Biology 1 EOC Study Guide

Transcription

1 Name: Biology 1 EOC Study Guide Date: Standard 2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles 1. What are three tenets of the cell theory? Page What is a unicellular organism? What is a multicellular organism? Page T/F Only multicellular organisms must carry out all basic cell processes. Page Why must new cells be formed? Page What is an organelle? Page Describe the function of the following organelles AND include a small sketch for each one: Page 61 Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Lysosomes Vacuoles Ribosomes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Cilia Flagella Cell Membrane (plasma membrane) Nuclear Membrane (nuclear membrane) Cell Wall Cytoplasm 7. Which organelles are only found in plant cells? Which organelles are only found in animal cells? Page Compare and contrast plant cells vs. animal cells Page What is a prokaryotic cell? Page What is a eukaryotic cell? Page How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different? How are they similar? Page Which diagram is a prokaryotic cell? (A or B) A B Page Which diagram is a eukaryotic cell? (A orb) 14. What are stem cells? What makes them unique? Page 91

2 15. Compare cell division and cell differentiation. Page What is the hierarchical organization of organisms? Start with cells and work up to organ systems. Page What is homeostasis? Page How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis? Page What does it mean if a cell has a semi-permeable membrane? Page What is passive transport? What are 3 types of passive transport? What does each type do? Page What is a hypotonic solution? What happens to the cell? Page What is a hypertonic solution? What happens to the cell? Page What is an isotonic solution? What happens to the cell? Page What is active transport? What are two reasons a cell may undergo active transport? Page What is endocytosis? Page What is exocytosis? Page List ALL the phases of the cell cycle. Be specific. What happens in each phase? Page Which phase do cells spend the majority of their time in? Page What is cytokinesis? Page What is a cleavage furrow? A cell plate? Page Illustrate the phases of mitosis. Page What is a cell checkpoint? How do checkpoints regulate cell growth? Page What is an internal signal? What is an example? Page What is an external signal? What is an example? Page What causes a cancer cell? Page What is the difference between malignant and benign? Page What is a chemical reaction? What is activation energy? Page How can temperature and ph affect a chemical reaction? Page What is a buffer? Page What is a catalyst? What is an enzyme? How do catalysts affect chemical reactions? Page 47

3 Standard 3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the flow of energy within and between living systems. 1. What is photosynthesis? What is the chemical equation? Page 105/ What occurs during the light-dependent reaction? (Summarize) Page What occurs during the light-independent (dark) reaction? (Summarize) Page What is needed to break down water molecules? Page Compare light and dark reactions. Page What is cellular respiration? What is the chemical equation? Page What occurs during glycolysis? (Summarize) Page If oxygen is available, what stage follows glycolysis? Page What occurs during the Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle/aerobic respiration? Page What step happens next? Summarize what occurs. Page How much ATP is produced? Page If oxygen is not available, what stage follows glycolysis? Page Describe both types of fermentation. Page Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Page 92/ What is ATP? Sketch and label a molecule of ATP. Page How is energy released from ATP? Page 103

4 17. Explain the ADP-ATP cycle. A sketch will work fine. Page What are the 4 organic compounds? List the monomers and polymers for each type. Page Which organic compound contains the most energy? WHY? Page Compare the caloric value of proteins, carbs, and fats. Page 41/ Which organic compound is the primary source of energy in humans? Page 41/ What are proteins used for in the human body? Page Describe at least 3 functions that proteins serve in the human body. Page What are carbohydrates used for? Page What are lipids used for? Page What is a food chain? Page What is a trophic level? Page What does makes up the first trophic level? The second trophic level? The third? Page What is an autotroph? A heterotroph? Page What is an herbivore? An omnivore? A carnivore? A detritivore? Page What is a food web? Page What is an energy pyramid? How much energy is passed on to each successive level? Page What is a number pyramid? What happens to the number of individual organisms as you go up the pyramid? What is a biomass pyramid? Page Be able to interpret food webs/chains/energy pyramids/number pyramids/biomass pyramids. Page 207

