Second Semester Biology Study Guide

Transcription

1 Second Semester Biology Study Guide All of the information on this review is fair game for the final Some information will be more prevalent on the test (Think about which topics we spent more time on through class Also remember we did not take an Evolution Assessment ) Everything included has been covered in your notes The final will include a variety of question types mainly multiple choice, but also matching, completion, illustration, calculations, and problem solving The final may also include 3-5 short answer questions that will be expected to contain a 2+ sentence response for potential full credit 1. Introduction Identify parts of the scientific method Differentiate between a scientific theory & an everyday theory Identify characteristics of living things 2. Ecology A. What is Ecology? Identify & describe the six levels of ecological organization Contrast biotic & abiotic factors Identify the different methods of ecological studies B. Finding Order in Diversity (Ch.18-1) Identify the components of an organism s scientific name Identify the eight major taxonomic ranks C. Energy, Producers, & Consumers Explain what producers are and what they do Provide examples of types of organisms that are producers Identify possible sources of energy for producers Explain what consumers are and what they do Differentiate between the six classifications of consumers D. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Define what a food chain and food web are Correctly use terms to identify different trophic levels within a food chain or web Properly set up and create a food chain Properly interpret any of the ecological pyramids presented in class Identify how much energy is passed between trophic levels and where the remaining goes

2 E. Cycles of Matter Contrast how the movement of energy and matter differ in an ecosystem Identify the four cycles presented in class Explain the importance of each cycle in terms of the biotic factors Explain what nutrient limitation is and how it differs between land and water ecosystems F. Climate Differentiate between weather and climate Identify the three factors that affect climate (as discussed in class) Describe how solar energy trapped by greenhouse gases causes rising temperatures G. Niches & Community Interactions Define habitat and niche Describe the role competition plays in shaping communities Identify the three factors that must be true for competition to occur Describe the role predation and herbivory play in shaping communities Explain the importance of keystone species Define symbiosis Identify the three types of symbiotic relationships in nature Provide examples of the different symbiotic relationships H. Succession Differentiate between types of succession and how ecosystems recover from disturbances Explain the importance of a pioneer species Explain why succession happens within ecosystems Compare succession after a natural disturbance versus after a human-caused disturbance Define climax community I. How Populations Grow Identify and describe the four ways populations are described Contrast exponential and logistic growth Identify each type of growth graphically Understand the three phases of logistic growth Describe carrying capacity J. Limits to Growth Describe density-dependent limiting factors Identify the four different types of density-dependent factors Identify and describe density-independent limiting factors

3 K. Human Population Growth Describe the size, growth, and rate of the human population over time Explain what an age structure diagram may indicate about a population L. Humans in the Biosphere Describe how agriculture, urban development, and industrial growth have transformed Earth Describe ways we minimize the effects of our use of the soil, water, and air Describe biological magnification and why it matters for organisms (especially higher in a food chain) Explain why biodiversity is beneficial to all species Describe the risks to biodiversity through habitat alteration, hunting, and introduced/invasive species Describe how changing climate (whether natural or man-made) risk biodiversity Define an ecological footprint 3. Chemistry of Life A. Nature of Matter Identify the subatomic parts of an atom Contrast elements & compounds Describe the main types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, hydrogen B. Properties of Water Describe polarity and how it leads to hydrogen bonding Identify and explain unique characteristics of water due to hydrogen bonding Identify what the ph scale measures Differentiate between acids & bases Describe how buffered solutions function C. Carbon Compounds Differentiate between monomers & polymers Identify the four macromolecules of living things Identify the monomer (if present) of each macromolecule Explain the function(s) of each macromolecule Provide examples of each macromolecule D. Chemical Reactions & Enzymes Explain what a chemical reaction is Differentiate between exothermic & endothermic reactions Explain what an enzyme is Describe how enzymes function Identify why enzymes and substrates have such great specificity Identify factors that influence enzyme activity

4 4. Cells A. Life is Cellular Contrast viruses, prokaryotic cells, & eukaryotic cells B. Cell Structure Identify the structures present in plant and animal cells Identify the function of each structure present in plant and animal cells C. Cell Membrane Identify the structures that make up the membrane Explain the role each structure plays in the membrane Explain why the phospholipids form a lipid bilayer Describe why our current understanding is referred to as a fluid mosaic model Describe the movement of phospholipids and proteins within the membrane Explain why the cell membrane is selectively permeable Explain why some molecules can cross the membrane while others are unable D. Cell Transport Identify the cause of molecular movement Contrast passive & active transport Describe the processes of diffusion and facilitated diffusion in detail Describe osmosis in detail Differentiate between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions Based on osmotic pressure, explain what happens to cells when placed in each solution Describe molecular active transport in detail Contrast endocytosis & exocytosis Differentiate between phagocytosis & pinocytosis E. Homeostasis Identify what homeostasis is Explain why homeostasis is essential for cells Describe how homeostasis must differ between unicellular & multicellular organisms 5. Cell Processes A. ATP Identify what ATP is Identify the three components that make up ATP Describe why ATP is necessary Describe how ATP is able to store & release energy Identify possible uses for ATP within an organism

