EOC Review Packet. Nearly all of the cells of a multicellular organism have exactly the same and.

Transcription

1 EOC Review Packet Bio.1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles. Bio Summarize the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells and ways that these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell 1. Label the organelles in the cell below and list the function of the following organelles: Nucleus plasma membrane cell wall *not shown in pic mitochondria vacuoles chloroplast *not shown in pic ribosomes Bio Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their general structure and degree of complexity. 2. Complete the following chart: Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Size Organelles Complexity Example Bio Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms. 3. Complete the following chart: Info to Know: During the process of, only specific parts of the are activated; the parts of the DNA that are activated determine the and specialized of a cell. Because all cells contain the same, all cells initially have the potential to become any type of cell; however, once a cell differentiates, the process cannot be. Nearly all of the cells of a multicellular organism have exactly the same and. Different parts of the genetic instructions are used in different types of cells, influenced by the cell's and.

2 Bio.1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system. Bio Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various environments (including temperature and ph). 4. What is a buffer? How are buffers used in our bodies? 5. Compare and contrast active and passive transport. 6. What will happen to the following cells (hint: always draw a diagram for questions like this): Wallway is a new general herbicide for aquatic plants. Its main ingredient is a marine salt solution. It is effective against freshwater but not saltwater plants. Why does it kill freshwater plants? A red blood cell has a salt concentration of 0.9%. What will happen if it is placed into a 0.8% salt solution? 7. Describe the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane. Bio Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. 8. Describe each of the steps of the cell cycle: Interphase G 1 : S: G 2 : Mitosis Prophase: Metaphase: Anaphase: Telophase: Cytokinesis: Bio Explain how specific cell adaptations help cells to survive in particular environments (focus on unicellular organisms). 9. Explain how each adaptation aids in survival: Contractile vacuole Cilia Flagella Pseudopods Eyespots 10. Taxis means to move in response to a stimulus. What is chemotaxis? Phototaxis? Bio.2.1 Analyze the interdependence of living organisms within their environments. Bio Analyze the flow of energy and cycling of matter through ecosystems relating the significance of each to maintaining the health and sustainability of an ecosystem. 11. Sketch the Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen cycles (you may use words or words and pictures to make the cycles). 12. How does energy move between organisms? Draw a sample energy pyramid to demonstrate this. Bio Analyze the survival and reproductive success of organisms in terms of behavioral, structural, and reproductive adaptations. 13. How do plants transport materials?

3 14. What gas does photosynthesis need? What gas does it produce? 15. What gas does cellular respiration need? What gas does it produce? 16. Give an example of an organism that is asexual? Sexual? 17. Summarize the different types of learning. Bio Explain various ways organisms interact with each other and with their environments resulting in stability within ecosystems. 18. What is the difference between mutualism and parasitism? 19. How do animals communicate with each other (not talking)? 20. Explain what is happing in this graph. Bio Explain why ecosystems can be relatively stable over hundreds of years, even though populations may fluctuate. 21. What factors limit exponential growth? 22. Sketch an exponential growth graph and a logistic growth graph. 23. What historical events allowed for the exponential growth of the human population? 24. What diseases have disrupted human population growth? Bio 2.2 Understand the impact of human activities on the environment. Bio Infer how human activities may impact the environment. 25. Explain how humans modify ecosystems though each of the following: Population growth: Technology: Consumption of resources: Production of wastes: 26. What impact do human activities have on the global climate? 27. Explain how each of the following impact NC ecosystems and the specific location affected: Acid Rain: Beach erosion: Urban development: Waste lagoons: Invasive species (Kudzu): Bio Explain how the use, protection and conservation of natural resources by humans impact the environment from one generation to the next. 28. What impact do humans have on natural resources? 29. Discuss 2 different conservation methods and their purposes.

4 30. What is stewardship? Bio.3.1 Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA. Bio Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell. 31. Label the following: Phosophate Sugar Nitrogen base Hydrogen bond Phosphate bond 32. Write the DNA Base pairing rules: 33. What does DNA code for? 34. When does DNA replication occur? 35. Replicate the following DNA strand: ATG GCA AAT GTG TCA CCC Bio Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits. 36. Complete the following : The Central Dogma of Biology: produces an mrna copy of DNA. mrna travels to the (site of protein synthesis). Translation trna supplies the appropriate. Amino acids are linked by bonds to form polypeptides. Polypeptide chains form molecules. 37. Use the chart above to determine the amino acid sequence: mrna: AUG GCG CAA AAA UGA Bio Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (i.e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype. 38. Find the mrna and amino acid sequence for the original strand and the mutated strands Original DNA: TAC AAA GTG CAT ACT Point (substitution) mutation: TAC ATA GTG CAT ACT Deletion (frameshift mutation): TAC AAG TGC ATA CT Insertion (frameshift mutation): TAC AAA AGT GCA TAC T 39. Circle the correct word: Mutations in gametes (can/cannot) be passed to offspring Mutations in body cells (can/cannot) be passed to offspring 40. Name 3 environmental causes of cell mutation (carcinogens)

