d. M P-CHROMOSOMES VISIBLE M-CHROM TO MIDDLE A-CHROM SEPARATE AND MOVE TO END T-NUCLEI REFORM CYTOKINESIS

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1 CCHS 2014_2015 Biology Fall Semester Exam Review KEY Biomolecule General Knowledge Macromolecule Monomer (building block) Function CARBOHYDRATE SACCHARIDE Energy Storage LIPID PROTEIN Nucleic Acid Glycerol/Fatty Acid AMINO ACID NUCLEOTIDE LONG TERM ENERGY, INSULATION Enzyme GENETIC INFORMATION Structure 1. What type of biomolecule is hair, skin, and nails? PROTEIN 2. What is the polymer of a nucleotide? NUCLEIC ACID 3. Which of the macromolecule groups include enzymes? PROTEINS 4. Which group contains only molecules that are each assembled from smaller organic monomers? (circle answer) a. proteins, water, DNA, fats b. proteins, starch, carbon dioxide, water C. PROTEINS, DNA, FATS, STARCH d. proteins, carbon dioxide, DNA, starch 5. Whales are marine organisms that typically live in extremely cold water. What macromolecule composes the thick layer of blubber that surrounds their internal organs? Explain your answer. LIPID, BLUBBER INSULATES ANIMAL Cell Cycle Cell Transport and Homeostasis 1. State what occurs at the following: a. G1- GROWTH/DEVELOPMENT b. S DNA REPLICATION C. G2- PREPARATION FOR DIVISION d. M P-CHROMOSOMES VISIBLE M-CHROM TO MIDDLE A-CHROM SEPARATE AND MOVE TO END T-NUCLEI REFORM CYTOKINESIS ISO HYPO HYPER HYPO 2. What is the end result after M stage is completed? 2 CELLS INDENTICAL TO EACH OTHER & PARENT CELL 3. Explain why it is important that mitosis occurs after DNA replication takes place. TWO COPIES OF DNA NEED TO BE DISTRIBUTED 4. A mutation occurred at M stage and caused uncontrolled cell growth, also known as CANCER 1. Which illustration above would best represent what would happen to a plant cell placed in a 15% salt solution? #3 (LESS H2O IN SOLUTION SO CELL SHRINKS) 2. Which illustration above would best represent what would happen to a plant cell placed in distilled water (0% salt)? #2 (MORE H2O IN SOLUTION SO CELL GROWS) 3. Which of the plant cells demonstrates being under high turgor pressure? #2 4. What plant cell structure most likely prevents a situation found in cell 4? CELL WALL 5. Underneath each cell, label as isotonic, hypertonic or hypotonic. Ecology General Knowledge 1. List 2 abiotic factors: NONLIVING 2. List 2 biotic factors: LIVING 3. Identify one organism represented in the diagram that provides the vital link for the transfer of energy from the Sun to the other organisms in the ecosystem. GRASS 4. Identify one predator/prey relationship that may occur in this ecosystem. DUCK/FISH, FROG/INSECT 5. State one piece of evidence from the diagram that indicates that light penetrates to the bottom of the lake. PLANTS ON BOTTOM OF LAKE 6. Identify the type of organism that is not visible in the diagram but must present in this ecosystem to recycle the remains of dead organisms. DECOMPOSERS/DETRITIVORES 7. Based on the diagram would you say this is a stable or unstable ecosystem? Explain. STABLE, BIOMASS FITS TROPHIC LEVELS 8. Discuss what would happened to the ecosystem above if the top predator (bird) was removed. NO TOP PREDATOR ALLOWS PREY TO INCREASE IN NUMBER WHICH WILL OVERPOPULATE AND ECOSYSTEM WILL CRASH

