Biology I Fall Semester Exam Review 2014

Transcription

1 Biology I Fall Semester Exam Review 2014 Biomolecules and Enzymes (Chapter 2) 8 questions Macromolecules, Biomolecules, Organic Compunds Elements *From the Periodic Table of Elements Subunits Monomers, Building Blocks Structure of subunit Examples: Where can we find them? Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids ) Proteins Match the structure to the function: 4. Providing quick energy. 5. Store and transmit genetic information. 6. Regulate chemical reactions (speed up). 7. Major component of cell membranes.

2 How does an enzyme work? Label the enzyme diagram below and explain what is happening in each step: Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 What two factors affect an enzymes ability to work? What makes an enzyme become denatured? Cellular Energy Chapter 4 (8 questions) Type of genetic information Cell membrane Nucleus Presence of organelles Cell type (unicellular/multicellular) Complexity (simple/ complex) Examples Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells 2

3 Photosynthesis Where does it take place? What is the overall equation? What organelle does the cell use to capture energy and in what form? Why are cellular respiration and photosynthesis opposite of each other? Cellular Respiration Where does it take place? What is the overall equation? What organelle do they use to capture energy and in what form? What parts of the organelle are involved? What happens when oxygen is not present to breakdown glucose? What is the goal of cellular respiration? Mitochondria or Chloroplast: For the following questions, write Mitochondria or Chloroplast, as appropriate for each of the following descriptions. 1. Where Cellular Respiration occurs. 2. Where Photosynthesis occurs. 3. Captures Energy. 4. Releases Energy. Cellular Transport Chapter 3 (7 questions) What is the function of a cellular membrane (phospholipid bilayer) 1. 5% NaCl 95% H 2 O 95% NaCl 5% H 2 O a. Water will flow (into the cell, out of the cell, in both directions). b. The cell will (shrink, burst, stay the same). 2. c. The cell is in a hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic solution. 15% NaCl 85% H 2 O 15% NaCl 85% H 2 O a. Water will flow (into the cell, out of the cell, in both directions). b. The cell will (shrink, burst, 3 stay the same). c. The cell is in a hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic solution.

4 3. 70% NaCl 30% H 2 O 30% NaCl 70% H 2 O a. Water will flow (into the cell, out of the cell, in both directions). b. The cell will (shrink, burst, stay the same). c. The cell is in a hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic solution. Match the term with its correct description: * energy * active transport * facilitated diffusion * osmosis * diffusion * carrier protein * passive transport * channel protein Transport protein that provides a tube-like opening in the plasma membrane through which particles can diffuse Is used during active transport but not passive transport The diffusion of water through a cell membrane Particle movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration The movement of substances through the cell membrane without the use of cellular energy A form of passive transport that uses transport proteins Particle movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration Transport protein that changes shape when a particle binds with it Cell Division Chapter 5 (8 questions): Describe all the steps of the cell cycle in order Interphase G1 S M-phase G2 - Cytokinesis Describe the overall process of mitosis: Why do cells undergo mitosis? 4

5 What type of cells undergoes mitosis? At the end of mitosis, each daughter cell is (identical/different) to the parent cell. Sketch the phases of mitosis and cytokinesis and write descriptions for each step. Parent Cell Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis (daughter cells) DNA Structure and Replication Chapter 8 (7 questions) What is the function of DNA in cells? Identify the parts of a nucleotide: A. B. C. Match the parts of the double helix on the right. sugar-phosphate backbone base pair individual nitrogen base hydrogen bonds 5

6 Summarize the steps of DNA Replication. In your explanation state the role of DNA polymerase. Why do cells undergo DNA replication? What part of the DNA structure determines the traits of an organism? You have separated the nucleotides in a piece of DNA. You find that 24% of the bases are adenine nucleotides. What percentage of the bases will be cytosine? guanine? thymine? What is the DNA Base Pair Rule? Protein Synthesis Chapter 8 ( 7 questions) What is the purpose of protein synthesis? What is a gene? What is transcription? Where does it take place? What is translation? Where does it take place? Label the diagram: mrna trna ribosome protein amino acid DNA Codon 6

7 mrna Purpose - Illustration trna Purpose - Illustration rrna Purpose - Illustration Protein Synthesis Practice 1st Transcribe the DNA into an mrna strand 2nd Use Codon Chart on page 303 to match the codon from the mrna to the amino acid 1. DNA: T A C A A A G T T A G A G A G T A G A T C mrna : amino acid: 2. DNA: T A C A A A G A C A T T A G A T T C A T C mrna : amino acid: What is a mutation? Why could a mutation in a gamete cell have more profound consequence than a mutation in a somatic cell? Types of mutations: (be able to identify examples) Original DNA: T A C A A A G A C A T T A G A T T C A T C Mutated DNA: T A C A A A A A C A T T A G A T T C A T C Type of mutation: Mutated DNA: T A C A A A G A C A T T A G T C A T C Type of mutation: Mutated DNA: T A C A A A G A C A T T A G G A T T C A T C Type of mutation: Meiosis Chapter 6 (5 questions) Purpose DNA Replication Number of divisions Number of daughter cells Type of daughter cells (haploid or diploid) Mitosis Meiosis 7

8 Name of Phase Description 1. Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad 2. Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides 3. Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed 4. Chromosomes line up along equator, not in homologous pairs 5. Crossing-over occurs 6. Chromatids separate 7. Homologs line up alone equator 8. Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed What is the purpose of crossing-over? Color the chromosomes to demonstrate the process of meiosis: 8

9 Unit Biomolecules & Enzymes Number of TEK (Learning Target) questions on Exam 8 questions 9A I can compare and contrast the structure and function of biomolecules. 9C I know the role of enzymes and how they work. 9D I know that each biomolecule is made up of a specific subunit. Cellular Energy 8 questions 4A I can compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 9B I can describe how photosynthesis and cellular respiration work. 4B I can describe how energy cycles within cells. Cellular Transport 7 questions 9A I can describe the cell membrane structure. 4B I know the difference between active and passive cell transport. 4B I can predict the movement of molecules across a gradient. DNA 8 questions 6A I can recognize DNA is a double helix and I can recognize the parts of a nucleotide. 5A I can use base-pairing rules to replicate a strand of DNA. 9D I can recognize DNA has the biological instructions that make organisms unique. 3F I can describe the contributions of different scientists in the discovery of DNA. Cell Cycle 8 questions 5A I can describe and identify the stages of the cell cycle. 5A I can describe and identify the stages of mitosis. 5D I can relate cancer to the cell cycle. 5C I can describe the process of cell differentiation Protein Synthesis 7 questions 6C I can explain the purpose and process of protein synthesis. 6D I understand that gene expression is a regulated process. 6E I can identify types of mutations in the DNA and understand how these mutations affect the organism as a whole. Meiosis 5 questions 6G I can compare and contrast the difference between mitosis and meiosis. 6G I can recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction 9