Cell Structure and Function

Transcription

1 Quarter 2 Review Biology Cell Structure and Function Identify the organelles AND give function of each Looking at the above diagram, what does the structure labeled 1 do? Why is that important? 6. Looking at the above diagram, which organelle breaks down food particles to make energy? 7. Looking at the above diagram, what is the name and function of #7 8. The jelly-like substance in cells that supports organelles is called. 9. The is the large central sac in plant cells that stores water and wastes. 10. What structure do cells need to make proteins? 11. In which organelle does DNA replication take place? 12. The, the cell s powerhouse that converts glucose to energy (ATP) during cell respiration.

2 13. Name the 2 structures that are found in animal cells and not found in plant cells. a. and. 14. What does the cell membrane consist of? Draw and label it. 15. In which organelle does photosynthesis take place in plants? Draw it 16. What type of cell needs the most mitochondria? (nerve, muscle, blood, or bacteria) Why? Cell Transport 1. Label the diagrams as isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic based on the environment outside of the cell. Draw an arrow indicating which way water will move. Key: = water (H2O), = sugar 2. Describe the different types of proteins located in the cell membrane and what their functions are. 3. Draw a picture of what a cell (model: grape) would look like in each of these types of solutions. Describe the mass change in each and water movement. A. Hypotonic B. Hypertonic C. Isotonic (Tap Water) (Glucose Solution) (Grape Juice) 4. What is the differences and similarities between each of the following processes? (Do not just write the definition. Use comparative terms. You may also draw pictures to illustrate the differences) a. osmosis & diffusion b. active & passive transport

3 c. exocytosis & endocytosis d. transport proteins & receptor proteins 5. Describe the function of the 3 main types of proteins found in the cell membrane. a. marker b. receptor A 6. Looking at the picture labeled to the right, which one displays enodycytosis? 7. Which one displays exocytosis? 8. Does the picture to the right exhibit passive or active transport? B Protein Synthesis 1. DNA stands for ; RNA stands for 2. 3 Differences between DNA & RNA Nucleic Acid 5-C Sugar Shape Base-pairing DNA RNA 3. Fill in the chart regarding RNA types. Type of RNA Name of RNA Type Location Function mrna trna rrna 4. Three nucleotides of mrna is called a: 5. One codon codes for one: 6. Proteins (polypeptides) are made up of smaller molecules called and are held together by bonds processes involved in protein synthesis: 1. and Why is DNA important in protein synthesis (the making of proteins)? 9. Transcription (DNA mrna) Transcription occurs in the. The DNA unwinds/unzips and serves as a template/pattern to make mrna. The mrna leaves through the and goes to the in the of a cell. The DNA closes and winds back up.

4 10. Translation (mrna amino acid sequence = protein) Translation occurs in the. Describe translation. Use diagram below for Ques What determines the amino acid sequence in each protein? 12. Where is mrna synthesized? 13. Where are proteins synthesized? (Questions are adapted from ESC Region 10 Web Cat) 14. a. The molecule labeled 1 represents. b. The molecule labeled 2 represents. c. The molecule labeled 3 represents. 15. Where in the cell did molecule 2 get molecule 3? 16. What molecule is being made when a chain of #3s are linked? 17. Given: DNA Template Strand: T A C C A T G A G Complementary DNA Strand: mrna Strand (Codons): trna Strand (Anticodons): What is the amino acid sequence if the mrna code were: UGG AUC CAU - CGG GGC Karyotypes, Chromosomes and Meiosis 1. Define Karyotype- 2. Where do you find a person s sex chromosomes/how can you tell the sex of a person when looking at their karyotype?

5 3. Are a females sex chromosomes XX or Xy? Males? 4. If someone had trisomy 21, how would their karyotype be different? 5. What is Down s syndrome? 6. What is Klienfelter s syndrome? 7. What is a chromatin? 8. What are chromatids? 9. Analyze the karyotype. Total # Chromosomes = # autosomes = #sex chromosomes = Is this person male or female? What disorder (if any) do they have? How can you tell? 10. Analyze the karyotype. Total # Chromosomes = # autosomes = #sex chromosomes = Is this person male or female? What disorder (if any) do they have? How can you tell? 11. Down syndrome is found on chromosomes number. 12. What is the difference between trisomy and monosomy? 13. Is Turner s syndrome monosomy or trisomy? Where is it located?

6 14. If a chromosome looked like this.. a. What would inversion look like? b. What would duplication look like? c. What would deletion look like? 15. If an organism has 52 chromosomes in its somatic cell it will have chromosomes in its gamete cells? 16. What types of cells are gametes? 17. What type of cells are somatic cells? 18. In humans we have 46 chromosomes in our somatic cells. After mitosis we have number of cells with number of chromosomes in each. After meiosis we have number of cells with number of chromosomes in each. 19. If an organism s haploid number is 44, how many chromosomes will be in its somatic cells? 20. A rabbit has 44 chromosomes (or 22 pair). Answer the following questions based on this information. A. What is the diploid number of chromosomes? B. How many TOTAL chromosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit? C. How many autosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit? D. How many sex chromosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit? E. What is the haploid number of chromosomes? F. How many TOTAL chromosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit? G. How many autosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit? A B H. How many sex chromosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit? 21. Which type of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) is asexual? Sexual? 22. Which type of cell division creates more genetic diversity? 23. Looking at the picture to the right, which diagram displays mitosis? Which displays meiosis? 24. How can you tell the difference between the two diagrams in terms of daughter cells, haploid vs diploid, gamatic cells vs somatic cells