2 DNA Structure 1. The structure to the right depicts a NUCLEOTIDE_. 2. The backbone or sides of the DNA double helix are made up of alternating SUGARS _and PHOSPHATES. 7. Label the following on the DNA strand to the left: Use the letter P to label ONE phosphate molecule 3. DEOYRIBOSE_ is the sugar of DNA. 4. The genetic information is stored in the _NITROGEN BASES of the DNA nucleotide. 5. List the DNA base pair rules. A&T, C&G T C Use the letter S to label ONE sugar molecule Draw an arrow and use the letter H to label ONE hydrogen bond 6. If the amount of cytosine equals 35%, what percentage of the bases is thymine? C=35 THEN G=35, THAT S 70%, HALF OF 30% FOR A AND T SO EACH IS 15% C T CIRCLE and LABEL one nucleotide Label ALL of the missing nitrogen bases Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells 1. In Biology class, Joe was looking through a microscope at an unlabeled single-celled organism. How would Joe be able to determine if the unknown organism was prokaryotic or eukaryotic? 2. Cell Type: PROKARYOTE Characteristic Present Not Present Free floating genetic material Ribosome Cytoplasm Cell Membrane 3. Cell Type: EUKARYOTE Characteristic Present Not Present Nucleus Ribosome Cytoplasm Cell Membrane 4. Cell Type: EUKARYOTE Characteristic Present Not Present Mitochondria Vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome 5. Cell Type: PROKARYOTE Characteristic Present Not Present Nucleus Cell Membrane Enzyme Reactions 1. What is the function of an enzyme? SPEED UP RN RATE, LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY 2. Label structures A, B and C on the diagram A ENZYME C SUBSTRATE 3. What is the function of the catalase in this reaction? SPEED UP BREAKDOWN OF H2O2 4. Identify the substrate in this reaction. H2O2 B SUBSTRATE D PRODUCT 5. List 2 factors that could denature the catalase in this reaction. TEMPERATURE & ph Carbon Cycles 1. What is the process that converts carbon dioxide into energy rich compounds? PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2. What processes release carbon back into the atmosphere? COMBUSTION, RESPIRATION 3. How do plants and animals help maintain a balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION 4. Using the cycle diagram, what human activity has contributed to increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? COMBUSTION (BURNING OF FOSSIL FUEL)

3 CCHS 2014_2015 Biology Fall Semester Exam Review Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration General Knowledge Using the image, write the chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 1. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 2. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP 3. Complete the table based on the equations you wrote above. Photosynthesis Reactant(s) Product(s) Organelle Involved H20 CO2 O2 C6H12O6 CHLOROPLAST 4. Use the diagram above to identify substance and Y CO2 Y O2 Cellular Respiration C6H CO2 H2O ATP MITOCHONDRIA The relationship between the respiration of yeast cells and the amount of nutrients available to yeast cells is investigated. The amount of respiration that occurs is indicated by the amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2) produced. It is predicted that if yeast cells are given more nutrients, then the rate of respiration will increase. The results are graphed as shown. 5. Identify the dependent variable in this experiment. AMOUNT OF CO2 (THIS WAS THE RESULT) 6. Identify the independent variable in this experiment. MOLASSES (THIS WAS CHANGED) 7. Draw a conclusion based on the data in the graph. YEAST RESPIRATES MOST AT 50% MOLASSES Protein Synthesis Labeling Label each number in the diagram 1. DNA 6. CODON 2. mrna 7. ANTICODON 3. NUCLEUS 8. trna 4. CYTOPLASM 9. AMINO ACID 5. RIBOSOME 10. PROTEIN Cytoplasm DNA Ribosome Anticodon trna Codon Amino acid mrna Protein Nucleus 1. What cellular process is illustrated between numbers 1 and 2? TRANSCRIPTION 2. What cellular process is illustrated between numbers 6 and 7? TRANSLATION 3. Which of the following sequence best represents the relationship between DNA and traits? #1

