AvMvgxw` bi gy³gbv. AvKvk gvwjk

Transcription

1 AvMvgxw` bi AvKvk gvwjk gvbyl Avi cïi g a cv_ K n jv, gvbyl Rb _ K cökœ Kiv, Rvbv, LvuRv, K_v ejv I wpš vwejvmx cï Zv cv i bv, cïi g a G mg Y bb mgvr-weávbxiv e jb, cö Z KwU gvbe wkï ˆeÁvwbK niqvi hvm Zv wb q Rb bq wkï Zvi Pvicv ki NUbvewj _ K Ávb AR b K i weávbxiƒ c Rb wb qb m Zvi Pvicv ki RMr K Avwe vi K i ARvbv K Rvbvi AvMÖn, KŠZznj g bve wë hgb eo `i, Zgb QvU `i wkïiv AbeiZ cökœ K i, wrwbmcî bvovpvov K i, Dwë q cvwë q ` L, mewkqy ZB cix v wbix v Ki Z Pvq, KviY m mviv RMZUv K Zvi Avcb ` wó Kv Y Avwe vi Ki Z Pvq m Avcbvi Kv Q nq Zv Rvb Z PvB e m~ h i ZvcgvÎv KZ, Kwdi Dc i µxg Kb fv m, `ya Kb fv m bv, QvU jvnvi UzKiv Kb R j Wy e Avevi GZeo RvnvR fv m wkfv e, wksev nq Zv cökœ Ki e, Av b Rj w` j b f Avevi K ivwmb w` j ev o Kb, A_ev ioabyi mvz io Kb, Kb ioaby nq, wkfv e nq, Kv_v _ K nq? nq Zv me cö kœi DËi Avcbvi Rvbv bb wkš Ggb Kvb DËi Zv K ` eb bv hvi Kv bv ˆeÁvwbK Z_ cögvy bb Avgv `i g b ivlv DwPr, AvR Ki wkïiv Rb wb q Q weáv bi Acwimxg mvd j i hy M h gvbyl GK mgq c w_exi Av b e envi Ki Z Rvb Zv bv, m gvbyl AvR m~ h i Av b wb q Lj Z Rv b, m~ h i Zvc e envi K i Mvwo Pvjvq eb c o gvbyl Av b Avwe vi K i bvb, RvnvR cvwb Z Kb fv m AvwK gwwm Kvb z ji wk Ki KvQ _ K k Lb bvb RM Zi GZ Avwe vi, weáv bi GZ we qki mvd j i cq b h mkj gnvgvbe `i Ae`vb, Zvu `i ekxi fvmb wq jb AwZmvaviY cwiev ii mvaviy gvbyl wkïi AbymwÜrmy g bi GKwU D`vniY `B gv `L jb GKwU gvî wwg N i Av Q hv AvR Ki bv vi Uwe j ^vgx K ` eb nvvr K ib cvup erm ii Q jwu wd«r _ K wwgwu ei K i gvwu Z Qyu o f O dj jv GgZve vq gv Z j e b Av b bv n q, evev AwMœ P z bv K i Zv K cökœ Ki jb, m Kx f e wwgwu fvo jv Q jwu DËi w` jv, eo fvb qi QvU ejwu gvwu Z Qyuo j wk my `i jvd `q, `Šu o, wwguv Kb Zv Kij bv? Gi c i Zvi Av iv wkqy Rvbvi Av Q ejwui fz i evzvm bv _vk j ejwu jvd `q bv Kb? Avevi Kvb wrwbm k³ RvqMvq hz mn R fv O big RvqMvq ZZ mn R fv O bv Kb? GKwU wwg fvov K K `ª K i h mkj cö kœi m ylxb n jb Zvi DËi c Z n j Avcbv K Rvb Z n e e i ag, MwZ, kw³, evzv mi IRb, NbZ Gme wkqy wkïi AbymwÜrmy gb Rvb Z Pvq, LyuR Z Pvq NUbvi cq bi NUbv Avcwb GLvb _ KB ïi Ki Z cv ib Avcbvi Q ji BDwbfvwm wui cö_g K vm Avcwb ej Z cv ib, Avgvi Zv evev GZme DËi Rvbv bb, P jv Avgiv `y-rb wg j Gi DËi LyuwR, wksev ej Z cv ib, Zzwg wbqwgz z j hv e, z j me DËi cviqv hvq A_ev ej Z cv ib, P jv jvb eªwi Z hvb, ARvbv K Rvbvi GKUv eb wb q Avwm c w_exi fwel r bvmwi Ki fvj niqv, g ` niqv, wkw Z niqv, g~l niqv, c ivckvix niqv, AwbôKvix niqv, PwiÎevb niqv, PwiÎnxb niqv wbf i K i cö_gz gv evev, wøzxqz Pvi-cv ki cwi e ki Ici me wkïi g bb bri j niqvi evmbv Av Q me wkïb ej Z Pvq Ôwek RMZ `L ev Avwg Avcb nv Zi gy Vvq c iõ ˆPZb Zv, MwZkxjZv, gbb, fvebv-kw³ gvby li Rb MZ Y, Avi GB Y gvbyl K w` q Q Acwi gq myß gzvi AwaKvi, hv Ab Rx ei g a bb mswer Ges ˆPZb Zvi Y gvbyl n q Q Abb `~ikíx fvebv ( úkz jwuf w_swks) GKgvÎ gvbylb Ki Z cv i Avi GB `~ikíx fvebv KB ejv nq `k b `vk wbkzvi Rv ib c w_exi gvbyl gnvk~ b Ny i eov Q weávb I `k b h RvwZ hz ewk DbœZ, wbtm ` n mb RvwZB c w_ex Z ZZ ewk DbœZ, mylx Ges kw³kvjx gvby li eu P _vkvi c_ LvuRv ïi nq gv qi Mf _ K åƒy gbyl veqe cviqv _ K ewi q Avmvi c_ LvuRv ïi K i GK mgq gv Zvi GB LvuRv-LyuwR Ui cvb gv ev Sb Zvi c Ui mš vb ewi q Avmvi AM jwu c Z `qvj nvz o eov Q Gfv e LyuR Z LyuR Z wvk mgqgz GKw`b ewi q Avmvi Øvi m Lyu R cvq awiîxi m` m i LvZvq bvg jlv bvi ci _ K Zvi LvuRv-LyuwR ïi nq, g Zz i AvMch š Zv Pj Z _v K RM Zi Acwimxg AMwYZ, Amxg we qki m wózë hw` ARvbv, Abvwe vi _ K hvq, gvbyl hw` Zv Rvb Z bv cv i, hw`

2 Rvbvi my hvm `qv bv nq, gvbe RbgUvB Zvi e _ n q hv e h my hvm, h AwaKvi cöwzôv Ki Z jvwãz-ewãz, wezvwoz, wbw `Z, AvnZ, wbnz n q Qb Kv ji A bk Bgvg, gvrvwï`, mywd, weávbx, `vk wbk, Kwe, mvwnwz KMY Zv `i g a Avey-gymv web gbmyi nvj vr, Be b iyk`, Be b wmbv, Avj Mv¾vjx, bri j, iex `ªbv_, ivg gvnb, Ck ip `ª we` vmvmi, emg iv Kqv, AvjevU AvBb vbb, M vwjwji, AvBR vk wbdub, m µwum, w db nwký Ab Zg G aivq hy M hy M m wókxj, gbbkxj, we`~lx, gbxlxi Rb n e, hw` Avgiv Avgv `i fwel Z cörb K LvuRvi, ejvi, Rvbvi, evsvi, AbymÜvb Kivi, cökœ Kivi my hvm w`b