5 Standard 4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the molecular basis of heredity. 1. What are the 2 types of nucleic acids? Give both the full name and the abbreviation. Page Sketch and label a nucleotide. Page Compare DNA and RNA in terms of shape/structure, nitrogenous bases, and sugars. Page What are complementary bases? Page What is a chromosome? Page What is a gene? Page What is DNA? Page How are chromosomes, DNA and genes related? You may use words or a diagram. Page Why is DNA considered the code of life? Page Summarize DNA replication. You may include a sketch if it helps. Page What are sex chromosomes? Page What are autosomes? Page How chromosomes do somatic (body) cells contain? What about sex cells? Which are diploid? Haploid? Page 127/ If organisms are similar, what would you their amino acid sequence to look like? Page Summarize the process of transcription. Page What are the 3 types of RNA? What is the function of each type? Where is each type found? Page Summarize the process of translation. Include trna, anticodons and peptide bond in your answer. 18. What is a codon? Page What would the amino acid sequence be if the DNA code was ACTCGACCGATC? (don t forget to transcribe & translate)p Compare the processes of transcription and translation. Page 131/133/116

6 21. Briefly describe and sketch each step of Meiosis (include Meiosis I and II). Page 155/ What are homologous chromosomes? Page Compare meiosis I and meiosis II with regard to processes and outcomes. Page 142/155/ What is a haploid cell? A diploid cell? Page Compare mitosis and meiosis. Page What is crossing over? How does crossing over effect genetic variation? During which phase does crossing over occur? P What is an allele? Page What does the Law of Dominance state? Page 161/ What does the Law of Segregation state? Page What does the Law of Independent Assortment state? Page What does it mean if an organism is homozygous? Heterozygous? Page What does it mean if a trait is dominant? Recessive? Page What has to occur (in terms of alleles) for an organism to exhibit a recessive trait? Page What is a genotype? A phenotype? Page 159

7 35. Complete the attached monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Include genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Page What is the parental generation? F1 generation? F2? Page What does it mean for genes to be linked? Are they more or less likely to be inherited together? If they are not inherited together, what could have caused this? Page Define incomplete dominance. Sketch an example. Page Define codominance. Sketch an example. Page Define multiple alleles. Give an example. Page Define polygenic traits. Give an example. How would you know if a trait was polygenic? Page Define sex-linked traits. Why are sex-linked traits more often seen in males? Complete the sex-linked cross on the attached sheet. Page What is the genotype for a female? A male? Page What is a pedigree? Complete the pedigree questions on the attached sheet. Page What is a mutation? Page 173/135/ Will somatic cell mutations be passed on to the offspring? Sex cell mutations? Page 173/135/ Compare a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation. Which is worse? Page 173/135/ What is nondisjunction? Page What is genetic engineering? What are some results of genetic engineering? (in plants, animals, and humans) Page What is a gene map? A genome? Page What is cloning? Describe the steps completed when cloning an organism. Page What is gene therapy? Page What is selective breeding? Page 139 a. Define inbreeding and give an example. Page 139 b. Define hybridization and give an example. Page 139

8 Standard 5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution and the diversity of life. 1. What is evolution? Page What is microevolution? Macroevolution? Page What is natural selection? Page What are the 4 principles of natural selection? Describe how each one leads to natural selection. Page What is fitness? Page What are two organic compounds that all life contains? Page What is sexual reproduction? When is this beneficial? Why? Page What is asexual reproduction? When is this beneficial? Why? Page What two things lead to genetic variation? Page Define species. Page Define gene pool. Page What happens to organisms with favorable traits when the environment changes? What happens to organisms with less favorable traits? Explain in terms of allele frequency. Page What are the 5 mechanisms that lead to evolution? Page What are the 5 conditions that must be met in order for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? What does it mean if a population is in HW equilibrium? Page 191

9 15. What is speciation? What are 3 types of isolation that can lead to speciation? Page What are the 6 patterns of evolution? Briefly describe each. Page Compare gradual and mass extinction. Page What are the 4 fields of evidence for evolution? Describe how each field provides support for evolution. Make sure to include homologous, analogous and vestigial structures where appropriate. Page Explain how anatomy can support evidence of divergent evolution. Page Explain how anatomy can support evidence of convergent evolution. Page What are transitional fossils? How can they offer support for evolution? Page Why is the fossil record challenging to use as evidence? Page What is a phylogenetic tree? How does it show evolutionary relationships? Page What 3 pieces of information can be determined from a phylogenetic tree? Page Complete the attached phylogenetic tree. Page What are the 3 domains? Page What are the 6 kingdoms? Page 197