4 INCREASED GROWTH Cell Structure and Function 2. What is the name of the structure that would release carbon dioxide as a waste product? MITOCHONDRIA (CELLULAR RESPIRTION) 1. List three structures that would be found in the cell above left, but NOT in the cell to the right. CHLOROPLAST, CELL WALL, LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE Changes in the Cell Cycle In Diagram A, cells are undergoing normal cell growth. What would uncontrolled cell growth look like? Use Diagram B to depict this process. 3. Do both of the cells contain the organelle from question 2? WHY or WHY NOT? YES BOTH PLANTS & ANIMALS CELLULAR RESPIRATE 4. How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis? REGULATES WHAT ENTERS & LEAVES THE CELL 5. Which of the structures contains the information needed for protein synthesis? NUCLEUS CONTAINS DNA TIME 1. What environmental factors can potentially lead to disruption in mitosis? RADON, TOINS, RADIATION 2. Patient has been diagnosed with cancer. Over the last six months, uncontrolled cell division has steadily increased. The patient had chemotherapy to destroy the tumor. Cell division has returned to normal. Sketch a graph that illustrates this. Active Transport 1. ATP would be used in which of these cells to transport the molecules? ATP USED LOW TO HIGH SO, A 2. Identify the types of cell transport being used in each cell as active or passive. Cell A= ACTIVE Cell B=PASSIVE 3. Based on your previous knowledge, where is ATP manufactured within the cell? MITOCHONDRIA DURING CELLULAR RESPIRATION Ecological Relationships Symbiosis Examine the picture cards at the station. On the back of each picture card you will find a simple explanation. Use this explanation for the example column along with your knowledge of biology to complete the table below. 1. Define Symbosis: TWO ORGANISMS LIVING TOGETHER OVER PERIOD OF TIME WHERE AT LEAST ONE BENEFITS Type of Symbiosis Definition Example Predation ONE HUNTS AND EATS OTHER WOLF/RABBIT NOT SYMBIOSIS Competition TWO COMPETE FOR SAME RESOURCE DDEER AND RABBITS FOR FOOD NOT SYMBIOSIS Mutualism BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT BEE/FLOWER, ONE ANIMAL CLEANING TEETH OF ANOTHER Commensalism ONE ORGANISM BENEFITS AND THE OTHER IS NEITHER HELPED OR HARMED BARNACLE ON WHALE REMORA ON SHARK Parasitism ONE ORGANISM BENEFITS AND THE OTHER IS HARMED FLEA ON DOG, MITE ON BIRD 2. Using the organisms from the food web to the right, identify an example of the following types of symbiosis. Parasitism: LICE ON HAWK Competition: RABBIT/RATS EATING GRASS Predator/Prey: FROG/INSECT

5 CCHS 2014_2015 Biology Fall Semester Exam Review DNA vs RNA 1. Which structure above most accurately depicts the structure of DNA? B 2. The shape of DNA is called a _DOUBLE HELI_. 3. What model above represents a RNA structure? C 4. DNA and RNA have similarities and differences. Fill in the table below using your previous knowledge. DNA BOTH RNA NITROGEN BASES 5 CARBON SUGAR NUCLEOTIDES PHOSPHATE GROUPS TAGC DEOYRIBOSE DOUBLE STRANDED UAGC RIBOSE SINGLE STRANDED Ecology Limiting Factors 1. Gypsy moth caterpillars can destroy Maple trees by eating too many leaves and making them susceptible to disease or drought. Which student has correctly identified the limiting factors for Maple trees associated with an invasion of gypsy moth caterpillars? (circle the answer) Student Population of Gypsy Moth Disease Drought Caterpillars 1 Density independent Density dependent Density dependent 2 DENSITY DEPENDENT DENSITY INDEPENDENT DENSITY INDEPENDENT 3 Density independent Density independent Density dependent 4 Density dependent Density dependent Density independent Aphids are small insects that reproduce during the warm, rainy spring months. The graph below tracks an aphid population over the course of a year during which a drought occurred in the summer. 2. Based on the graph above, what month did the drought most likely occur in? EPLAIN JUNE HAS MOST APHIDS 3. What type of limiting factor is a drought? EPLAIN DENSITY INDEPENDENT A DROUGHT WILL OCCUR EVEN IF POPULATION NOT PRESENT 4. What can you infer about the decreased aphid population during the fall and winter months? COLD WEATHER KILLS APHIDS OR CAUSES THEM TO BECOME DORMANT Protein Synthesis 1. The process of going from DNA to mrna is known as TRANSCRIPTION. This process occurs only in the NUCLEUS of a cell. 2. The process of going from mrna to trna is known as TRANSLATION. This process occurs only in the RIBOSOME of the cell. 3. Complete the following table. Use the codon chart to determine the amino acid. DNA ATC GGG TAT mrna UAG CCC AUA trna AUC GGG UAU Amino Acid STOP PROLINE ISOLEUCINE 4. The monomer of a protein is a(n) AMINO ACID 5. In what cellular organelle does protein synthesis occur? RIBOSOME