3 bvixev` I bvixev`x (DrmM : evsjv ` ki cö_g bvixev`x iv Kqv K) bw `bx nv mb jlvi ïi ZB bvixev `i mnr I msw ß BwZnvm Zz j aivi cö qvrb g b KiwQ Avgv `i A b KiB g b Ôbvixev`Õ I Ôbvixev`xÕ `i wb q cöpzi åvš aviyv Av Q we kl K i evsjv ` ki wkw Z Q j g q `i g a I Ôbvixev`Õ kãwu wb q ek bwzevpk aviyv h K ib nvk Rb wb q Q ZvQvov wkw Z Rb Mvôxi GKUv e nr As ki wfzii GB wb q GK ai bi avuqvkv we` gvb Avm j Ôbvixev`Õ welqwu Kx? G cö kœi h_vh_, mwvk Ges msw ß GKwU DËi c Z Avgiv DBwKwcwWqvi mvnvh wb Z cv i mlv b bvixev` A_ev Feminism Gi msávq ejv n q Q : Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories, political movements and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerned with the experiences of women. Most feminists are especially concerned with social, political and economic inequality between men and women (in the context of it being to the disadvantage of women); some have argued that gendered and sexed identities, such as `man and `woman, are socially constructed. Feminists differ over the sources of inequality, how to attain equality, and the extent to which gender and gender-based identities should be questioned and critiqued. In simple terms, feminism is the belief in social, political and economic equality of the sexes, and the movement organised around the belief that gender should not be the pre-determinant factor shaping a person s social identity, or socio-political or economic rights. Dc ii msáv _ K Avgiv eys Z cvwi Ôbvixev`Õ Avm j Ggb wkqy bq hv wb q bvbvgywl fyj aviyv Avgv `i A b Ki g a M o Av Q hgb Kv iv Kv iv aviyv whwb Ôbvixevw`Õ wpš v PZbv wb Ri wfzi jvjb K ib, wzwb D Q bœ-hviqv KD! wzwb mgvr msmv ii avi av ib bv! cyi li Dci bvixi AvwacZ we vi Ki Z Pvb ev cyi lwe Ølx nb, A_ev cyi l `i cöwzc NvlYv K i mviv Y hy s `nx g bvfve wb q _v Kb hw`i e w³mzfv e KD Zv n Z cv ib wkš, bvixev `i msáv _ K Avgiv h welquv eyws Zv n Q, bvixev`xiv cyi li cvkvcvwk me Î mgvb my hvmmyweav Av`v qi Rb jovb ev Av `vjb hvb ewj bv Kb Zv wb q mv Pvi f~wgkv cvjb K ib cöejfv e cyi lkvwmz mgvr m ó wj½ ˆelg Dc o d j wk ivr bwzk, wk mvgvwrk, wk A_ bwzk me Î mgzv wbwðz Kivi Rb KvR K ib hz w`b ch š GB mgzv ivóªxq Ges mvgvwrkfv e wbwðz bv n Q ZZ w`b bvixev`x `i `vwe Av`v qi Rb GB Av `vjb Pj ZB _vk e GUv ïay bvixev `i ÎB bq, mgv Ri me ii Zzjbvg~jKfv e Kg myweavcövßiv wb R `i ewâz eva K ib ^vfvwek Kvi YB hvi Rb wb R `i `vwe Av`v qi c _ evavwecwë wwov bvi Rb Zv `i ` p I kw³kvjx Ae vb wb Z nq Ôbvixev `iõ BwZnv mi w` K Avgiv hw` ZvKvB Zvn j `L Z cv ev Ôbvixev`Õ Avm j nvvr K i D o G m Ry o emv wkqy bq, hgbuv Avgiv A b KB a i bb AwaKvi Av`v qi Rb av c av c G Z n q Q bvixev`x `i BwZnvm NvU j `Lv hvq AvVv iv kv kz KiI Av M bvixev `i Aw Z wqj hw`i Zvi Wvjcvjv we vi K i IB kz KiB kl NUv Z M j h kw³, h ` pzv, cwiev i h Ae v bi cö qvrb nq Zv _ K Zv K KŠk j ewâz Kiv n q Q hym hym a i wzwb GB ˆelg K gv bb wbqwz e j bvixi wbqwz! mb wbqwz gv bbwb emg iv Kqv gv bbwb e jb AvR Ki iv Kqv K Avgiv c qwq evovwj gymwjg bvixrvmi Yi AMÖ`~Z wn m e Zvui Kv bv Kv bv mgv jvpk e jb wzwb cyi lz š i mv _ Av cvm K i wu K wq jb Z e ûgvq~b AvRv` h_v_ B e j Qb, iv Kqv ZLb wkqyuv Av cvl K iwq jb eva n q mwz ÑwKš, ÔwZwb cyi lzš K aÿsm Kivi R b wbiš i jovb K i M Qb; Zvui ipbvewj cyi lz š i wei GK avivevwnk gnvhy Õ wzwb iv Kqvi Av cvmkvwgzv wb q AviI h cöwyavb hvm K_vwU D j L K i Qb Zv n jv, Ô iv Kqv cyi lz š i wei Pvwj qwq jb mvwe K AvµgY wzwb f O djvi Póv K i Qb cyi lz š i Zwi bvix I cyi li fveg~wz, er b

4 K i Qb bvixcyi li cö_vmz f~wgkv; Zzjbvnxbfv e AvµgY K i Qb cyi lz š i ejcö qvm ms v ag K iv Kqv c i a g i mv _ wkqyuv mwü K i Qb AvZ i vi Rb ; bb j Zvu K I Zvui Av`k K AZ š wecbœ K i Zzj Zv gymjgvb wcz Zš Õ iv Kqv hlb wbwø avq e jb ÔAvgvw`M K AÜKv i ivwlevi Rb cyi lmy H ag MÖš wj K Ck ii Av `kcî ewjqv cökvk Kwiqv Qb Õ ZLb G _ KB evsv hvq bvixi mvgwmök AwaKvi cöwzóv Ki Z PvB j ag K cvk KvwU q Ôawi gvq bv QyuB cvwbõ RvZxq Av `vjb K i dj cviqvi Avkv Kiv n e Pig evkvwg Z_ m~î : ÔbvixÕ : ûgvqyb AvRv` A Vindication of the rights of woman : Wollstonecraft

5 cöeü gvnbxq gvbvwjmv dwi` Avng` c w_exi Zver igyxk~ ji g a gvbvwjmvi g Zv G Zv cöpvi, cöpviyv Ges fvjevmv evanq Avi KD cvqwb RbwcÖqZvi w`k _ K wfwâi GB gvbm my `ix vb K i w` q Q A bk evnv evnv nwjdw my `ix `i K hše bi Kv bv bv Kv bv mgq gvbvwjmvi cö g c owb Ggb cyi l Lyu R cviqv ixwzgz weij gvbvwjmvi KŠZzKwcÖq PvL Avi Vvu Ui Kv Y Sz j _vkv GK UzK iv inm gq nvwm A bk hye Ki iv Zi Nyg nvivg K i w` q Q kz kz eqi a i gvbvwjmvi nvwmi inm D`NvU b eªzx n q Q AmsL Kwe, wkíx Ges mvwnwz Kiv Zv m Ë I inm gqx gvbvwjmvi inm gq nvwm i q M Q in m i Aš iv j hy M hy M wecyj msl K M elyv, mvwnz, Kve Avi m½xz iwpz n q Q gvbvwjmv K wn i cöwg Kiv Zv `i cöqmxi g a Lyu R c Z P q Qb gvbvwjmvi Acvi inm, Pv Li Mfx i c Z P q Q gvbvwjmvi Abb wswkwgwk KŠZzK m Kvi YB evanq me hy MB cyi liv Zv `i ^cœpvwiyx `i Zzjbv K i G m Q gvbvwjmvi mv _ gvbvwjmv n q D V Q mš `h Avi inm gqzvi cözxk wnmv e wpî : wjibv ` v `v wfwâi AvuKv gvbvwjmv Kx Av Q cvup kv eqi Av M BZvjxq iu bmvi wkíx wjibv `v `v wfwâi AvuKv gvbvwjmvi g a h, hvi Kvi Y Zv K wb q G Zv Db v`bv, G Zv AvMÖn, G Zv fvjevmv, G Zv cöpvi? G in m ii mgvavb KD w` Z cv iwb GLb ch š kz kz cwêz, M elk Ges HwZnvwm Kiv c w_exi `~i `~iv š i jvb eªix Z wm q cy iv bv `wjjc Î ûgwo L q c o Qb gvbvwjmvi inm D vi Kivi Rb inm I MvcbxqZvq Av Qbœ GB cöwzk wzwu AvuKv n q Q mw UwgUvi e nr ccjvi c v b j G Z Kv bv ^v i wqj bv Ges Kvb ZvwiLI `qv bb wjibv ` vi Ab me Qwei ÎB `Lv M Q h m jvi P ev QwewU m ú K wkqy ey bv wjibv ` v Zvi bvuey K wj L i L Qb wkš Zbœ Zbœ K i Lyu RI Zvi nvrvi nvrvi c ôvi bvuey K gvbvwjmv m ú K GKwU jvbb ev Kvb P cviqv hvq wb HwZnvwm Kiv gvuvgywu GKgZ h, wjibv ` v Zvi kl eq m gvbvwjmv Gu K Qb Z e wvk KZ mv j gvbvwjmv AvuKv nq, m wel q gzwfbœzv i q Q KD KD g b K ib h 1506 mv j wgjv b wd i Avmvi Av M d v ib m AvuKv n q Q Avevi A b iv

