2. What properties or characteristics distinguish living organisms? Substance Description Example(s)

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1 PREIB BIOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER REVIEW (I) Life on Earth 1. Describe the hierarchy of life on Earth from broadest to narrowest category. 2. What properties or characteristics distinguish living organisms? Biochemistry 1. Distinguish between an atom, molecule, ion and a compound; give an example of each. Substance Description Example(s) Atom Molecule Ion Compound 2. What characterizes an organic molecule? 3. What properties of carbon allow it to make many different compounds? 4. Briefly describe each of water s properties listed below and give a biological significance. Property Biological Significance Cohesive Adhesive Temperature Moderation Expansion upon Freezing Solvent versatility 5. How does water support life on Earth?

2 6. Complete the macromolecule summary tables and answer the associated questions. A. 1. Distinguish between a monomer and a polymer. 2. Which type of reaction is involved in the creation of polymers? How is water involved? B. Structure and Function describe the basic structure and function for each type of macromolecule. Macromolecule Basic Structure Functions Carbohydrate Protein Lipids Nucleic acids B. Differentiate between the different types of carbohydrates. Compound Structure Functions Examples Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides C. Differentiate between the different types of lipids. Compound Structure Functions Examples Fatty acids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids

3 D. Proteins 1. Describe the relationship between amino acids and proteins. 2. Describe the structure of an amino acid. Draw and label one. 3. Briefly characterize the four levels of structures in proteins. Which is not affected by denaturation? Why? 4. What are the functions of proteins? 5. How does the shape of a protein affect its function? 6. Briefly describe how enzymes work. How do enzymes support metabolism and life? 7. How can enzymes become denatured? Is denaturation always permanent? Explain. E. 1. Macromolecules Importance Overview: Consider the overall functioning of a cell which macromolecule is most important? Why?

4 2. In which part of the water cycle do organisms participate? What factors control this participation? 3. List the processes involved in the carbon cycle. Briefly describe what happens to carbon in each of these processes. Combustion Photosynthesis Cell respiration Decomposition Fossil Fuel Formation 4. Carbon emissions as a pollutant are a topic of great discussion. What actions can take place to reduce these? 5. Predict what would happen if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped drastically. Cells 1. List the three parts of the cell theory. How is the theory of spontaneous generation related to the development of the cell theory?

5 2. What structures are found in all types of cells: 3. How are light microscopes and electron microscopes different in function and application? How can you distinguish between electron micrographs created with scanning electron microscopes and transmission electron microscopes? 4. You are looking at a cell under the microscope. How can you tell if it is a prokaryote or eukaryote cell? 5. Which organelles are found only in animal cells? What are their functions? Which organelles are found only in plant cells? What are their functions? 6. What are the two primary components of the cell membrane? 7. Define the term amphipathic why do we use this term to describe phospholipids? 8. Distinguish between active and passive transport.

6 9. Complete this table comparing active and passive transport processes. Process Brief description of how process works Substance(s) Moved with this Process Active/Passive Osmosis Simple Diffusion Endocytosis Exocytosis Sodium- potassium pump 10. What is a concentration gradient? What happens in active and passive transport with respect to the concentration gradient? 11. For each of these conditions, describe the type of solution the cell has been placed in. A. An animal cell shrinks B. A plant cell becomes turgid C. A plant cell s cell membrane separates from the cell wall D. An animal cell bursts 12. What type of solution is a contact lens solution (one you use to wet the surface of contacts before you place them in your eyes) or an IV solution that will be used to deliver medication to a patient? Why?

7 Cellular Energetics 1. Draw the structure of an ATP molecule. How does its structure relate to its function? 2. Distinguish between energy transfer and energy transformation. Give examples of each. 3. How does ATP support cell function? 4. How are light, chemical and mechanical energy related to life processes and cellular energetics? 5. Write the formula for photosynthesis. Identify the reactants and products. Is it an endergonic or exergonic reaction? Why? 6. Write the formula for cell respiration. Identify the reactants and products. Is it an endergonic or exergonic reaction? Why? 7. Why is photosynthesis essential for life on Earth?

8 8. What are the functions of photosynthesis and cell respiration? Do all cells undergo these? 9. How are photosynthesis and cell respiration related? 10. What type of macromolecules are associated with photosynthesis and cell respiration? Explain. 11. What organelles are associated with photosynthesis and cell respiration? What characteristics do they share in structure and function? Plants 1. What do all plants have in common? 2. Describe the structure and function of each plant organ/tissue listed below. A. Leaves: B. Stems: C. Roots: 3. Name and describe the function of the two types of vascular tissue. What is the advantage to having vascular tissue? 4. How are dermal, vascular and ground tissue related?

