down to 200 nm 2. Electron Microscopes Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) or Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Resolves objects down to 0.5 nm The Cell Theory In the middle of the 1800 s, many scientists were using microscopes to study the characteristics of living things. Over time, the most important of their discoveries were collected into what is now called THE CELL THEORY THE CELL THEORY STATES: 1. All living things are composed of s. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. New s are produced from existing s. 2
3 Most Cells Are Really Small Diversity of Cells Cells range in size from 0.2 micrometer (a micrometer is one millionth of a meter), to Giant amoeba (Chaos chaos) s can be seen without the aid of a microscope (1000 micrometers) Nerve s can be over a meter long. An ostrich egg is the largest Fig. 3-4, p.41 Why Are Cells So Small? Surface-to-volume ratio controls size Bigger s have a smaller surface area to volume ratio Affects metabolic function - Above a certain size, material cannot be moved in or out of efficiently The Cell Basic unit of all forms of life Is highly organized for metabolism growth and development Senses and responds to stimulus in the environment Has potential to reproduce What all s have in common All s have a cytoplasm surrounded by a barrier called a membrane. All s contain genetic material packaged in a molecule of DNA Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells fall into two broad categories depending on whether they have a NUCLEUS: A nucleus is a large membrane-bound organelle that contains the s genetic material in the form of DNA. 3
4 Meaning before the nucleus Cells that do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Bacteria are UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES Eukaryotic Cells Meaning true nucleus Cells contain a nucleus and many organelles with specialized functions Animals, plants, fungus and protists are EUKARYTES Uniular organisms Multiular organisms Bacteria Cell Prokaryote vs. Plant Cell Eukaryote Animal Cell Eukaryote Prokaryotic s are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic s. Even though are simple, they still carry out all of the essential activities of living organisms growth, reproduction, response to the environment, etc. Exploring the Cell - 4
5 Exploring the Cell - Flagella of E. coli Eukaryotic s are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic s. Eukaryotic s contain membranebound organelles with many specialized functions. Eukaryotic s contain a NUCLEUS in which their genetic material (DNA) is separated from the rest of the. Some eukaryotes are single-ed, uniular organisms while others are large, multiular organisms. Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are all eukaryotes. Diatoms Amoeba Simple Uniular Volvox Rotifer Paramecium Dinoflagellates Pollen Spores Multiular Radiolarians Euglena Foraminifera 5
6 Types of Cells DNA in nucleoid cytoplasm Types of Cells DNA in nucleus Plant (eukaryotic) Bacterial (prokaryotic) cytoplasm membrane Fig. 3-1a, p.39 Fig. 3-1b, p.39 wall membrane cytoplasm DNA in nucleus membrane Types of Cells Animal (eukaryotic) Table 2: Comparison of structures between animal and plant s Typical animal Typical plant Organelles Additional structures Nucleus Nucleolus (within nucleus) Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Smooth ER Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm Mitochondria Vesicles Lysosomes Centrosome Centrioles Vacuoles Plasma membrane Flagellum Cilium Nucleus Nucleolus (within nucleus) Rough ER Smooth ER Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus (dictiosomes) Cytoplasm Mitochondria Vesicles Chloroplast and other plastids Central vacuole(large) Tonoplast (central vacuole membrane) Peroxisome (e.g. Glyoxysome) Vacuoles Plasma membrane Flagellum (only in gametes) Cell wall Plasmodesmata Fig. 3-1c, p.39 6
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