5 Bio.3.2 Understand how the environment, and/or the interaction of alleles, influences the expression of genetic traits. Bio Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation. 41. Sketch the stages of meiosis. 42. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Bio Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits). ****Know how to do Punnett Squares you will be given extra practice on these**** 43. What information can be found on karyotypes? 44. What information can be found on a pedigree? 45. Give an example trait/disease/disorder for each type of inheritance: Simple (complete) dominance Incomplete dominance Codominance Polygenic traits Multiple alleles Sex linked traits Bio Explain how the environment can influence the expression of genetic traits. 46. Describe the cause-and-effect relationship between environmental and genetic factors in the following examples: Lung/mouth cancer Skin cancer Diabetes PKU Heart disease Bio.3.3 Understand the application of DNA technology. Bio Interpret how DNA is used for comparison and identification of organisms. 47. How do restriction enzymes work? 48. What is gel electrophoresis? 49. Whose blood was found at the crime scene? 50. Why can the other people be ruled out? 51. In what other scenarios can DNA fingerprinting be used?

6 Bio Summarize how transgenic organisms are engineered to benefit society. 52. What is a transgenic organism? 53. What use do we have for transgenic organisms? 54. How are transgenic organisms created? Bio Evaluate some of the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology. 55. Why was the human genome project established? 56. What disorders can benefit from gene therapy? 57. What are some ethical issues with each of the following: Stem cell research: Gene therapy: Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Bio.3.4 Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as a mechanism for how species change over time. Bio Explain how fossil, biochemical, and anatomical evidence support the theory of evolution. 58. Describe Early Earth. 59. Put the following types of cells in order from most simple to most complex: Unicellular eukaryotic Photosynthetic prokaryote Multicellular eukaryotic Anaerobic prokaryote 60. What information can scientists get from fossils? 61. What do biochemical similarities tell us about evolution? 62. What is a homologous structure? What do they tell us about evolution? Bio Explain how natural selection influences the changes in species over time. 63. Complete the following: Evolution by Natural Selection: Species have the potential to increase in number. Populations are genetically variable due to. There is a finite supply of required for life. Changing environments for specific phenotypes. Those organisms with favorable adaptations and, passing on their alleles. The accumulation and change in alleles leads to changes in over time 64. How does geographic isolation lead to speciation (think about the finches)? Bio Explain how various disease agents can influence natural selection 65. How do organisms develop resistance to antibiotics or pesticides?

7 Bio.3.5 Analyze how classification systems are developed upon speciation. Bio Explain the historical development and changing nature of classification systems. 66. Why was it necessary to develop a more complex system of classifying organisms? (not just plants and animals) 67. List the levels of taxa in order: Bio3.5.2 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships. ****Know how to use a dichotomous key**** 68. What is a phylogenetic tree? 69. How can you tell the relatedness among species on a phylogenetic tree? 70. What is a cladogram? Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms. Bio.4.1.1Compare the structures and functions of the major biological as related to the survival of living organisms. 71. Complete the following chart: Organic Molecule: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Subunits (monomers and polymers) Function: Contains which of the following: C, H, O, N, P Examples Bio Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins and amino acids in carrying out the work of cells and how this is similar in all organisms. 72. Write the DNA base pairing rules. 73. Write the RNA base pair rules. 74. Describe transcription. 75. Describe translation. Bio Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions. 76. Complete the following: Biologic Catalysts: are special proteins that can chemical reactions by lowering, are reusable and specific, and are affected by such factors a and. 77. Look at the diagram to the right and label the following structures. Enzyme Active site Substrate Product Enzyme-substrate complex

8 Bio.4.2 Analyze the relationships between biochemical processes and energy use in the cell. Bio Analyze photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of how energy is stored, released, and transferred within and between these systems. 78. Define: aerobic respiration- anaerobic respiration- 79. Write the formula for aerobic respiration: 80. What are the reactants and what are the products of aerobic respiration? Reactants: Products: 81. Which type of respiration provides the most ATP per molecule of glucose? 82. What are the products of anaerobic respiration? 83. What is the formula for photosynthesis? 84. What are the reactants and what are the products? Reactants: Products: 85. Aerobic Respiration occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)? 86. Photosynthesis occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)? Bio Explain ways that organisms use released energy for maintaining homeostasis 87. List cell functions that require the energy from cellular respiration and explain how they maintain homeostasis.