BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3º DE E.S.O. Chapter 1: The organisation of the human body
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1 BIOLOGY AND GEOLOGY 3º DE E.S.O. Chapter 1: The organisation of the human body
2 1. INTRODUCTION: LEVELS OF ORGANISATION What is a cell?
3 Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.
4 Which are the life functions? unit_03_video_02.html
5 The three vital functions are Nutrition: living things obtain matter and energy in order to survive Interaction: living things are able to sense changes in their environment and react in order to survive Reproduction: living things produce descendants that maintain their characteristics
6 Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
7 Examples of Cells Bacteria Plant Stem Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell
8 Cells may have the DNA in the cytoplasm or Prokaryotic cells Enjoy travelling inside a cell. Is it eukaryotic or prokaryotic? inside a nucleus Eukaryotic cells =2KQbVr9kFO0&feature=related
9 Prokaryotic cells DNA in the cytoplasm Plasmatic membrane and cellular wall They don t have organelles except ribosomes Some of them have an autotrophic nutrition, other have an heterotrophic nutrition They may use either a flagellum or many cilia to move =dxvg-dwotku Prokaryotes include the domains Bacteria
10 Eukaryotic cells DNA in the nucleus They have a great variety of organelles in the cytoplasm (vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, ) Some of them have an autotrophic nutrition, other have an heterotrophic nutrition Eukaryotes include the domain Eukariote with four kindoms: plants, animals, fungi, protista
11 Typical Animal Cell Typical Plant Cell
12
13 2. HUMAN CELL Which type of cells make up your body?
14 Animal Cell Parts: 2.1 CELL MEMBRANE 2.2 NUCLEUS 2.3 CYTOPLASM
15 2.1 Surrounding the Cell: Cell Membrane Structure: very thin double layer that covers the cell Function: controls which substances go in and out
16 2.2 Nucleus Structure: Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material DNA Holds the nucleolus Function: Controls the activities of the cell
17 Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Pores allow material to enter and leave nucleus
18 DNA Complex chemical substance in which genetic information is contained
19 Chromosomes During cell division DNA is condenses in tiny packs called chromosomes
20 Chromatin When nucleus is no dividing the DNA appears as tiny granules called chromatin
21 Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins
22 2.3 Cytoplasm Structure: Gel-like mixture which fill the cell Surrounded by cell membrane Contains organelles: mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmatic reticulum, Golgi body, membranous vesicle, lysosomes, cytoskeleton and centrioles
23 2. CELL ORGANELLES
24 Mitochondria Structure: Double membrane. Function: Cellular respiration
25 Ribosome Structure: Each cell contains thousands Are composed of two sub-units Function: Makes proteins
26 Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure: Is formed by a series of interconnected sacs and canals Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface Function: SER stores and moves materials in the cell RER +make proteins
27 Golgi Bodies Structure: Membranous sacs, from which vesicles emerge Function: Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell
28 Membranous vesicle (vacuoles) Structure Small membranous sacs. Traditionally, they were called vacuoles Function Stores nutrients and waste substances
29 Lysosome Structure Small vesicles that are generated in the Golgi body Function Celular digestion
30 Cytoskeleton Structure Long and thin filaments which extend around the cytoplasm Function Holds the organelles Gives shape to the cell Takes part in cellular movements
31 Centrioles Structure Two hollow cylinders composed of filaments Function Organize the separation of chromosomes during cell division Take part in the formation of filaments (cilia and flagella)
32 2.4 CELL DIFFERNTATION The process that a cell changes its shape and structure to carry out an specific function.
33 3. Human tissues Cells combine to form tissues A tissue is a group of cells organized to perform a specific function
34 Cells combine to form four primary tissues
35 Watch this video and answer the questions about the tissues
36 EPHITHELIAL TISSUE This tissue covers the external surface of body, forming the skin, and cavities and tracts such as the stomach and the intestines
37 MUSCLE TISSUE This tissue contracts and relaxes moving the body
38 NERVE TISSUE Nerve tissue is made up of neurons, which coordinate the functions of all the organs
39 CONECTIVE TISSUE Their function in the body is to connect and support. There are five types of connective tissue: conjunctive tissue, cartilaginous tissue, adipose tissue, bone tissue and blood tissue.
40 CONJUNTIVE TISSUE Conjunctive tissue is a type of connective tissue which joins the other tissues together
41 CARTILAGINOUS TISSUE This is a type of connective tissue which forms part of the skeleton and provides support to the soft parts of the body.
42 ADIPOSE OR FATTY TISSUE This is a type of connective tissue which provides energy reserve and thermal insulation to the body
43 BONE TISSUE Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue that provides support to the organism and protects the vital organs.
44 BLOOD TISSUE Transports oxygen, nutrients, waste substances and carbon dioxide; regulates the temperature and defends our body from infections.
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