6 `vwe K ib h QwewU nq Zv d v ib m AvuKv ïi n q Q wkš kl n q Q K qk eqi ci wgjv b ïay Kvb mg q AvuKv n q Q ZvB bq, HwZnvwm Kiv GUv RvbviI Póv K i Qb h, Kb wjibv `v GB cöwzk wzwu AvuK Z M jb? KD wk Zv K GUv K i w` Z e jwqj? hw` ZvB nq, Z e K m? wjibv `v Zvi Ab me wpîkg B evqbvkvix `i w` q w` q Qb, wkš gvbvwjmvi ÎB Zvi GKgvÎ e wzµg N U Q wzwb GUv K Zvi mv _B i L w` qwq jb `xn w`b Kb GUv evqbvkvix K KL bvb `Iqv nqwb? GB mg cö kœi Kvb m`yëi GL bv cviqv hvqwb wpî : wjibv `v `v wfwâ Avw` Z GB QwewU GLbKvi Zzjbvq AvK wz Z ek LvwbKUv eo wqj QwewUi `yb cv ki `y Uv Kjvg ev wcjvi K U djv n q Q GKvi YB GLb Qwe ` L mn RB evsv hvq bv h gvbvwjmv Avm j Uiv m e m wqj AvswkKfv e wzmö niqv Ges gvbvwjmvi wkqy wkqy Ask ciezx mg q io Kivi Kvi Y ez gv b QwewUi A bk Avbyw½K welqb ` k gvb bq Zv m Ë I QwewUi g~j ˆewkó mg~n wvkb A zyœ i q Q gvbvwjmv mb mg qi Rb wqj Abb mvaviy hviv gvbvwjmv ` L Qb Zv `i Kv Q g b n e hb Kvb cöwzk wz bq, cy ivcywi Rxeš GB gwnjv Vvu Ui Kv Y inm gq GK wpj Z nvwm wb q ZvwK q Av Q `k Ki w` K Y Y Avevi GB nvwmi iƒci e` j hvq KL bv GB nvwm K g b nq wb úvc, eo cweî Avevi KL bvev g b nq we`ª~c Ki Q Av kcv ki mevb K Avevi KL bvev g b nq Kvb nvwmb bb Zvi Vvu U Rxeš KvD K h cy i ivlv n q Q K vbfv m; G zwb nq Zv ei n q Avm e K vbfvm Q o Avi `kuv Rxeš gvby li gzb g b nq hb Zvi wbr ^ wpš v-fvebv i q Q m wk wpš v Ki Q ev Zvi Abyf~wZ wk Zv ejv gnv `ytmv a i KvR m wk Avbw `Z bvwk welv`mö, a~z bvwk mnr mij, kvš mgvwnz bvwk cvwicvwk K me wkqy _ K D`vmxb Kv bv bvix? hvivb gvbvwjmvi Qwe ` L Qb Zviv KDB GKgZ n Z cv ibwb cö Z KB wfbœ wfbœfv e gvbvwjmvi grvrgwr K e vl v K i Qb dzgv Uv (Sfumato) KŠkj wfwâ Zvi GB cv Uª U h KŠk j GB inm gqzv G b Qb Zv K ejv nq dzgv Uv KŠkj ev c wz GB BUvwjqvb kãwui gv b n Q avuqvkv ev Svcmv Zvi mg qi Ab vb wkíxiv hlv b my úó ewn i Lv e envi Ki Zb mlv b wfwâ GB Î Zvi wecixzuv K iwq jb gvbvwjmvi ` ni cövš mxgvmg~n, Zvi mvgwmök gylgêj, nvzøq Ges Kvc oi i q Q nvjkv cövš mxgv GB cövš mxgvmg~n wn i _vkv Av jv ev Qvqvi g a ax i ax i wejxb n q M Q Av jv Ges Qvqvi g a A` k DËiY, KL bv KL bv wewfbœ is Gi Kvb ` k gvb wpý QvovB G Ki mv _ A b i wg k hviqvi ga w` q wzwb mewkqy KB avuqvi g Zv wgwk q w` q Qb wzwb Kvb cövš mxgv QvovB h Kvb cöwzk wzi Awfe w³ g~jz wbf i K i `ywu wel qi Dci, gy Li Ges Pv Li cövš wkš gvbvwjmvq wjibv `v m PZbfv eb GB `yõwu RvqMv KB nvjkv Qvqvi mv _ Aš jxb niqvi my hvm K i w` q A úó K i i L Qb GKvi Y Avgiv KL bvb wbwðz bv h gvbvwjmv Kv bv grv R Avgv `i w` K ZvwK q Av Q Zvi Awfe w³

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10 A b K Aek g b K ib h, gvbvwjmvi nvwm wjibv ` vi GKai bi Zvgvkv Qvov Avi wkqy bq BUvwj Z wmik Ûv k ãi Av wik A_ n QÑ Drdzj, Dj wmz, Avbw `Z wjibv `v nq Zv Zvi bvg KB KŠZz Ki AvKv i nvwmi ga w` q dzwu q Zzj Z P qwq jb G ai bi KŠZz Ki cöwz wfwâi h ek AbyivM wqj Zv BwZnvmB cögvy `q fvmvwii my úó ey bv m Ë I kz kz eqi a i cövq WRbLv bk bvix Av jvpbvq D V G m Q gvbvwjmv niqvi `vwe`vi n q KD KD Avevi GB cöwzk wzwu Z Kv bv g WjB e eüz nqwb e j g b K ib Zv `i aviyv wjibv `v Kíbv _ K Zvi Av`k igyxi Qwe Gu K Qb eûw`b Av M _ K Avevi ekwkqy msl K jvk `vwe K i AvmwQ jb h gvbvwjmv wfwâib wbr ^ Pnvivi igyxq iƒc GB aviyvwui inm D`NvU b MÖvwdK AvwU wjwjqvb kvqvr (Lillian Shcwartz) 1998 Kw úduvi wfwëk cöhyw³i e envi NUvb kvqvr wjibv `v i wb Ri AvuKv wb RiB cöwzk wz wb q G K Dj U `b Ges Kw úduvi w Œ Y gvbvwjmvi cöwzk wz cvkvcvwk i L Zzjbv K ib wzwb `L Z cvb h, gvbvwjmv Ges wjibv `v i bvk, gyl, Kcvj, Pvqv ji nvo, PvL Ges å mewkqyb G Kev i mij ilvq Ae vb Ki Q wjwjqvb GB e j Zvi Dcmsnvi Uv bb h, wjibv `v bvix g Wj wb q cöv_wgkfv e KvR ïi K iwq jb wkš c i GB g Wj K Avi bv cviqv hviqv Z wzwb wb Ri Pnvivi igyxq iƒc KB e envi K iwq jb 10 G W jb Wi A ckv`vi wkí HwZnvwmK gbk fvmu-jy qi mb (Maike Vogt-Luerssn) Gi ` p wek vm h wzwb gvbvwjmvi cwipq Ges mb mv _ Zvi welyœzv Ges inm gq nvwmi wcq bi KviYwU D`NvUb Ki Z m g n q Qb i bmvi mgqkvi wkíkjvi cöwz mymfxi cöy qi Kvi Y gbk Zvi GB M elyv cö R± nv Z bb, hvi m~îcvz n qwqj Rvg vwb Z cövq m Zi eq ii M elyvi ci gbk GB wek v m DcbxZ nb h, gvbvwjmv d v ib mi abvx ikg e emvqxi x bb eis m n Q wjibv `v i cögvkvslx wgjv bi cöv³b Wv Pm Bmv ejv Ae G vivmb gb Ki GB M elyvi djvdj Rvg vwb Z Who is Mona Lisa? In Search of Her Identity bv g MÖš vkv i ei n q Q gbk e jb h, gvbvwjmvi cwip qi m~î gvbvwjmv wpîkg mn mb mgqkvi Ab vb wpîkg, Wv qwi Ges ZrKvjxb mikvwi I emikvwi ik W i g a B jywk q Av Q d vkv k nvwm Ges gvbvwjmvi mviv kix ii Mnbvi Abycw wz QvovI Zvi ci b i q Q Mfxi kv Ki cvkvk gvbvwjmv K h eqi AvuKv nq Zvi Av MiB eqib Bmv ejvi gv gviv hvq mb mgq Wv P mi eqm wqj gvî m Zi eqi Ges m wqj mỳ k b wkš Amr Pwi Îi AwaKvix wwdk Ae wgjvb wmqvb Mvwjqv Rv II gvwiqv dvirvi m` weevwnzv x gvbvwjmvi mv`vwmav ev`vgx cvkv Ki ` k gvb DaŸv sk n Q dvirv cwiev ii cözxk Ges Gi wb Pi mshy³ wmumg~n Ges myzv jv wfmkw U Ges dvirv cwiev ii eüb K cöwzwbwaz Ki Q gbk D j L K ib h, GB cözx Ki Kvi Y gvbvwjmv n Z cv i Ggb gwnjvi msl v gvî AvURb-G mxgve n q hvq wzwb mswk ó gwnjv `i ek wkqy cöwzk wz wpwýz K ib G `i g a i q Q K vuwibv, dvirv, hvi Pzj wqj nvjkv jvj io Gi, Bmv ejvi k vïox evbv Ae m vfq Ges Bmv ejvi bb` G vbv-gvwiqv, G Äjv, B cvwjuv, weqvbkv, Gg cöm Ges wewuªmv ejv evûj G `i Kv iv mv _B gvbvwjmvi Pnvivi wgj Lyu R cviqv hvqwb, Kv RB Lye ^vfvwekfv eb gvbvwjmv niqvi Î GKgvÎ `vwe`vi n q c o Bmv ejv gb Ki aviyv h wzwb gvbvwjmvi welyœzv Ges Drdzj Zvi wcq bi KviYI ei Ki Z c i Qb Kb gvbvwjmv G Zv welyœ? 1488 mv ji k li w` K Bmv ejv hlb wgjv b Av m ZLbB Zvi we q nq wwdk Ae wgjv bi mv _ wkš Zv `i ˆeevwnK Rxe b eo ai bi mgm v wqj Zvi ^vgx wqj g` c, bcysmk Ges x wbh vzbkvix gbk e jb h, Ô mb mgqkvi Wv qwi jl Kiv Wv Pm Ae wgjvb bv gi PgrKvi GK igyxi `ytl wj L M Q, h Zvi g` c ^vgxi nv Z cöwzwbqz wbh vwzz n q Kvù Zv wkš mb igyx wqj `v wfwâi Nwbô eüz ev m ez Zvi P qi ewk wkqy m Kvi YB AmsL AvMÖnx µzv _vkv m Ë I wfwâ Zvi gvbvwjmv K nvzqvov K ibwb wkqy ZB GUv wqj cö gi Mí wkš LyeB `yiƒn cö gi Mí Bmv ejv wq jb mgv Ri AwZ D Pch v qi Ges kw³kvjx Ae v bi Ask Ab w` K wfwâ wq jb bnv qzb GK wkíx ZLbKvi mgvr G ai bi Amg mvgvwrk Ae v bi cög K g b bqvi g Zv Ae vq wqj bvõ

