Biology Final Review

Transcription

1 Biology Final Review Complete this review on your own paper and staple your answers to this paper. Each section is worth certain number of points. You can earn up to 10 points total on the semester exam. (an extra point if it is completed) BUNDLE 2 - Viruses vs. Cells 1. How are plant cells different from animal cells? 2. What is homeostasis? 3. How do cells maintain homeostasis? Which cell part(s) is responsible for this? 4. Where are carbohydrates (sugar, starch, glucose) made in the cell? 5. What is the function of: cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuole, ribosomes, smooth ER, chromosomes, cilia/ and flagella? - you ll find all functions on this link (you will have to create a login) 6. What are the characteristics of living things? 7. How are viruses different from cells? 8. What structures do viruses have in common with cells? Which are different? 9. How do viruses reproduce? (know what the pictures look like and put them in order) 10. How do viruses cause disease such as HIV and influenza? 11. What are some diseases caused by viruses? 12. Draw a bacteriophage, what does it infect? 13. Draw a HIV virus. 14. What is the difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic? 15. What is an antigen? 16. Why don t antibiotics work on viruses? 17. What s a vaccine? 18. What nucleic acids could a virus have? BUNDLE 3 Biochemistry & Enzymes 1. Identify and draw examples of the 4 types of biomolecules. 2. Identify what the monomers (building blocks) are for the following biomolecules a. Carbohydrates? b. Lipids? c. Proteins? d. Nucleic acids? 3. Describe the functions of the following biomolecules: a. Carbohydrates? b. Lipids? c. Proteins? d. Nucleic acids? 4. Identify where are each of the 4 biomolecules are made in the cell? 5. What are examples of: (include examples found inside the cell where applicable) a. Carbohydrates? b. Lipids? c. Proteins? d. Nucleic acids

2 6. Describe hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis. What is lost or gained? What is the end result, a monomer or polymer? 7. Which biomolecule determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein? BUNDLE 4 Cellular Energy 1. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? 2. Where does photosynthesis occur in the cell? 3. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? 4. Where does cellular respiration occur in the cell? 5. Why are photosynthetic organisms called autotrophs? 6. Give an example of an autotroph. 7. What is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis? 8. What is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration? 9. What are the products of photosynthesis? 10. What are the reactants of cellular respiration? 11. How do the products of photosynthesis and reactants of cellular respiration compare? 12. How do the reactants of photosynthesis and products of cellular respiration compare? 13. Why do photosynthesis and cellular respiration described as a cycle? 14. What is the main product of photosynthesis? Where is this product made in the cell? 15. Draw and label the parts of ATP molecule. Where is ATP made in the cell? 16. What is the purpose of the green pigment chlorophyll? 17. Why do most leaves appear green? 18. What type of energy does the plant use to convert CO2 and H2O into sugar? 19. Which type of fermentation requires the presence of oxygen gas? 20. During a strenuous workout, Jill noticed her muscles began to feel tired and weak. This is most likely due to (lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation). BUDNLE 5 Cellular Transport 1. Define solute and solvent. 2. What is cytoplasm? Describe how cytoplasm is a solution, what is the solvent and what are the solutes? 3. What portion of the cell helps maintain homeostasis? 4. Draw a section of the cell membrane. 5. Describe semi-permeable: 6. How are passive and active transport different from each other? 7. During passive transport, how do molecules move relative to the concentration gradient? 8. What are examples of passive transport? 9. How is osmosis different from diffusion? 10. How is diffusion different from facilitated diffusion? 11. What are examples of active transport? 12. During active transport, how do molecules move relative to the concentration gradient? 13. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, how does it react? Hypotonic solution? Isotonic solution? 14. In a U tube with sides separated by a semi-permeable membrane, the concentration of the solute is much higher on the left side than the right side. Sketch a diagram. What term describes the solution on the left when compared to the right? What term describes the solution on the right when compared to the left? What side will have an increase in the water level? What side will have a decrease in the water level?

3 15. Osmosis will occur until what state is reached in a cell when compared to the surrounding environment? BUNDLE 6 - DNA vs. RNA, DAN Replication, Protein Synthesis - Gene expression, & POINT Mutations 1. What are the components of DNA? Draw and label a nucleotide. 2. What are the differences between mrna and trna? 3. Give an example of a Point/ Substitution Mutation. 4. Give an example of a Frameshift Mutation- Insertion vs Deletion. 5. How is a frameshift mutation different from a point substitution? 6. Why is a frameshift mutation at the beginning of a transcript more serious than one further down the genome? 7. Draw a Venn diagram comparing DNA vs RNA 8. Who discovered the structure of DNA? 9. Describe transcription (What is the product? Where does it take place) 10. Describe translation (What is the product? Where does it take place?) 11. Look at the following molecule. Be able to make a complementary DNA strand, a mrna strand and be able to translate it into a protein. Also include the processes that are taking place at each of these steps. DNA strand: 5 TAC GCG AAA TGG CCA 3 DNA: mrna: Amino Acids: 12. What information does DNA contain? 13. Which part of DNA carries information? 14. How does DNA relate to proteins and proteins to traits? 15. Which molecule determines sequence of amino acids in a protein? 16. Why are proteins important? What are the functions of proteins? 17. How do components of the genetic code compare in living organisms? 18. What is purpose of transcription? Where does it occur? 19. What is the purpose of translation? Where does it occur? 20. Know the steps of translation and what it looks like. 21. What is a mutation? 22. What effect do mutations have? Are they helpful, harmful, or of no effect? Explain why. (frameshift or substitution i.e. sickle cell anemia) 23. What are the difference between DNA and RNA? 24. What is role of mrna? What is role of trna? 25. What is a codon? 26. How is the genetic code read? 27. How is gene expression regulated? Is it different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? 28. Describe the role of RNA in differentiation. BUNDLE 7 - DNA Technology Genetic Modifications (Engineering) Cloning 1. Refer to the diagram as needed. What color face will the cloned lamb have? Explain why in 2 or more sentences. 2. What is plasmid?