9 5. Characteristics of the Angiosperms (A), Bryophytes (B), Gymnosperms(G), and Pteridophytes(P). a. Which plants have vascular tissue? b. Which plants require water for reproduction? c. Which plants have spores called sori? d. Which are the tiniest plants, never growing tall? e. Which plants use wind for pollination? f. Which plants produce spores? g. Which plants have fruit and/or flowers? h. Which plants include the ferns and have leaves called fronds? i. Which plants have woody stems? j. Which plants have cones and needles? k. Which plants use animals, wind and/or water for pollination? 6. Draw and label a flower. Indicate the male parts and female parts. 7. Briefly explain pollination and fertilization in plants. 8. How are the structures of leaves, stems and roots related to a plant s physiological processes? Include the tissues in your explanation.

10 Ecology 1. Distinguish between the terms abiotic and biotic. Give examples of each. 2. What does a food chain represent? 3. How are food chains and food webs related? 4. How are organisms classified in food chains and food webs? 5. Are matter and energy recycled in ecosystems? Explain. 6. How does the amount of energy available to organisms change as we move through the trophic levels? 7. For each of these factors, briefly describe its role in the distribution of life in aquatic systems. a. dissolved oxygen b. ph c. salinity d. light e. temperature f. depth g. geographical location 8. How are the terms ecosystem, population, and community related? 9. How would you distinguish between a density- dependent and a density- independent factor? Name examples of each.

11 10. What is population density? List and describe the factors that describe the movement of individuals in and out of a population. 11. Draw and label a graph representing exponential growth and logistic growth of a population. Explain how you would calculate carrying capacity from a graph. 12. Define the term symbiosis. What are the types of symbiotic relationships? Give examples of each. 13. What is the effect of seasonal change on ecosystems? 14. Some people believe that our climate is changing. What effects can that have on ecosystems? 15. Name and describe the two types of succession. How would you determine what type of succession is shown in a graphic? Define pioneer species and give two examples.

12 16. Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable resources. Give three examples of each. 17. Describe two ways the Everglades has been changed by man. What are the consequences? 18. What is the effect of introducing non- native species into an ecosystem. Give two examples. 19. Define sustainability. What actions can you take to support sustainability? Cell and Cell Cycle 1. What two phases make up the cell cycle? 2. What are the functions of mitosis? 3. Is interphase a time of rest for the cell? Explain. 4. How is interphase sub- divided? 5. What controls the cell cycle? 6. What type of cells are produced in mitosis? 7. Describe the process of binary fission. 8. In what type of cells does binary fission occur? What type of reproduction is it?

13 9. List the four stages of mitosis and describe what s happening in each stage. Draw the four stages of mitosis using two pairs of chromosomes. 10. You are looking at a cell under the microscope that is in telophase. How can you tell if it is an animal cell or a plant cell? 11. What is the relationship between mutation, the cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in cancer? 12. You have been diagnosed with melanoma, or skin cancer due to repeated sunburns. Will you pass this on to your offspring? Explain. 13. Why is meiosis called reduction division? What does meiosis produce?

14 14. What is independent assortment? When does it occur? 15. What is crossing over? When does it occur? 16. What is the result of independent assortment and crossing over with respect to genes and chromosomes? 17. Complete this table comparing binary fission, mitosis and meiosis. Characteristic Binary Fission Mitosis Meiosis Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Produces 2 daughter cells Produces 4 daughter cells Occurs in eukaryotes Occurs in prokaryotes Produces haploid cells Daughter cells are diploid Contributes to genetic diversity Daughter cells are identical to parents Supports embryological development

15 Molecular Genetics 1. Describe the general structure of DNA. 2. Why is DNA replication important to the cell? When does it take place? 3. a. Where does transcription take place? b. What happens in transcription? Which nucleic acids are involved? c. Where does translation take place? d. What happens in translation? Which nucleic acids are involved? e. What happens in transcription? Which nucleic acids are involved? 4. How are amino acids related to protein synthesis? 5. What is a codon? How many codons are there? How many amino acids are there? What amino acid begins all proteins? 6. How does the information above help you answer the question, Are all mutations harmful? 7. Which is more significant a mutation in the DNA of a somatic cell or a germ (gamete) cell? Explain.

16 Genetic Code: Why do we say the genetic code is universal? Mutations: 1. What is a silent mutation? 2. What is a missense mutation? 3. What is a nonsense mutation? For each description, identify the type of mutation or general term. 1. This type of mutation changes a gene s reading frame: 2. A piece of DNA is abnormally copied one or more times: 3. A piece of DNA is removed: 4. A piece of DNA is added: 5. A piece of DNA moves to a different chromosome: 6. Which is a more dangerous mutation a point mutation or a frameshift? Explain.