11 11 d v ib mi ikg e emvqxi x jv wmik Ûv gvbvwjmv wq jb GB e vck ^xk Z aviyv K cöz vlvb K i Qb gbk Zvi g Z, wmiwm fvmvwiii wjwlz ey bvi Ici wfwë K i GUv wqj jÿ fi wgdwrqv gi wbr ^ Abygvb gvî gb Ki wb Ri fvlvq : ÔZviv Rvb Zv bv, gvbvwjmv K? Kv RB cö_g h ey bv Zviv c q Q muv KB Zviv MÖnY K i wb q Q GB ey bv mv`vgvuvfv e gvbvwjmvi mv _ LvcI L q wm qwqj wkš fvj K i j Ki j `Lv hv e h Avm j Zv Lvc Lvq wb jÿ fi hv wkqy e j Q Zvi me wkqyb AcÖgvwYZ Ges ïi _ KB ek wkqy Mí HwZnvwm Kiv Gi we ivwazv K i G m Qb gvbvwjmv Ges fvmvwii ey bvk Z jv wmik Ûvi cöwzk wzi ey bvi g a Mowgj i q Q Õ12 gj evb wek we` vj qi wmwbqi jkpvivi wµm gvk vj `i gz wkí mgs`v iiv Aek gb Ki M elyvk g i mv _ G Kev ib cwiwpz bb Ges Zvi ` wófw½i mv _I gv UB GKgZ bb W. gvk vj e jb h, Ô h nzz fvmvwi Zvi wzi Ici wbf i K i ló`k kzvãxi gvsvgvws mg q gvbvwjmvi ey bv wj L Qb, m Kvi YB jv wmik Ûv ZË GL bv Pvjy i q Q Õ13 cvup mš v bi Rbbx B mc cvjvw U bv gi d v ib mi GKRb wk K kn ii AvKv Bf jv Z `xn cuwpk eqi M elyvi ci my úó cögvy Lyu R cvb h wjibv ` vi cwievi Ges ikg e emvqx d«v Ým Kv wmik Ûvi cwievi Nwbôfv e m ú Khy³ wqj 14 fvmvwii h `vwe K iwq jb gvbvwjmv n Q wmik Ûvi x, m wel q cvjvw Ui g b Kvb m `n bb Kbbv fvmvwi e w³mzfv e wmik Ûv cwiev ii m ½ cwiwpz wq jb wjmvi eqm hlb PweŸk ZLb GB cöwzk wzwu AvuKv nq Ges Lye m ez wjibv `v i evevb Zv K GB KvRwU RywU q w` qwqj G ai bi KvR wjibv `v i evev Av MI Aš Z GKevi K iwq jb e j cögvy cviqv hvq UvKv cqmvi e vcv i wjibv `v G ZvB A MvQv jv wqj h Zvi evev K G ai bi mvnv h i nvz gv S gv SB evwo q w` Z n qwqj cvjvw Ui fvl Abyhvqx wjmv cvup mš v bi Rbbx wq jb wjmv Ges d«v Ým Kv ` úwzi cvup mš v bi g a Pvi mš v bib R b i ikw D vi K iwq jb wzwb cvjvw U Zvi M elyvi djvdj QvÆ GKwU eb qi gva g cökvk K i Qb gvbvwjmv K Zvi inm D vi Kivi Rb Ab vb cwêz Ges M el Kiv cvjvw Ui cöksmvq câgyl n q D V Qb wikv W v bbwpwb (Ricardo Nencini) e jb h, ÔGB M elyv nq Zv m ú~y m `ngy³fv e cögvy Ki Z cvi e bv h wjmv Ges gvbvwjmv GKB igyx wkš h ai Yi Z_ cögvy nvwri Kiv n q Q Zv Z Giv h GKB bvix Zv cövq cöwzwôz n q D V Q Õ15 AcüZ gvbvwjmv 1911 mv ji GKz k AMv mvgevi wek wel vz GB wkíkg jÿ fi wgdwrqvg _ K Pzwi n q hvq IB w`b mkv j wgdwrqv gi Kg Pvixiv Avwe vi K i h gvbvwjmv Zvi wb Ri RvqMvq bb wkš Kg Pvixiv f e bq h, gvbvwjmv K evanq wgdwrqv gi Awdwmqvj d UvMÖvdvi Zvi Awd m wb q M Q Gi d Uv Zvjvi Rb g½jev ii g a hlb QwewU ^ v b wd i G jv bv Ges Rvbv Mj h, muv d UvMÖvdv ii Awd mi bb, ZLbB Zv wgdwrqvg Kg KZ v `i Rvbv bv nq Zvr wykfv eb cywjk KI Lei `Iqv nq Ges Zviv wkd iu ii Awd m nw KvqvU vi vcb K i mviv wgdwrqv gi me Î e vck AbymÜvb Pvjvq wkš Kv_vI gvbvwjmvi nw`m cviqv Mj bv msev`c Î gvbvwjmv Pzwii NUbv cökvwkz niqvi ci divwm cîcwîkv jv Pzwii wewfbœ ZË wb q nvwri nq GK msev`cî `vwe K i h, GKRb Av gwikvb msmövnk GB Pzwii NUbv NwU q Q Ges Gi wblyuz bkj Kivi ci bkj QwewU GKmgq wgdwrqv g diz cvvv bv n e Ab GK msev`cî e j h, cy iv NUbvUvB Avm j avukvevwr KZ mn R jÿ fi _ K Qwe Pzwi Kiv hvq Zv `Lv bvb n Q Gi g~j D Ïk Pzwii inm D vi Kivi Rb Kg Pvixmn Av kcv k emevmkvix AmsL jvk K wrávmvev` Kiv nq me P q

