Which row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process?

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1 1. A biological process that occurs in both plants and animals is shown below. Which row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 2. All life depends on the availability of usable energy. This energy is released when A) organisms convert solar energy into the chemical energy found in food molecules B) respiration occurs in the cells of producers and high-energy molecules enter the atmosphere C) cells carry out the process of respiration D) animal cells synthesize starch and carbon dioxide 3. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. The diagram illustrates a process by which energy is released in organisms. 4. The production of energy-rich ATP molecules is the direct result of A) recycling light energy to be used in the process of photosynthesis B) releasing the stored energy of organic compounds by the process of respiration C) breaking down starch by the process of digestion D) copying coded information during the process of protein synthesis 5. The diagram below represents a cell organelle involved in the transfer of energy from organic compounds. The energy released in this process was originally present in A) sunlight and then transferred to sugar B) sunlight and then transferred to oxygen C) the oxygen and then transferred to sugar D) the sugar and then transferred to oxygen The arrows in the diagram could represent the release of A) ATP from a chloroplast carrying out photosynthesis B) oxygen from a mitochondrion carrying out photosynthesis C) glucose from a chloroplast carrying out respiration D) carbon dioxide from a mitochondrion carrying out respiration 6. Which change in a sample of pond water could indicate that microscopic animals are active? A) increase in ozone level B) increase in glucose level C) decrease in oxygen level D) decrease in carbon dioxide level

2 7. Base your answer to the following question on The graphs below show the changes in the relative concentrations of two gases in the air surrounding a group of mice. 10. Base your answer to the following question on the chemical reactions below and on your knowledge of biology. Which process in the mice most likely accounts for the changes shown? A) active transport B) evaporation C) respiration D) photosynthesis 8. Which phrase best describes cellular respiration, a process that occurs continuously in the cells of organisms? A) removal of oxygen from the cells of an organism B) conversion of light energy into the chemical bond energy of organic molecules C) transport of materials within cells and throughout the bodies of multicellular organisms D) changing of stored chemical energy in food molecules to a form usable by organisms 9. The diagram below represents part of the process of cellular respiration. What is the chemical compound represented by letter J? A) a protease B) a polysaccharide C) ATP D) ADP 11. In the diagram of a cell shown below, which number indicates the structure in which most of the enzymes involved in aerobic cellular respiration function? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) Which process produces the greatest quantity of ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized? A) aerobic respiration B) lactic acid production C) photosynthesis D) fermentation Energy is released and made available for metabolic activities at A) step 1, only B) step 2, only C) both step 1 and step 2 D) neither step 1 nor step 2

3 13. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows a sequence of events that often occurs in human muscle cells. The substance represented by letter X is most likely A) hemoglobin B) glycogen C) ethyl alcohol D) lactic acid 14. In a laboratory culture of yeast, it may be concluded that fermentation has occurred if chemical tests indicate the production of A) carbon dioxide and water B) PGAL and nitrates C) oxygen and ATP D) ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide 15. Which metabolic process is responsible for the muscle fatigue and cramping an athlete may experience after running a race? A) alcoholic fermentation B) dehydration synthesis C) lactic acid fermentation D) aerobic respiration 16. The presence of lactic acid in the cells of an animal's muscle tissue is an indication that the A) animal is not adapted to the use of glucose B) number of mitochondria in the muscle cells has increased C) animal carries on a complex form of respiration during daylight hours D) muscle cells have been active during a period of oxygen deficiency

4 17. Base your answer to the following question on Which phrase, if placed in box X, would correctly complete the flowchart shown below? A) Increased use of starch in root cells B) Increased concentration of glucose in leaf cells C) Decreased ATP in root cells D) Decreased concentration of oxygen in leaf cells 18. Plant cells can synthesize energy-rich organic molecules, and later break them down to extract that energy for performing life processes. These activities require direct interaction between the A) chloroplasts and vacuoles B) cell walls and ribosomes C) chloroplasts and mitochondria D) ribosomes and mitochondria Base your answers to questions 19 and 20 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. A small water plant (elodea) was placed in bright sunlight for five hours as indicated below. Bubbles of oxygen gas were observed being released from the plant. 19. What substance did the plant most likely absorb from the water in order to produce the oxygen gas? A) dissolved nitrogen B) carbon dioxide C) an enzyme D) a hormone 20. The bubbles of oxygen indicate that the plant is A) producing sugar B) making protein C) releasing energy from water D) carrying on active transport

5 21. Much of the carbon dioxide produced by green plants is not excreted as a metabolic waste because it A) can be used for photosynthesis B) is too large to pass through cell membranes C) is needed for cellular respiration D) can be used for the creation of proteins 22. Base your answer to the following question on The green aquatic plant represented in the diagram below was exposed to light for several hours. Which gas would most likely be found in the greatest amount in the bubbles? A) oxygen B) nitrogen C) ozone D) carbon dioxide 23. Plants in areas with short growing seasons often have more chloroplasts in their cells than plants in areas with longer growing seasons. Compared to plants in areas with longer growing seasons, plants in areas with shorter growing seasons most likely A) make and store food more quickly B) have a higher rate of protein metabolism C) grow taller D) have a different method of respiration 24. Leaves of green plants contain openings known as stomates, which are opened and closed by specialized cells allowing for gas exchange between the leaf and the outside environment. Which phrase best represents the net flow of gases involved in photosynthesis into and out of the leaf through these openings on a sunny day? A) carbon dioxide moves in; oxygen moves out B) carbon dioxide and oxygen move in; ozone moves out C) oxygen moves in; nitrogen moves out D) water and ozone move in; carbon dioxide moves out 25. Eating a sweet potato provides energy for human metabolic processes. Which is the original source of this energy? A) protein molecules stored within the potato B) starch molecules absorbed by the potato plant C) the sun through photosynthesis D) vitamins and minerals found in the soil 26. One immediate cause of a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis is a reduction in the availability of A) carbon dioxide B) carbon monoxide C) hydrogen D) nitrogen 27. Which gas is excreted as a waste product of autotrophic nutrition in maple trees? A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) methane 28. Which substances must a green plant obtain from its environment to carry on photosynthesis? A) glucose and water B) oxygen and chlorophyll C) carbon dioxide and water D) carbon dioxide and oxygen 29. Photosynthesis transforms molecules of water and carbon dioxide into molecules of A) carbohydrate and oxygen B) carbohydrate and nitrogen C) polypeptide and oxygen D) polypeptide and nitrogen 30. Over a 24-hour period, which factor would have the least effect upon the rate of photosynthesis in a geranium plant? A) concentration of carbon dioxide in the air B) quantity of nitrates in the soil C) wavelengths of light D) availability of water in the soil

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