4 How is plasmid technology useful? 3. The police use DNA fingerprints to solve a crime. Draw a sample gel electrophoresis showing a sample and three suspects, one of which committed the crime. 4. What is the role of restriction enzymes in gel electrophoresis (also known as DNA fingerprinting)? 5. What role does the size of the DNA fragment have to do with the way it moves through the gel matrix? BUNDLE 8 - Cell Cycle Mitosis Meiosis Chromosome Mutations Karyotype 1. Describe and draw a picture of what happens in each stage of the cell cycle Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (all phases), and Cytokinesis. - animation 2. Why is the cell cycle important to the growth of organisms? 3. What is the importance of the checkpoints in the cell cycle? 4. What happens if the checkpoints fail to do their job in the cell cycle? 5. How does the chromosome number compare from parent to offspring? 6. Which cycle increases genetic variation, mitosis or meiosis? 7. Describe haploid vs. diploid using mitosis and meiosis, and chromosome number. 8. How do you determine the number of kilobases at each stage of the cell cycle if you are only given the starting number at the G1 stage? 9. What does a karyotype show? If a karyotype showed trisomy 21, what would that mean? 10. How is meiosis different from mitosis? 11. What are sources of variation in the genome? 12. What is the difference between a zygote and a gamete? 13. XX = (male, female); XY = (male, female); who determines the sex of a child? 14. A complete set of chromosomes is known as ; and half set is known as. 15. If the diploid number of chromosomes in humans is 46, what is the haploid number? Number in gametes? Number in sperm? Number in eggs?. 16. If this is an example chromosome, draw an example of: a. Deletion b. Duplication c. Inversion d. Translocation 17. If there are 1,000kb of DNA in G1 of mitosis, how many will there be in S? In the daughter cells after cytokinesis? 18. If there are 1,000kb of DNA in G1 of meiosis, how many will there be in S? In the daughter cells after cytokinesis? 19. If there are 400kb of DNA in S of mitosis, how many were there in the parent cell? 20. If there are 400kb of DNA in S of meiosis, how many were there in the parent cell? 21. Draw a picture of crossing over? Evolution When, during the cell cycle does it occur? What is its significance? 1. Compare and contrast Darwin and Lamarck s ideas. 2. What criteria must be met for a population to be in equilibrium? Does this happen in nature? 3. Define the following: a. Genetic drift - b. Gene flow -

5 c. Migration - d. Immigration - e. Natural selection - 4. Do organisms evolve or populations? Explain why. 5. Draw a graph showing directional, diversifying and stabilizing selection. 6. What are the evidences for evolution? 7. How do organisms acquire adaptations? Body Systems 8. Draw a table such as below and fill in the interactions with each system. Digestive Immune Circulatory Respiratory Nervous Endocrine Muscular Excretory Digestive Immune Circulatory Respiratory Nervous Endocrine Skeletal Excretory 9. How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis? 10. Give an example of how the endocrine system helps maintains homeostasis. 11. Give an example of a positive feedback loop. 12. Give an example of a negative feedback loop. Botany 13. List in order of least complex to most complex the levels of organization starting from organelle to ecosystem. 14. What are the 2 types of tissues found in vascular plants and what do they transport?

6 15. What is the purpose of a flower? What type of plants are flowers? Identify all the parts of a flower and identify if it s a male or female part. Sketch the flower on your own paper and label it. 16. What is the purpose of a cone? What type of plants are cones? 17. Explain what each type of response is and give an example of a positive and a negative response a. Gravitropism (geotropism) - b. Phototropism - c. Thigmostropism What effect does each of the following hormones have when found in high concentrations in a plant? a. Auxin - b. Cytokines - c. Gibberellin - d. Absitic acid 19. List the characteristics that all members of the plant kingdom share. 20. Explain the purpose of the following structures and organelles. a. Stoma - b. Guard cell - c. Vacuole - d. Cell wall - e. Cuticle - f. Chloroplast 21. What adaptions might a plant or animal that lives in a desert have? 22. What adaptions might a plant or animal that lives in a tropical rainforest have? 23. What adaptions might a plant or animal that lives in the tundra have? Ecology 24. Define the following terms: a. Producer - b. Consumer - c. Heterotroph - d. Autotroph Explain why in a biomass pyramid there is typically a higher number of organisms on the bottom than then top. Give an example of when that may not be true. 26. Where in the pyramid is the most energy found? 27. Would a predator get more energy from a secondary consumer or a primary consumer? 28. How much energy would get transferred to a quaternary consumer if the producers have a total energy of 145,000 kj?