12 Avð h i welq n Q cywjk wel vz wkíx cve jv wckv mv KI GB Pzwii wel q wrávmvev` K iwqj wckv mv Gi Av M Zvi GK eüz wc q ii KvQ _ K `yõwu PvivB cö ii fv h wk bwq jb gvbvwjmv Pzwi niqvi K qkgvm Av M wc q i IB fv h `y Uv jÿ fi _ K Pzwi K iwqj wckv mv f ewqj h Zvi GB Yai eüzwub nq Zv gvbvwjmv KI Pzwi K i Q cwiw wzi fqvenzv Ges B gr nviv bvi f q wckv mv fv h `y Uv wgdwrqv g diz `qvi Rb vbxq GK cwîkv Awd m n vš i K ib Zvi bvg cöpvwiz nvk GUv wckv mv Pvbwb wkš KD GKRb GB NUbv cywjk K dvum K i `q Z` š i ci Aek cywjk wbwðz nq h wckv mv gvbvwjmv Pzwii wel q wkqyb Rvb Zb bv mšfvm µ g Pzwi hviqvi mvzvk gvm c i gvbvwjmv K D vi Kiv nq wfb mb Rv ci wrqv bv gi GKRb BZvwjqvb gvbvwjmv K GK jvl Wjv ii wewbg q d v ib mi DwdwR M vjvix Z wewµ Kivi Póv K iwqj ci wrqv Aek `vwe K i h, UvKv bq eis `k cö gi Kvi YB m gvbvwjmv K Pzwi K iwqj GKRb wel vz BZvjxq wkíxi wek L vz wkíkg d«v Ý _vk e GUv m g b wb Z cv i wb wîgvwîk we k ly gvbvwjmvi MVbweb vm, vbj Ges wkfv e Av iv fvjfv e msi Y Kiv hvq m wel q Av jvkcvz Kivi Rb b vkbvj wimvp KvDbwm ji (NRC) mšfvm n qwqj GB cöwzk wz K e vckfv e cix v-wbix v Kivi AZ vaywbk Kjv KŠk ji gva g AZ š e qeûj GB M elyvq NRC M elyv `j gvbvwjmv K vb K i wecyj msl K WvUv msmön K ib we k ly Kivi Rb jÿ f ii cbw Us wwcvu g Ui Aby iv a Centre de recherche et de restauration des musees de France (C2RMF) gvbvwjmvi Ici M elyvi KvR bq GB M elyv wqj Kvb cbw Us Gi Ici bqv GLb ch š me P q e qeûj M elyv g Wwjs UK bvjrx Ges w_ªww (wîgvwîk) B gwrs Gi Ici e vck Ávb Ges ` Zvi Kvi Y GB cö R ±i Ask wnmv e (C2RMF) K vbvwv wfwëk M elbv cöwzôvb NRC Gi w_ª ww weávbx `i GKwU `j K Avgš Y Rvbvq M elyvq Ask biqvi Rb GB M elyvq GbAviwm-i f~wgkv wqj gvbvwjmvi m yl Ges cðvr `ybfvmb vb Kivi gva g cöwzk wzwui msi Y hvm GKwU D P irywjkb m úbœ wîgvwîk g Wj ˆZwi Kiv wîgvwîk GB g Wj e envi Kiv n qwqj wzbwu Kv R : ccjvi c v b ji AvK wzi KZLvwb wek wz N U Q Zv mbv³ Kiv QwewUi m yl As ki ˆewkó mg~n, io Gi wewfbœ i, c v bj Ges cöwzk wzwui Dciwfv Mi wpo ev dvuj K cix v Kiv QwewUi msi Yi e e v Ges wfwâi Qwe AvuKvi KŠkj we klz dzgv Uv KŠkj K eys Z mnvqzv Kiv c vwi m hviqvi Av M NRC wu gi m`m iv vwbs cöwµqvi Abycy L wmgÿ jkb cix v K ib gvbvwjmv K Zvi cwi ek msi Y P ^vi _ K eq i gvî GKevi GK iv Zi Rb cix v Kivi Rb ei Kiv nq NRC M elkiv 2004 mv ji 18 _ K 20 k A ±ve ii g a `ywu gnvg~j evb ivz c qwq jb gvbvwjmvi mvg bi, cq bi Ges cv k i As ki wîgvwîk v bi Rb NRC wug GB cö R ±i Rb GKwU enb hvm wîgvwîk iwob jrvi vbvi ˆZwi K iwq jb g gv m C2RMF Gi iu bvi (Renoir) AvuKv ek wkqy Qwe v bi gva g GB enb hvm vbviwu cöv_wgkfv e cix v Kiv nq wîgvwîk UK bvjwr ˆZwii bz Z `vbkvix M elk d«v ¼v qm e Bm (Francois Blais) gvbvwjmvi µgk cwiez bkxj io-gi Aby¾ jzv K e vl v Kivi Rb bzzb Gj Mvwi`g Ges MvwYwZK g Wj D e K ib Gb Avi wm weávbx gvk wii gvbvwjmvi wîgvwîk Qwe we k ly Ki Qb wîgvwîk g Wj wblyuzfv e gvbvwjmvi c v b ji eu K hviqvi cwigvy K wpwýz K i gvbvwjmv K AvuKv n qwqj h ccjvi Kv Vi c v b j Zvi g a Wvb cv k Av k cv ki GjvKvi P q ev iv wgwjwguvi DuPz DËjvK wzi wek wz ˆZwi n q Q Aek GB wek wz GLb ch š gvbvwjmvi nvwmi Rb ûgwk n q `vuovqwb wîgvwîk GB we k l Yi me P q eo cvibv n Q wjibv ` vi AsKb KŠk ji inm D vi Ki Z cviv

13 wjibv `v Zvi GB AsKb KŠkj K dzgv Uv ej Zb BZvjxqv b hvi A_ n Q avuqv wkš avuqvi g a mwz Kv ii hv nvwi q M Q Zv n Q wkfv e GB KŠkj gvbvwjmv Z cö qvm K iwq jb wfwâ wpî : wîgvwîk we k l Y gvbvwjmvi Qwe NRC i nvb iry jkb iwob wîgvwîk jrvi vwbs UK bvjrx Z gvbvwjmv Z wjibv `v i Zzwji AvPo mvm ii g `ygû Zi ½i g Zv G m Q GbAviwmi M elk ` ji m`m Rb UBji (John Taylor) e jb h, Ô gvbvwjmvq Avgiv Zzwji AvP oi we Z Z Kvb wpý `L Z cvb bv GUv LyeB nvjkvfv e AvuKv Ges LyeB gm Y wkš Zv m Ë I D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq h KvuKov bv Pz ji ww UBjm cöejfv e ` k gvb Kv RB ejv hvq h Avgiv h ai Yi KŠkj Av M KL bv `wlwb GUv wjibv ` vi m ú~y wbr ^ ^KxqZv Õ16 wkfv e Zvn j wfwâ gvbvwjmv K Gu KwQ jb? UBji e jb h, hw`i fvev n q _v K h wfwâ Zvi AvOyj K eªvk wnmv e e envi K iwq jb, wkš gvbvwjmv Z m fv e Zvi Av½y ji Qvc cviqv hvqwb, huv wfwâi Ab vb Qwe Z cviqv hvq wkí we kláiv Rv bb h, MfxiZvi cvi mckb, AvqZb, aib Ges nvjkv ev MvpZv Avbvi Rb dzgv Uv KŠk j ^ Q i O Gi i G Ki ci GK cö jc wnmv e e envi Kiv nq d«v v qm e Bm e jb h : Ô vwbs Gi gva g Avgiv `Lv Z m g n qwq h, Mvp GjvKv hgb PvL Aek gvuv is Gi i w` q MwVZ hvi gv b n Q G jv AmsL ch vµwgk cvzjv ^ Q is Gi Av i Yi mgš^q Zv m Ë I, iu bmvi GB we qki wkíx wkfv e Zvi io-gi i Ges ˆZj gva g K e envi K i Qb Zv GL bv inm B i q M Q Õ17 ez gv b NRCi M elkiv gvbvwjmvi bkj cöwzk wz jv h jv Kv Vi Dci dzgv Uv KŠk j AvuKv n q Q m jvi Dci KvR Ki Qb, wîgvwîk jrvi vwbs Ges Qwei Dcv`v bi cvi úwik wµqv fvjfv e evsvi Rb Avi Gi gva gb Zviv Avkv Ki Qb h, GKw`b wfwâi dzgv Uv inm K Zviv f` Ki Z cvi eb wîgvwîk M elyvi mvdj wb q D Q wmz e Bm Gi m vebv wb q `vi Yfv e Avkvev`x wzwb e jb h, ÔAvgiv h wîgvwîk B gr c qwq hv Avmj gvbvwjmvi LyeB KvQvKvwQi wkš Zv m Ë I GUv GKUv wwwruvj Kwc gvî Avgiv GLb wpš v fvebv Kiv ïi K iwq wkfv e wfryqvjvb Rkb Gj Mvwi`g ˆZwi Kiv hvq, hv gvbvwjmvi Pv Li D¾ j Mfx ii Abyf~wZ K KivqË Ges Zv cybwb gvy Ki Z cvi e Õ18 Aš tmë v gvbvwjmv gvbvwjmvi wîgvwîk Qwe we k lykvix M elkiv e j Qb h, cöwzk wz AvuKvi mgq gvbvwjmv nq Aš :më v bzzev m` cöm~wz wqj Avi G aviyvi g~j wbwnz i q Q gvbvwjmvi cvkv Ki g a 19 vb _ K gvbvwjmvi Kvu a wgwn myzvq evbv PgrKvi GKwU Av Qv` bi Aw Z i cögvy cviqv M Q cöl vz divwm wgdwrqvg M elk wg kj gby e jb h, GB ai bi Av Qv`b iu bmvi mgqkvjxb Mf ezx ev m` cöm~wz BZvwjqvb gwnjviv e envi Ki Zb QwewU cy iv bv niqvi mv _ mv _ GB Av Qv`b Mvp ey aviy K i Q Nb Kv jv evwb ki Kvi Y gvbvwjmv wk io Gi cvkvk c i wq jb Zv ejv `yiƒn GB io Kv jv _ K ev`vgx GgbwK meyr e ji KD KD Abygvb K i Qb gvbvwjmvi Kvu a weqv bv Av Qv`b K KL bv KL bv Pv`i ev vd wnmv ei e vl v Kiv n q Q