5 B. Photosynthesis Identify the types of organisms able to perform this process What is it? The reactants, and products the formula? Identify where in the cell this process occurs Identify when this process occurs Describe why this process is necessary Describe how this process occurs o What are the key points of the two stages? C. Cellular Respiration Identify the types of organisms able to perform this process What is it? The reactants, and products the formula? Identify where in the cell this process occurs Identify when this process occurs Describe why this process is necessary Describe how this process occurs o What are the key points of the four stages? D. Cell Division & Mitosis Contrast asexual & sexual reproduction Describe the cell cycle and its stages Discuss the key parts of mitosis & cytokinesis Explain why cell division is necessary Identify factors that help control the cell cycle & division Describe cancer & explain why it occurs Identify methods of cancer treatment Discuss the importance of cell differentiation Contrast adult stem cells from embryonic stem cells E. Cell Division & Meiosis Describe the structure of a chromosome Contrast the following pairs of terms: o Autosomal & Sex chromosomes o Haploid & Diploid cells o Somatic cells & Gametes Discuss the parts of meiosis Identify how meiosis I differs from meiosis II Explain why genetic diversity increases due to meiosis Contrast the processes of sperm and egg formation F. Genetics A. History & Basic Terms Describe Mendel s experiments & summarize his results Be able to use the terms: trait, gene, homozygous & heterozygous allele Contrast genotype & phenotype

6 B. Punnett Squares & Probability Properly use a Punnett square to determine genotypic & phenotypic probabilities for the following inheritance patterns: o dominant/recessive o incomplete dominance o codominance o sex-linked Explain how phenotypic expression of polygenic traits differs from single gene traits Define the law of independent assortment C. Gene Linkage Describe Morgan s experiments & summarize his results Be able to create a gene map by determining the relative order of genes linked on a chromosome G. Biochemistry A. History & Structure Identify the key scientists & describe their experiments and results i. Includes Griffith, Avery, Hershey/Chase, Chargaff, Franklin, Watson/Crick Describe the structure & composition of a DNA molecule B. DNA replication Define the process of DNA replication Identify when the process occurs during the cell cycle Identify the necessary molecules and describe their function Explain the step-by-step process Identify where in the cell the process occurs Contrast replication in prokaryotes & eukaryotes C. RNA & Transcription Describe the structure & composition of an RNA molecule Contrast the structure and composition of DNA & RNA Identify the three types of RNA Define the process of transcription Identify the necessary molecules for transcription Explain the step-by-step process Describe mrna editing in eukaryotes (introns/exons) Contrast the location where transcription occurs between prokaryotes & eukaryotes

7 D. Amino Acids & Translation Define the process of translation Identify the necessary molecules for translation Explain the step-by-step process Identify where in the cell the process occurs Be able to translate a mrna sequence correctly Describe the importance of proteins (Ch.2) E. Mutation Contrast gene & chromosomal mutations Describe how gene mutations may differ (substitution vs. frameshift) Identify common origins of mutations Describe the importance of why we study mutations (no change, harm, benefit) H. Evolution A. History Identify the key scientists & describe their conclusions o Includes Hutton, Lyell, Malthus, Darwin B. Darwin s Voyage & Shaping his Thoughts Define evolution in biological terms Describe Darwin s observations on the Beagle o Include contrasting ideas between: i. Species varying globally ii. Species varying locally iii. Species varying over time o Describe how geologic events helped shape his ideas Relate ideas from Hutton & Lyell to biological concepts Relate ideas from Malthus to biological concepts Define artificial selection C. Natural Selection Briefly describe why Darwin s idea of evolution by natural selection was so important Identify and describe the three principles of natural selection Define natural selection Explain the phrase Adaptations don t have to be perfect, just good enough Explain why changing environmental conditions may favor different individuals of a species Describe descent with modification Define the Principle of Common Descent

8 D. Evidence Describe biogeography Contrast relative and radiometric dating Identify various radioactive isotopes that are used to date organisms or rock samples Describe the evolutionary importance of intermediate species in the fossil record Describe the evolutionary importance of homologous structures Contrast homologous & analogous structures in evolutionary terms Describe the presence of vestigial structures in evolutionary terms Summarize vertebrate embryo development in terms of order and pattern of structures Briefly describe how biochemical evidence (DNA, proteins) supports evolution Summarize how direct observation via experimentation and other real-life scenarios has provided additional evidence supporting evolution E. Populations Relate the effects of genotypes & phenotype to natural selection Define a gene pool Define an allele frequency Define evolution as it can be related to genetics and populations Describe the phenotypic distribution of a population without strong selective pressures Contrast stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection F. Speciation Describe speciation Explain why speciation occurs Contrast the three types of isolation G. Patterns Contrast rates of Evolution Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium Briefly identify which pattern above is supported by data Describe adaptive radiation Provide examples of adaptive radiations Define convergent evolution Describe why convergent evolution occurs Provide examples of species exhibiting convergent evolution Describe coevolution Provide examples of species involved in coevolutionary relationships