Biology Semester 1 Study Guide

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Maude Rice
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1 Biology Semester 1 Study Guide Part 1: Scientific Investigations You are conducting an experiment to determine if increased UV radiation from the decrease in the ozone layer is killing off frog tadpoles. After examining all of the data available in the library, you hypothesize that increased UV radiation from the sun is killing off the tadpoles. You design an experiment. There are 100 tadpoles in a five gallon container of water that is covered by glass that filters out UV radiation). Another five gallon container of 100 tadpoles is covered with acrylic Plexiglas, which will not filter out the U.V. radiation. You then place the groups outside for a period of a month, and observe the results. The results showed that both groups ended with a tadpole population of 96. Re-write the hypothesis in the if then format. Which is the control group? If tadpoles are, then Which is the experimental group? Identify the independent variable in this experiment. Identify the dependent variable in this experiment. Name at least 2 constants in the experiment. Which variable would you use to label the x-axis, if you were to graph the data? Which variable would you use to label the y-axis? Does the data support the hypothesis? If not, infer what might be causing a decrease in frog population? After you analyzed your results, you came up with a conclusion. Is your conclusion considered a theory? Why or why not?

2 Part 2: Characteristics of Living Things List the characteristics of living things. Briefly describe each. What is homeostasis? Define and give an example of a positive feedback loop and a negative feedback loop. What the levels of organization that all organisms are a part of? Create a flow chart or diagram. Draw a food chain that includes examples of the following: autotroph heterotroph Label the different levels (producer, primary consumer, etc). What decreases as you move UP the food chain to higher and higher levels?

3 Choose one element (C, S, N, P) and sketch one way that it may cycle through an ecosystem. Include at least 5 links along this pathway, and be sure that you draw a complete cycle. Include and label both abiotic and biotic parts of this cycle. What does it mean to say that cells are differentiated? How is differentiation different from adaptations? Part 3: Energy, Systems Describe the law of conservation of energy in your own words. Create a table that lists examples of kinetic and potential energy. Include the following in the table, plus more examples of your own: Glucose ATP Sunlight Cell movement Food Pyruvate What is the difference between chemical and radiant energy? Give examples.

4 Part 4: Biochemistry Explain the difference between a monomer and polymer, in your own words. For each of the polymers/macromolecules on the right, describe them, give an example, and list their monomers (if possible) Starch (Carbohydrate) Nucleic Acids Proteins Glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6, is an organic compound. What element in glucose makes it organic? What things can be built with glucose (give examples). What other chemical elements (besides C, H, and O from glucose) are found in living cells? Create a flow chart that shows how ATP becomes ADP. Include the following terms: q ATP q ADP q Phosphate q Energy stored q Energy released

Use the same terms as that of the animal cell from the previous page, EXCEPT microvilli

5 Part 5: Cells Label the image to the right. Identify if this is a plant or animal cell. Draw your OWN leader lines to label the parts of the plant cell. Use the same terms as that of the animal cell from the previous page, EXCEPT microvilli and centrioles. In addition, label the structures that are unique to plant cells that are absent in animal cells.

6 In your own words, explain the cell theory. Make a T-chart to show the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Give an example of each. Complete the following table by filling the missing information. Some organelle parts may be used more than once. Structure/Function Cell Part chloroplasts 2. nucleolus 5. Centrosomes Mitochondria Stores material within the cell 3. The sites of protein synthesis 4. Transports materials within the cell 6. Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell 7. Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria 8. Small bumps that make protein located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum 9. Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products 10. Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protests

7 12. Packages proteins for transport out of the cell 13. Everything inside the cell including the nucleus 14. Site where ribosomes are made 15. The membrane surrounding the cell Cytoskeleton Thin threads of DNA packaged with protein, during late interphase 18. Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell Classify the following organelles into one of four columns based on their role in metabolism. Lysosomes, Mitochondria, C. Membrane, Vesicles 19. Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things 20. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and carbohydrate side-chains 21. Longer whip-like structures used for movement Ingestion Digestion Respiration Excretion Put a check mark to indicate if the following organelles are found in plant cells, animal cells, prokaryotic cells, or all. Organelle Plant Cell Animal Cell Prokaryotic cell Cell Wall Vesicle Chloroplast DNA Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Mitochondria Nucleolus Nucleus Plasma membrane Vacuole Ribosome Nucleoid Region

Indicate during which part of photosynthesis (light reaction or Calvin cycle) each part is made or used.

8 Part 6: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (Aerobic and Anaerobic) Name and label the structure to the right. What types of cells contain this organelle? Write the equation for photosynthesis. Indicate during which part of photosynthesis (light reaction or Calvin cycle) each part is made or used. Create a chart on the right to compare and contrast the light reaction and the Calvin cycle. Include the following things: q Where the occur q What they use q What they make or produce q The main purpose or goal of this stage Name and label the structure to the right. What types of cells contain this organelle?

9 Write the equation for cellular respiration. Write a general equation for fermentation. What makes this process different from cellular respiration? Lactic acid causes muscle soreness. Why would the human body perform anaerobic respiration if it causes pain? Explain. Describe, how cellulose can be used to create ethanol for powering cars. What steps must be taken to ferment the cellulose? Complete the chart below: Glycolysis Where in the cell does it occur? Starting materials Products made Kreb s cycle Electron transport chain

Part 7: ATP Dependent Processes Explain the difference between passive and active transport of substances across the membrane. Which of these process(es) require(s) cellular respiration? Justify.

10 Part 7: ATP Dependent Processes Explain the difference between passive and active transport of substances across the membrane. Which of these process(es) require(s) cellular respiration? Justify. ATP is potential energy needed to drive future work done by the cell. Besides transporting substances across the membrane, name other examples of cell work dependent upon ATP. Using the image provided, explain why a plant cell would require both chloroplast and mitochondria.

Organelle Description Function Animal, Plant or Both

Biology Name: Date: Period: Organelle Description Function Animal, Plant or CELL WALL Rigid, tough, made of cellulose Protects and supports the cell Plant CELL MEMBRANE Thin, covering, protects cells Protects