10 Standard 6: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the interrelationships among organism and the biotic and abiotic components of their environments. 1. What is an ecosystem? How is a stable ecosystem obtained? Page What is predation? Page Explain what is occurring in the diagram on the right. Page What is competition? Page What is a niche? Page Can two species have the same niche in the same habitat? Page What is a symbiotic relationship? Page What is parasitism? Give an example. Page What is mutualism? Give an example. Page What is commensalism? Give an example. Page What is a keystone species? What happens if that keystone species is removed? Give an example. 12. What is a population? Page 205/ How is population density measured? Page What are density-dependent factors? Give 3 examples. Page What are density-independent factors? Give 3 examples. Page What are abiotic factors? Page What are biotic factors? Page What may occur if there is a change in an abiotic or biotic factor? List both possibilities. Page What is ecological succession? Page Completely describe the process of primary succession all the way to obtaining a climax community. Page Completely describe the process of secondary succession. Page How long does each stage of succession last? Which typically lasts longer: primary or secondary? Page 209

11 23. Summarize the Carbon cycle. Make sure to include how organisms play a vital part. Include an illustration of the carbon cycle. Page Summarize the Nitrogen cycle. Make sure to include how organisms play a vital part. Include an illustration of the nitrogen cycle. Page Summarize the Water (hydrological) cycle. Make sure to include how organisms play a vital part. Include an illustration of the water cycle. Page What is the ozone layer? Page 213/ What is the greenhouse effect? Page What would happen if Earth no longer had a greenhouse effect? Page How does the ocean help in reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere? Page 211/ What is the geosphere? Page What is soil erosion and deposition? Page What prevents soil erosion? Page What happens to waste materials from organisms? Page What does carrying capacity mean? Page What determines the carrying capacity? Page What has led to a natural slowing of population growth as we near Earth s carrying capacity? Page What does deforestation cause (name 2 things)? Page What advances has agricultural technology made to improve our lives? Page What does the burning of fossil fuels do? Page What is acid rain? Page What are some alternative energy sources? Why are they so appealing? Page What is a renewable resource? Give some examples. Page What is a nonrenewable resource? Give some examples. Page 215

12 Helpful Notebook Study Tools Unit 1: Lab Safety and Inquiry Concept Map- Page 6 Quizzes- Page 7 Study Guide- Page 9 Unit 2: Biochemical Reactions (Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Enzymes) Concept Map- Page 30 Quizzes-Page 31 Macromolecule Review Chart- Page 42 Study Guide- Page 33 Round Robin Review- Page 51 Unit 3: Cell Structure (Organelles) Concept Map- Page 52 Quizzes- Page53 Study Guide- Page 55 Round Robin Review- Page 90 Unit 4: Cellular Transport (Active and Passive) Concept Map- Page 64 Quizzes- Page 65 Study Guide- Page 67 Round Robin Review- Page 90 Unit 5: Cellular Division (Cell Cycle) Concept Map- Page 78 Quizzes- Page79 Study Guide- Page 81 Round Robin Review- Page 90 Unit 6: Energy (Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration) Concept Map- Page 92 Summaries of Stages- Page 93 Quizzes- Pages 94 and 95 Study Guide- Page 97 Round Robin Review- Page 113 Unit 7: Molecular Genetics (DNA and RNA) Concept Map- Protein Synthesis Page 116; Mutations and GE Page 117 Quizzes- Pages 118 and 119 Study Guide- Page 121 Round Robin Review- Page 141 Unit 8: Meiosis and Heredity Concept Map- Meiosis Page 142; Heredity and Mutations Page 143 Quizzes- Pages 144 and 145 Study Guide- Page 147 Round Robin Review- Page 175 Unit 9: Evolution Concept Map- Page 176 Quizzes- Page 177 Study Guide- Page 179 Round Robin Review- Page 197 Unit 10: Ecology Quizzes- Page 199 Study Guide- Page 201 Round Robin Review- Page 217