14 wkš Bbd«v- iw wi d ±vmövwd _ K cövß B gr wfbœ Kvwnbx ey bv `q GB ^ Q AvQv`b K ejv nq qvi b jv m v Ûªv ewu mwji (Sandro Botticelli) AvuKv c Ui Dci nvz wewq q ivlv Mf ezx gwnjvi `Portrait of a Lady - i Av Qv` bi mv _ Gi AvweKj wgj Lyu R cviqv hvq cöwzw`b gvbvwjmv K wb q jlv AmsL KweZv Avi cögc Î Q q hvq jÿ fi wgdwrqvg& evafv½v Rvqv ii g Zv gvbvwjmv cöwgkiv wfo Rgvq jÿ f i ïaygvî gvbvwjmv K GK bri `Lvi Rb, Zvi mv _ GKUv Qwe Zvjvi Rb wpîkjvi BwZnv m G Zv Av jvwpz Ges mgv jvwpz wpîkg Avi nqwb iu bmvi gzb wpîkjvi RM ZI wec e e q G bwqj i bumvi mgqkvjxb GB cöwzk wz gvbvwjmvi Pnviv AvR mvivwe k mycwiwpz we k i wewfbœ wgdwrqvg _ K ïi K i, g `i evzj, wej evw nb Kvb RvqMv bb hlv b gvbvwjmv K e envi Kiv nqwb hy Mhy M GB wpîkg cöfvwez K i Q bexb wkíx `i, AvMÖnx K i Zz j Q wpîkjvi ˆkwíK f~e b KzwRb e jb h : Ô gvbvwjmvi ciezx mg qi cöwzk wzi m ú~y BwZnvmB gvbvwjmvi Ici wbf i K i Q ïay BZvjxq iu bmvkvjxb cöwzk wzmg~nb bq, mß`k kzvãx _ K ïi K i Ebwesk kzvãx ch š wckv mv _ K ïi K i cö Z K wkíxib gvbvwjmv wb q AbycÖvwYZ n q Qb cvðv Z i mkj cöwzk wz wpîkjvib kko n Q gvbvwjmv Õ 20 Z_ m~î : 1. Mary Rose Storey, Mona Lisa. New York, Harry N. Abrams, ml Giorgio Vasari, Lives of Painters, Sculptors and Architects. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, ml Ibid 7. Ibid Giorgio Vasari, Lives of Painters, Sculptors and Architects. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, Stuart A. Kallen and P.M. Boekhoff, The Importance of Leonardo Da Vinci. Lucent Books, Ibid Ibid 004/08/01/ixworld.html Ibid Ibid Ibid

15 KweZv W. BDb~m-kvwš cyi vi gš gayeš x MÖvgxY e vsk hw` FY bv w` Zv evsjvi K Zv bvix gviv h Zv e jv evsjvi A_ gš x Gw ^kv bi GK i KU P o evsjvi gv V Nv U exr ey b h Q j AvR c jv kvwš cyi vi Kb AvR Zv K K iv n wzi vi Awfb ` bi bb µvocî mgv jvpbvi me A -k mvwr q b gq gv V Dc o ` e W. BDb~m K e jv wprkvi K i wek K m Zvgv `i K i Q A bk wz bvix K w` q Q Rxe bi ^v` Zvgvi Rb Zv wz³ cigv` Zzwg û jv eov ji g Zv Qv Uv Zzwg gbx eov ji g Zv Lv Uv Zzwg Dj Uv i K U P ov ZvB evs bv K K Zv e ov K iv wprkvi K iv Av iv Rv i Kv j wb q bv Pv AgZ m b GL bv n q Av Qv Mv epviv evovwj niwb GL bv AnsKvix evsjv `kx Zvgv `i bb Kv bv ev` hš x bkveqvov evsjvi gš x Qvo ejwq, bvixi AvuPj Uvbv evsjvi ey K kvwš i czvkv bvgv Avb `i czvkv bvgv Qvo ejwq, we ` k we ` k wf v gvmv evsjvi ey K kvwš i czvkvbvgv Avb `i czvkv bvgv A ±vei 17, 2006

16 cöeü weávb, weávbgb Zv ebvg KvivwbK weávb Rv n` Avng` wek hlb GwM q P j Q Avgiv ZLbI wc Q, wewezvjv Ki d Zvqv LyuRwQ nv`xm I K vivy P l evwn ii w` K hz gwiqvwq wfz ii w` K ZZ bwz Z gviv evwoqv P jwq Mi -QvM ji gz -KvRx bri j Bmjvg GK. B UviwgwW qu j f j K j Ri Bs iwr Gš jwr Z cov GKwU Mí Avgvi gb K Lye bvov w` qwqj A b KB MíwUi K_v R b _vk eb Av gwikvb jwlkv gvirvwi wkbvb iviwjý-gi ÔG gv`vi Bb g vbwfjõ (A Mother in Manville) Kvwnbx G ikg jlv jwl welqk GKUv GmvBb g U-Gi Kv R jwlkv gvirvwi b_ K v ivwjbvi cvnv o Aew Z GKwU Abv_ ev Pv `i Avkª g wkqzw`b KvUvb mlv b Rwi bv g GKUv ev Pvi mv _ Zvi cwipq N U Rwi jwlkv K cöwzw`b Av b cvnv bvi KvV K U w`z m wqj cöz qx, cwikªgx Ges AZ š gavex Rwi Avjvc cöms M jwlkv K Rvbvq, Zvi gv RxweZ Ges gv S gv S Zv K `L ZI Av mb GUv muv Dcnvi wb q M íi kl ch v q jwlkv Avkª g PvKzixiZ R bk gwnjvi KvQ _ K Rvb Z cv ib, Rixi gv-evev KDB Avm j RxweZ bb Ges Zv K KD `L Z Avmvi K_vI wvk bv GLv bb M íi mgvwß NU ji cvvk-cvwvkvi g b KvwnbxwU GKvwaK cö kœi Rb `q Rix wk Zvn j wg_ÿ K? Kb m duvw` q IiKg GKwU Mí jwlkv K ej Z Mj? m ve e vl v GKvwaK, Rix Abv_ evjk wn m e Kv iv Ki Yv ev mnvbyf~wz wb Z Pvqwb A_ev, jwlkv K ` L Zvi gv qi K_v g b c o Q; ZvB wb Ri GKvwKZ I AmnvqZ K P c ivl Z Kíbvq m GKRb gv K m wó K i Q Zv bv n j m ez Zvi AvZ cwip qi msku `Lv w`z Dc ii MíwU we klfv e g b coj m cöwz hlb cwîkvi cvzvq GKwU Ôwe klõ jlvi Ic i PvL eyjvw Qjvg D³ jlvwu Z jlk gwiqv n q D V Qb `Lv Z h, Avj- Kviv bi mv _ weáv bi wewfbœ Avwe v ii we qki (?) wgj i q Q ek wkqz `kx-we `kx idv ib&mi wzwb U b G b Qb hv weávb Ges weávb M elyvi c wzi mv _ AcwiwPZ cvvk-cvwvkv `i Lye mn RB weåvš Ki Z cvi e; Zuviv g b Ki Z cv ib, Kvivb eva nq GKai bi weávbmöš nqz GI fve Z cv ib (ev fv eb)- cövq mv o PŠÏk eqi Av MB weáv bi Ggbme Z_ cweî wkzv e jlv n qwqj, hv AvaywbK RM Z weávbxiv cwikªgjä M elyvi gva g gvî Rvb Z ïi K i Qb! Z e Gme wek vm gymjgvb `i gv S G Kev i bzyb bq mb QvU ejv _ K ï b AvmwQ, ÔAvgv `i K viv YB c w_exi mg Ávb-weÁvb wbwnz i q Q G Z cviwq bv Kej kqzv bi IqvmIqv m Õ wksev ÔKvwdi-bvmviviv h GZ DbœwZ Ki Q, Zv Avm j Avgv `i K vivy M elyv K i, A_P Avgiv wb Riv cviwq bv mwvk Avg ji Afv e Õ wkš Avgv K AvR ch š KD Kv bvw`b e j w` Z cvi jb bv, ÔmwVK AvgjÕ wrwbmwu Avm j Kx wksev, e³v wb RBev Kb ÔmwVK AvgjÕwU Af vm K i KvwU KvwU gymjgvb `i `ỳ kv jvne Ki Z m g n Qb bv GKRb wkw Z gymjgv bi Kjg w` q hlb Gme evjwlj Zvq fiv K_v ev jlv ewi q Av m, ZLb cvv Ki weåvš niqvi m vebv GKUz ewk ˆewK KviY Giv Avevi wb R `i GKB mv _ ÔAvaywbKÕ Ges Ôcv v