6 Ecology Succession 1. Define ecological succession. GRADUAL GROWTH AND REPLACEMENT OF PLANTAND ANIMAL SPECIES IN AN AREA 2. List the 2 types of ecological succession. PRIMARY & SECONDARY Base your answers to questions 3-9 on the diagram, which represents the changes in an ecosystem over a period of 100 years 3. Name the type of succession represented. SECONDARY (SOIL IS PRESENT) 4. Draw a circle around the stage which represents the most stability within the diagramed ecosystem. CLIMA COMMITTEE 5. State one biological explanation for the changes in types of vegetation observed from A through C. NATURAL SUCCESSION OCCURRING 6. Circle the letter in the diagram that represents a climax community. C CLIMA COMMUNITY 7. Identify one human activity that could be responsible for the change from C to D. FARMING, DEFORESTATION 8. Predict what would happen to the soil and vegetation of this ecosystem after stage F assuming no natural disaster or human interference. INCREASE 9. Based on your answer to number 8, what type of ecological succession would be occurring? SOIL IS ALREADY PRESENT SO IT S SECONDARY Enzyme-Graph Interpretation Mutations 1. What is a valid conclusion based on the information in the graph? ENZYMES WORK BEST AT AN OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE 2. Describe enzyme activity? INCEASES RATE OF REACTION UP TO OPTIMAL TEMP THEN DENATURES 3. At what temperature has the enzyme begun to denature? 45 C 4. Identify the dependent variable based on the information in the graph. RATE OF ENZYME ACTIVITY 5. What would be an appropriate title for this graph? ENZYME ACTIVITY AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE OR EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ENZYME ACTIVITY 6. What is activation energy? THE ENERGY IT TAKES TO START A REACTION 7. Line B in the given graph represents the reaction with a catalyst added to substrates. How did the catalyst affect the reaction? LOWERED THE ACTIVATION ENERGY For each of the following scenarios locate and circle the mutation and then answer the questions. Original DNA ATC TTT GCG CAA TGT Mutation 1 ATC TTT GCG GAA TGT Mutation Type: POINT/SUBSTITUTION_ Original DNA ATC TTT GCG CAA AGT Mutation 2 ATC TTT CGC GCA ATG T Mutation Type: _FRAMESHIFT/INSERTION Original DNA ATC TTT GCG CAA AGT Mutation 3 ATC TTG GCG AAT GT Mutation Type: _FRAMESHIFT/DELETION 1. What type(s) of mutation would be the least harmful to an organism? Why? POINT ONE CODON CHANGED 2. What type(s) of mutation would be the most detrimental to an organism? Why? FRAMESHIFT ALL BASES AFTER MUTATION SHIFT CHANGING ALL CODONS 3. Are mutations always bad? Why or why not? NO, SOME CAN BE BENEFICIAL OR HARMLESS

7 CCHS 2014_2015 Biology Fall Semester Exam Review Ecology Feeding Relationships Use the diagram and graph to answer the following questions. The graph represents the interaction of two different populations, A and B, in the food web. 1. Population A is made up of living animals. The members of population B feed on these living animals. The members of population B are most likely (circle one): scavengers, autotrophs, predators or parasites 2. Identify one heterotroph from the food web that could be a member of population A. HETEROTROPHS CONSUME FOOD - RABBIT 3. Identify 2 organisms from the food web above that would contain the greatest amount of biomass. TREES, GRASS 5. Identify one organism shown in the food web that would be found at level in the energy pyramid. 4. Identify the organisms that would be secondary consumers. WOLF, TOAD, HAWK 6. If there are 8,463 kcal of energy available to the consumers at trophic level Y, how many kcals of energy are available at: Trophic level : _84630 Trophic level Z: Ecology Population Growth 1. A factor that regulates a population s size is known as a LIMITING FACTOR. Use the diagram below for questions Complete the following graphs based upon the removal of organism A from the ecosystem above. PLANT 3. What type of growth is the marine BIRD population experiencing? DECREASE 4. This type of growth curve is represented by the marine plant population graph? EPONENTIAL A population of chipmunks migrated to an environment where they had little competition. Their population quickly increased but eventually stabilized as shown in the graph. 5. What is carrying capacity? # OF ORGANISMS A GIVEN AREA CAN SUPPORT OVER TIME 6. Use the arrows to label the following on the graph: carrying capacity and exponential growth 7. What type of growth curve is represented by the graph? LOGISTIC 8. Starting at the star on the graph, draw what the graph would look like if the limiting factor became abundant again.

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