Elkhorn Slough Marsh Stratigraphy
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1 Elkhorn Slough Marsh Stratigraphy Prehistoric marsh extent & recent sediment accretion Elizabeth Burke Watson, Ph.D. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Narragansett, RI
2 Paleoecology: Reconstruction of marsh extent
3
4 Wetland extent 3000 cal. yrs. B.P.
5 Wetland extent 2500 cal. yrs. B.P.
6 Wetland extent 2000 cal. yrs. B.P.
7 Wetland extent 1500 cal. yrs. B.P.
8 Wetland extent 1000 cal. yrs. B.P.
9 Wetland extent 500 cal. yrs. B.P.
10 Wetland extent 200 cal. yrs. B.P.
11 Wetland extent: lower slough 3000 cal. yrs. B.P.
12 Wetland extent: lower slough 2500 cal. yrs. B.P.
13 Wetland extent: lower slough 2000 cal. yrs. B.P.
14 Wetland extent: lower slough 500 cal. yrs. B.P.
15 Wetland extent: lower slough 200 cal. yrs. B.P.
16 Late Holocene marsh extent** Marsh Extent (hectares) a 80 a 55 a 30 a 5 Calendar years before present a Van Dyke and Wasson 2004 ** within boundary area ONLY
17
18 Baseline sedge distribution coring locations sedge peat in cores historic sedges Historic sedge distribution sources US Coast Survey T (1854) Township & Range survey notes (1854) A.T. Hermann, Carneros Rancho (1898) Aerial photographs (Nov 1937) 7 of 89 cores = 7.9% of wetlands, at least ca. 200 CE by 1900 < 5% Patchy distribution of sedges Suggest altered hydrology
19 Paleoecology/Historical Ecology: findings Aerial extent is high now relative to past thousands of years Aerial extent is low now relative to past two hundred years Trend over years has been towards marsh increase Trend over last 100 years has been towards marsh decrease Evidence for patchy distribution of sedges Has your perspective changed? Patterns of sediment accumulation as measured in sediment cores provide Insight about anthropogenic stressors Implications for management?
20 Sediment Accumulation / Deposition
21 Salt marsh response to sea level rise MHHW intertidal MLLW SEA LEVEL RISE
22 Adequate sediment accretion MHHW MLLW intertidal
23 Ecological drowning MHHW MLLW intertidal
24 Are Elkhorn Slough tidal marshes tracking sea level rise? Sediment-erosion table measurements Sediment tiles & feldspar marker beds Radio-isotope dating of accumulation
25 SET data shows 3-6 mm/yr of surface accretion but marsh elevation has remained similar
26 Comparative data, San Francisco Bay SET and Marker Trends: Greco Island 30 Accretion/Change in Elevation (mm) SET Marker SET rates are typically slightly less than marker horizon rates SET data shows very small changes in marsh surface elevation over time 0 Jan 01 Jan 02 Jan 03 Jan 04 Jan 05 Jan 06 Jan 2000 Jan 2001 Jan 2002 Jan 2003 Jan 2004 Sourc Time (Months) Jan 2005 Jan 2006 Source: J. Callaway
27 Comparative SET data SET and marker trends: Sac Delta SET trends: South Slough NERR SET Accretion cm/yr cm/yr SET Accretion Source: Denise Reed Source: Craig Cornu
28 Comparative SET data SET and marker trends: Morro Bay High elevation cm/yr High elevation cm/yr Low elevation Low elevation Source: Anne Kitajima
29 Monitoring of sediment tiles & feldspar marker beds shows a relationship between elevation, accretion & channel proximity Accretion as a function of elevation y = x R 2 = y = x R 2 = NAVD (m) net accretion (total mm/4 yr) Accretion as a function of channel proximity Kruskal-Wallis H test Chi-square= 7.30; p= m m 35 m+
30 Recent sediment accretion in healthy marsh Post 1950s sediment accretion is mm/yr (x = 4.7; n=7)
31 Accommodation space in marsh pannes Surface erosion Subsidence following plant death Less sediment accretion; loss of plants sediment trapping ability ES mm/yr 2.4 mm/yr 1.5 mm/yr 4.1 mm/yr ES mm/yr Post-1950s sediment accretion is mm/yr Mean is 2.7 mm/yr Sample size is 5 cores ES-1 ES-2 ES-3 ES-5
32 Accommodation space in marsh pannes Surface erosion Subsidence following plant death Less sediment accretion; loss of plants sediment trapping ability Rubis Hudsons Big Creek Round Hill Harbor % organic - marsh % organic - bulk density bulk density % porosity - panne (g/cc) - marsh (g/cc) - panne marsh Rubis Hudsons Big Creek Round Hill Harbor % porosity - panne Significant change % organic (t=4.56; p=0.01) No significant differences % organic - marsh % organic - panne bulk density bulk density (g/cc) - marsh (g/cc) - panne % porosity - marsh % porosity - panne dry bulk density Sediment porosity = 1- particle density Particle density = fraction organic x 1.14 g/cm 3 + fraction inorganic x 2.61 g/cm 3
33 Accommodation space in marsh pannes Surface erosion Subsidence following plant death Less sediment accretion; loss of plants sediment trapping ability
34 Accommodation space in degraded marsh ES-1 ES-2 ES-3
35 Accommodation space in degraded marsh Surface erosion Less sediment accretion; loss of plants sediment trapping ability Subsidence following plant death Post 1950s sediment accretion is mm/yr (x = 5.0; n=3)
36 Accommodation space in degraded marsh Surface erosion Less sediment accretion; loss of plants sediment trapping ability Subsidence following plant death Sediment characteristics for Big Creek reference cores & degrading marsh cores % organic -Big Creek % organic - ES-1 % organic - ES-2 % organic - ES-3 bulk density- ES-1 bulk density -Big Creek bulk density- ES-3 bulk density - ES-2 porosity -Big Creek porosity - ES-1 porosity - ES-2 porosity - ES-3
37 Accommodation space in degraded marsh
38 Sediment Accumulation: findings Robust sediment accumulation but Less than robust elevation gain Significant empirical relationship between deposition, elevation & channel proximity Differential sediment accumulation implicated in creation of marsh pannes Degraded marsh appears to have subsided For reasons unrelated to suface consolidation Patterns of sediment accumulation as measured in sediment cores provide insight about anthropogenic stressors Implications for management?
39 Lessons Learned Rapid assessment stratigraphic profiling Paleoecology a nice complement to historical ecology Value of broad spatial coverage for capturing spatial dynamics Accoustic profiling in the high intertidal is problematic Patterns of sediment accumulation Sediment accumulation and deposition data is critical for understanding Recent changes, and anthropogenic stressors Wealth of empirical data for analytical analysis/modelling Implications for management actions Strong evidence for increased inundation related to the harbor Net gain in wetland extent since 1500 CE, but resilience probably lost
40 Acknowledgements Andy Gray Varyl White Francis Madden Jenna Van Parys Miguel Rodriguez Charlotte Klein Ron Eby Brian Sweeney Katie Boos Justen Maltinsky Alison MacGregor Nina D Amore Andrea Woolfolk Rikke Priestler Joanna Nelson Bryan Largay Drisanna Watson Steve Legnard
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