17 gymwjgõ jev m XvK Z cvi Mg KD KD fv eb, Hme jlv gymjgvb `i mvg b G Mv bvi c _ AbycÖvwYZ Ki e wkš Avm j wk ZvB? Rev e eje, R x-bv ev ezv eob iƒp Kviv b hw` weáv bi e vcv i GZB Bw½Z _ K _vkz, Zvn j cökœ Av m c w_exi mg RbmsL vi cövq GK-cÂgvsk gymjgvb n ji ez gv b mg c w_ex Z gymjgvb weávbx `i msl v Kb GK-kZvs kii Kg? wksev, Kb c w_exi mg gymwjg ` k hz weávbx i q Q, Agymwjg BmivB ji GKv i q Q Zvi PvB Z wø b msl K weávbx? 1 Z e Ae vpxb kªyxi hme jlk `i K_v ejwq A_ vr hviv wkbv ag MÖ š weávb Luy R cvb, Zv `i g a mevb h Kej gymjgvb, Zv bq wlªóvb `i g a I GK`j g~l i q Q hviv GKBiKg fv e evb e j weáv bi m~î müvb K i eovq wvk Zgwb, wn `y `i g a i q Q Z_vKw_Z Ô ew`k mvbbmõ-gi GK`j cöe³v MZ we Rwc mikv ii Avg j e` K weávb wk vq Aš fy w³i `vwe Z cy iv fvi Z Giv ixwzgz So Zz jwqj G `i A b K GLbI m cö Póv Pvwj q hv Q Z e Avwg GB jlvq g~jz Ô Kviv b weávbõ LuvRvi welqwui Aš tmvik~b Ges hyw³nxbzvi w` KB g bvwb ek Kie Ab vb ag MÖ š weávb LuvRvi wel q B Uvi b U mvp Ki j cöpzi jlv cviqv hv e Avgv `i ÔÕ wndg vwb dviv gi GB wel q h _ó msl K jlv i q Q (Drmvnxiv B Uvi b U GB wvkvbvq eªvdr Ki Z cv ib t `yb Kviv b wk mwz weávb jykvwqz? g b g b wpš v KiwQjvg e vcviwu wb q GgbwU Kb nq, weávbxiv hlb Kvb wkqy Avwe vi K i d jb, Kej ZLwb KwZcq AÜ gymjgvb, wlª vb I wn `y g~l iv GwU Zv `i wbr wbr ag MÖ š Av Q e j PuPv gwp ïi K i `q, wkš Dj UvwU KL bvb `Lv hvq bv, A_ vr Kvivb- e`-evb e ji Z_vKw_Z jy vwqz m~î a i KD AvR ch š GKwUI eávwbk Avwe vi Ki Z cv iwb? Avgv K KD wk gvî GKUv vûvw mvbbm Rvb vj ( hgb- Science, Nature, etc )Gi bvg ej Z cvi eb hlv b weávbx Zuvi idv ib mi ZvwjKvq Kvivb, e`, evb ej K D j L K i Qb? (Avwg M elyvag x weávb Rvb v ji K_v ejwq; ÔevB ej- Kvivb I weávbõ ev ÔgnvMÖš Kvivb I weávbõ RvZxq ~j Kvb MÖ š i K_v ejwq bv ) DËi LuvR Z wm q ÔG gv`vi Bb g vbwfjõ M íi K_v g b coj Avgvi Kv Q e vcviuv ek grvi e j g b nj GKUz wpš v Ki j `Lv hv e, mme gywgb-gymjgvb jlk K viv Y weávb Av Q e j PuPv gwp K ib, Zuv `i mv _ Dc i Dwj wlz M íi g~j PwiÎ Rixi gb bi A yz mv` k i q Q, Aš Z gb vwë K ` wó KvY _ K wepvi Ki j Avcb Aw Z i vi ^v _ webqx, cöz qx Ges eyw `xß niqv m Ë I Rix hgb Kíbvq GKRb gv K m wó K i Q-whwb mš vb K fvjev mb, Dcnvimn `L Z Av mb, Zvi mv _ mgq KvUvb; wvk Zgwb KwZcq gymjgvb jlk- jwlkv AvZ cwip qi msku _ K Avcb ÔD vnõi cwiîv Yi Dcvq wn m e G Ki ci GK m wó K i P j Qb, Kviv b weáv bi Aw Z i Mí GB cöeyzv GKRb gvby li g a ZLbB Z Zv ewk `L Z cv eb, Zvi ^xq Aw Z I cwip qi msku hlb hz ewk n e Dc ii M í jwlkvi gvz mg ˉèn, fvjevmv Rix K Kíbvq gv Avwe v ii w` K V j w` qwqj Avi weávb I cöhyw³ Z Agymwjg `i wekvj KZ Z KwZcq gymjgvb jlk- jwlkv `i V j w` Q Kviv b weávb LuvRvi w` K GB kªyxi wkqy wkw Z gymjgvb `i fqven AÁZvi wkqy ev e D`vniY `qv hvk gymwjg AvZ xq- ^Rb Ges eüz-evüe `i A b K Avgv K wb q Av c K ib Rvb Z Pvb, avwg K gymjgvb cwiev i Rb wb qi Avwg Kb a g wek vm Kwi bv KD KD idv ib&m w` q Avgv K B cöm Kivi Póv K ib hgb-av i fvb, GZ eb c ob A_P GUvI Rv b bv, ^qs Av gwikvi GKRb gbxlx (?) ch š M elyv K i ivq w` q Qb, gnvbwe gyn ` (mt) n Qb me Kv ji (!) me kªô (!) gnvgvbyl (!) we kl Yi fyj cö qvm ` L Avwg AevK nb eys Z cvwi, AÁZvi P q fqven gvbwek AmyL aibxi ey K Lye KgB Av Q KviY Av gwikvi mb Z_vKw_Z ÔgbxlxÕi ebwui mivmwi Bs iwr fvm b Avwg c owq Avi Gu `i ewki fvmb c o Qb Gi Am ú~y Ges fyj evsjv Abyev` (hv e emvwqk D Ï k evrv i Qvov n q Q) ebwu j L Qb gvb Kj GBP. nvu (Michael H. Hart) bv gi Av gwikvb GKRb mvsevw`k ebwui wzwb bvg w` q Qb The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History gvb Kj nvu wb RB ebwui f~wgkvq (hv A ea evsjv fvm b Abycw Z) cwi vi K i D j L K i Qb, wzwb hv Ki Z Póv K i Qb, Zv n Q BwZnv m me vwak cöfve we vikvix (The

18 most influential) jvkr bi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki Z, hvi mv _ h KD wøgz cvly Ki Z cv ib Ges hv Kv bv µ gb Ôme kªô gvbylõ ev The greatest human beings Gi ZvwjKv bq hgb- ebwu Z BwZnv m me vwak cöfvewe vikvix gvbyl wn m e me cö_ g hgwb gnvbwe nhiz gyn ` (m.)õ K vb `qv n q Q, Zgwb GKB ZvwjKvq 39bs-G Av Qb ^qs wnujvi! Ab vb i swks-g G m Q vwjb, Pw½m Lvb `i bvg grvi e vcvi, ebwui A ea evsjv ms i Yi msl v GKvwaK Ges UvB Uj eb qi bvg G m Q wek Z AvKv i, ÔBwZnv mi me Kv ji me kªô gvbyl `i ZvwjKv Õ evovjx gymjgvb `i g a A b K ebwui Kej evsjv Abyev` c o Qb, Avi Bs iwruv Qyu q `L ji Lye m ez The most influential Ges The greatest men in the human history Gi g a cv_ K evsvi gz eyw gëv G `i bb! Zviv A nzzk idv ib m Avc yz nb Kg ewk GKB ikg AÁZvi cökvk NUvq A bk wkw Z gymjgvb hlb Zviv gwim eykvbwj bv gi mš`x ivrcwiev i PvKix-Kiv GKRb wlª vb Wv³v ii ( Kvb weávbx bq) GKwU eb qi welqe Z ebwui bvg t Bible, Quran and Science (evb ej, Kvivb Ges weávb) grvi e vcvi evb ej, Kvivb Ges weáv bi g a Kvivb K P~ovš mz (?) ej ji gwim eykvbwj wb R wkš gymjgvb nbwb! niqvi Aek `ikvii bb, KviY Rvbv M Q, Kvivb K AvaywbK cvvk-cvwvkvi Kv Q RbwcÖq Kivi D Ï k mš`x kvmkiv eykvbwj K GB `vwqz w` qwqj h wzwb hb GKwU B cöwmf eb wj L `b wewbg q eykvbwj c q Qb weivu A ¼i c UªvWjvi!! wzb GKwU ˆeÁvwbK Avwe v ii bgybv weávb Kvh -KviY(cause and effect) bxwz, AbymÜvb, ch e Y, cix v-wbix v Ges mwjw M elyvi wfwë Z G Mvq, Kv iv e w³mz wek v mi g~j bb GLv b Avi ag MÖ š i cy iv e vcviuvb n Q AMva Ges cökœnxb wek vm Z j R j wk Avi g k? weávbx `i GK-GKwU Avwe vi cök Z A _ eû eq ii wbiew Qbœ Aa qb, gšwjk M elyv Ges c~e m~wi `i GKB wel q i L hviqv Z_ -Dcv Ëi we k l Yi gva g N U _v K GLv b A jšwkk MÖš vewji Kvb vb bb Avi Zv ejv gv b, GKRb weávbxi K wzz K Lv Uv Kiv D`vniY wn m e D j L K iwq, ww-gb-g (DNA)Avwe v ii Gi K_v ww-gb-g AYyi cy iv bvg ww Aw ivb ev wbdwk K GwmW G K ejv nq ÔRxe ` ni cöavb AYyÕ (The master molecule of life) KD KD Av`i K i ww-gb-gõ K Wv Kb ÔcÖPvigva gi cöqmxõ (The darling of the media) huviv weáv bi QvÎ/QvÎx bv, ZuvivI wrb _ivwc, K vwbs, gvbe wr bvg cökí (Human Genome Project) BZ vw`i bvg ï b _vk eb G me wj KvR I M elyvi g~j Uv M U ev A n Q ww-gb-g (hvi mv _ wr bi cv_ K n Q, wekvj ˆ` N i G KKwU ww-gb-g AYy Z i q Q A bk wj Avjv`v Avjv`v Ask, hv wrb (Gene) e j cwiwpz) GB ww-gb-gõi Dcv`vb I MVb Avwe vi Ki Z weávbx `i mgq j M Q cövq GKkÕ eqi hw`i 1953 mv ji Rgm IqvUmb I dªvwým wµk-gi Wvej nwj g Wj ww-gb-g Avwe v ii BwZnv m me vwak D j L hvm NUbv, ev qvjwr ev gwjkzjvi ev qvjwri h Kv bv QvÎ/M elk gvîb Rv bb-c~e ezx weávbx `i M elyv Ges ch e Yi m~î Qvov 1953 mv ji hymvš Kvix NUbvwU m e wqj bv Avwg wb P ww-gb-g Avwe v ii µv bvjwrkvj mvj jv D j L KiwQ- (m~î : nature, human genome issue) 1869 mvj-me cö_g Rxe Kvl _ K ww-gb-g c _K Kiv nq 1879 mvj- gvb Uvwmm Kvl wefvrb ch e Y Kiv nq 1900 mvj- Rvnvb g v Û ji guiïuwu welqk M elyvi müvb jvf 1902 mvj-eskmwz (Hereditary) wel q: µv gv Rvg Z Ë i aviyvi D e 1909 mvj- me cö_g ÔwRbÕ kãwu Pvjy nq (GwU Kviv b ewy Z Kvb ÔwRbÕ bq- jlk) 1911 mvj- d«zu d vb (Drosophila melanggaster ) wb q M elyv µv gv Rvg Z Ë i aviyv K kw³kvjx K i 1941 mvj-gk wrb GK GbRvBg Z Ë i aviyv 1943 mvj-g i ww d«kkb (Xray diffraction) UKwb Ki cö qvm K i ww-gb-gi Dci M elyv Kiv nq

19 1944 mvj-ww-gb-g UªvÝdi gkb (Transformation) bxwzi Avwe vi 1952 mvj-wrb h Avm j ww-gb-g w` q ˆZwi, Zv Rvbv hvq 1953 mvj- Rgm IqvUmb, d«vwým wµk Ges DBjwKbm Wvej nwj g Wj-Gi gva g ww-gb-gõi MVb I Dcv`vb e vl v K ib ( mmgq IqvUm bi eqm wqj gvî 23 eqi- jlk) 1963 mv j m Rb Zuv `i K bv ej cyi vi `qv nq wcöq cvvk-cvwvkv, Ic ii D`vniY Øviv Avkv Kwi evsv Z m g n qwq h, Kvivb- e`-evb e ji mv _ weáv bi Avwe v ii mvgäm LuvRv GKai Yi AÁZv I Avnv wk ˆe Ab wkqy bq A_P KD KD ZvB Ki Qb Avi G nxb Kv R Zv `i m½x n Qb ^v_ v š^lx, jvfx Ges bvgme ^ cöpviwcöq weávbx hgb-evsjv ` k W. kg mi Avjx Scientific Indications in The Holy Quran bvgk ebwui Z Zxq Kfvi c R Kviv bi GKwU AvqvZ D j L K i Zvi mv _ eo K i ww-gb-g AYyi Qwe Ry o w` q evsv Z P q Q, Kviv b ww-gb-g e vcv i ch š Bw½Z i q Q AvqvZwU G ikg- ÒGes Zvgv `i Ges c w_exi Ab vb cövyx `i MVb-cÖK wz Z wbwðz wek vmx `i Rb i q Q msev`ó(45t4) ejyb Zv, Gi mv _ ww-gb-g AYyi m úk Uv Kv_vq? GB g~l Zv (bvwk, kvzv) kl n e K e? Gevi å YZ Ë i mv _ K viv Yi Z_vKw_Z wg ji e vcv i GKwU D`vniY w`w Q å YZË (Embroyology ) wk K vivy _ K G m Q? K viv Yi eû RvqMvq ejv n q Q, RgvU i³ _ K gvby li m wó Kiv n q Q (23t14; 75t38; 96; 2); hvi mv _ weáv bi Awgj Qvov Kv bv wgj bb ÔRgvU i³õ cöm½ Ny i wd i evi evi Kb Kviv b Avmj? G ikg cökœ g b Avm ZB cv i Gi DËi LuyR Z n j Avgv `i GKUzLvwb ` wó w` Z n e nriz gyn `i c~e ez x mgvr I BwZnv mi w` K gyn `i Rb (570 wlª vã) MÖxK `vk wbk Gwi U ji R b i (wlª c~e 384) cövq GKnvRvi eqi c i `k b-mvwnz -weávb ZLbI (GgbwK Gi c ii) Gwi U ji wpš v- PZbvi g a B AvewZ Z nw Qj ^vfvwek Kvi YB Gwi Ujxq Gme aviyv Kg ewk gyn ` KI cöfvwez K iwqj G Î gyn `i wbi izv eo Kvb euvav niqvi K_v bq whï, MŠZg ey I wbi i wq jb RgvU euvav i³ (AvjvK v, Aviex Z) _ K R b i ZË wu G m Q g~jz MÖxK `i KvQ _ K Gwi Uj K RxeweÁv bi RbK ejv n ji Rxe m úwk Z Zuvi A bk ZË B Kvjµ g fyj cögvwyz n q Q hgb-gvbe cörbb m ú K Gwi Uj GB åvš aviyv Z wek vm Ki Zb h, hšebezx gwnjvi FZzmªve (menstrual blood) Gi Ici cyi li ex h i wµqvi d jb gvz M f wkïi Rb n q _v K! RgvU-euvav i³ _ K R b i KvivwbK Z Ë Gwi U ji GB åvš aviyvib cöwzdjy N U Q m `n bb, Kviv bi GB aviyvwu gvivz Kfv e fyj A_P A bk gywgb GB mz K g b wb eb bv KejgvÎ GB AÜwek v mi Kvi Y-Ô Kvivb Avj vni evyx, Kv RB fyjî wui E Õ g~jz å bi ch vqµwgk e w i wewfbœ i Ggb Kvb ch vq bb, hlv b å b K RgvU i³ m` k g b n Z cv i, hlb wgmkv ir (miscarriage) ev cövk wzk Dcv q Mf cvz N U Z K i LvwZ ii hw` g b bb å bwu RgvU i³ m` k, Zvn ji fy j hviqv Pj e bv-gwu Kej g Zå Yi Î N U A_ vr hwui Avi c~y v½ gvbe wkï Z iƒcvš wiz niqvi Kv bv m vebvb bb RgvU i³ Avm j Kx, m m ú K cövy ivmvqwbk (Biochemical) e vl vuv GLv b R b bqv fvj, hv Z Z_vKw_Z ag xq-weáv bi mg_ Kiv gbmov e vl v Øviv evievi Avgv `i weåvš Kivi my hvm bv cvb AvNvZ ev `yn Ubvi d j i³ iy NU j kix i ^vfvwek wbq gb Z ev AvNv Zi v b i³ RgvU euv a ˆKwkK i³bvjxi (capillary blood vessels) PvB Z eo h Kvb i³bvjx _ K i³ iy NU j RLg ev AvNv Zi v b i³ RgvU euv a hv Z AwZwi³ iy Avi bv NU Z cv i G Î AbyPwµKv ev c U ju (wzb cökvi i³ Kv li GKwU) Gi f~wgkv me cöavb Ges me cö_g hlb kix i Kv_vI Kvb RLg ev AvNvZ N U, ^vfvwek AbyPwµKv wj ZLb mwµq AbyPwµKvq iƒcvš wiz nq G wji ZLb AvK wzi cwiez b N U _v K Ges Giv AvVv jv n q i³bvjxi `qv j Rgv n q c vm(plug) ˆZix K i GB mwµq AbyPwµKv wj _ K GKB mg q i³c vrgvq we kl GK ai bi ivmvqwbk c`v _ i wbtmiy N U _v K A bk wj RwUj cövyivmvqwbk wewµqvi mvnv h dvbweª bv Rb ZLb d«vbweª b cwiyz nq d«vbweªb n Q GK ai Yi A`ªeYxq cövwub hv dvbweªj bvgk AmsL z`ª z`ª myzv RvZxq e i mgš^ q RwUj RvwjKvi m wó K i i³ Kvl Ges c vrgv (Df qi mgš^ qb i³ MwVZ) ZLb