BIO Animal Form and Function Midterm examination Worth either 10% or 15% of your final grade. Friday, February 10, 2017

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1 BIO Animal Form and Function Midterm examination Worth either 10% or 15% of your final grade Friday, February 10, 2017 Please read and sign in the space provided to acknowledge these instructions: a) a) Cellular phones, unauthorized electronic devices or course notes (unless an open-book exam) are not allowed during this exam. Phones and devices must be turned off and put away in your bag. Do not keep them in your possession, such as in your pockets. If caught with such a device or document, the following may occur: you will be asked to leave immediately the exam, academic fraud allegations will be filed which may result in you obtaining a 0 (zero) for the exam. b) Place your name and student number in the space provided below. Be sure that your name is on the top of each page because the exam will be separated to facilitate marking c) Circle the lab section for your lab. This information is used to get the exam back to you. d) Check to be sure that your exam is complete with a total of 13 pages including this one e) Answer all questions in the space provided on the exam. Do not transfer answers to the back of the page f) The exam is out of 85 pts. Name: Signature: Student No: Circle your lab section: Tue: A1-BSC312, A5-BSC330. Wed: A2-BSC312, A6-BSC330 Thu: A3-BSC312, A7-BSC330 Fri:.. A4 -BSC312,

2 15 pts Part 1. Briefly explain what each of the following biological terms means. Where possible include an example in your definition from a group or an organism to which the term applies. Schizogony {part of the malaria life cycle} {multiple fission/single cells divide to produce multiple cells} {produces merozoites and or trophozoites} Ootype In the {Parasitic flatworms} {Site where egg is provisioned with nutrients} and {fertilized and shell added}, {if present Mehils gland may add shell/ provide lubricant to move egg into uterus} Must have first and any of the others to a maximum of 3 points Water expulsion vesicle {Freshwater protozoans must say freshwater protozoan alone is not enough and protist is not a part of a correct answer} {osmogulatory structure not excretory structure} {part of endo membrane system} {removes the excess water that enters the cell} Must have first and of the other three to a maximum of 3 points Opisthokonta {Protist super group}{single flagellum (unikont) behind the protist as it swims/pushes the protist as it swims}{includes ancestor to the animals and fungi} Larval amplification {asexual reproduction} in {multicellular organisms} it doesn t occur in protozoans such as malaria {example fluke life cycle but must give an example in the life cycle: redea, inside sporocyst or cercaria inside the redia, are both possible answers. It s not enough for the third point to say simply in the fluke life cycle} 1,1,1 Page 2 of 13

3 20 pts Part 2 Answer each of the following multiple choice questions by placing an in the space to the left of the correct choice. There is only one correct answer for each 2.1 In the anthozoa these ciliated tracts circulate water through the gastrovascular cavity to maintain the hydrostayic skeleton. A. Siphonoglyphs B. Mesenteries C. Manubria D. Rhopalia E. Oral discs 2.2 The evolutionary ancestors of mitochondria are believed to have been ancient A. Green bacteria. B. Archaea. C. Proteobacteria. D. Cyanobacteria. 2.3 A gravid tapeworm proglottid: A. Contains only male reproductive organs. B. Contains only female reproductive organs. C. Is filled with mature eggs that fill the uterus. D. Is found near the scolex 2.4 Members of this Cnidrian class never have medusa. A. Cubazoa B. Anthozoa C. Schyphozoa D. Hydrozoa E. Mesozoa Page 3 of 13

4 2.5 Among flatworms, when a digestive tract is present, it has A. A single opening, the mouth B. Two openings, mouth and anus C. A single opening, the anus D. No external openings E. A nephridiopore opening 2.6 Which of the following best describes the microtubular arrangement of either cilia or flagella? A. Nine peripheral triplets of microtubules. B. Nine peripheral pairs of microtubules plus a central pair C. Nine peripheral triplets and a central pair D. Nine peripheral pairs plus two central pair 2.7 Which of the following characteristics is true of all protists? A. Contain a nucleus B. Unicellular C. Photosynthetic D. Smaller than animal cells E. Have a cell wall 2.8 This type of sponge architecture has oscula but no spongocoel A. Asconoid B. Leuconoid C. Syconoid D. Asteroid Page 4 of 13

5 2.9 Bath sponges have skeletons made of A. Calcareous spicules B. Silicaceous spicules C. Mesohyl D. Spongin E. None of the above 2.10 Between the two sheets of cells that make up a sponge is a jellylike layer referred to as the A. Mesoderm B. Mesenchyme C. Mesoglea D. Mesohyl E. Endocyme 2.11 In ciliate protozoans undigested food is removed from the cell in a special region, the A. Cytopyge B. Oral membranelles C. Cytopharynx D. Cytostome E. Cytoproct 2.12 According to the latest research, which of the following BEST describes the first eukaryote? A. It contained a nucleus and a chloroplast, but not a mitochondrion. B. It contained a nucleus, a mitochondrion, and a chloroplast. C. It contained a nucleus and a mitochondrion, but not a chloroplast. D. It lacked a nucleus, but contained a mitochondrion and a chloroplast. Page 5 of 13

6 2.13 A monophyletic taxon is one that contains: A. An ancestor and all of its descendants. B. An ancestor and some of its descendants. C. Organisms from different evolutionary lineages. D. An ancestor and those descendants that still resemble it. E. Organisms that resemble each other because they live in similar environments 2.14 Schyphozoa have these specialized sensory structures called, located in notches at the margin of the medusa. A. Statoliths B. Statocysts C. Colloblasts D. Nematocysts E. Rhopalia 2.15 Some protists have a pellicle, which is used for A. Water absorption. B. Defensive purposes. C. Structural support. D. Food storage The collar of a choanocyte A. Regulates the diameter of the osculum B. Filters food from the water C. Regulates the diamter of the ostia D. Secrete the digestive enzymes Page 6 of 13

7 2.17 In the ciliates this serves as the genetic reserve of the cell. A. Macronucleus B. Polyploid nucleus C. Triploid nucleus D. Micronucleus 2.18 Sexual reproduction in ciliates involves a process called. A. Conjugation B. Gametogany C. Sporogony D. Cohabitation E. Copulation 2.19 Specialized cells in sponges are capable of doing all but one of the following A. Detect environmental stimulii B. Regulate the flow of water through the sponge C. Secrete the skeleton D. Extract nutrients from water E. Produce gametes 2.20 The causive organism for malaria is: A. Plasmodium B. Trypanosoma C. Isopora D. Paramecium E. None of the above Page 7 of 13

8 26 pts Part 3: Complete the following sentences using the appropriate terms. Place the term in the space in the sentence or at the end of the sentence. 3.1 This body organ is often found attached to the nutritive cord of a bryozoan. Testis/statoblast 3.2 The ciliated cause of the unique symmetry of anthozoans. Siphonoglyphs 3.3 These help freshwater bryozoans get through harsh environmental conditions winter, for example. Statoblast 3.4 These move and mix the contents of the cnidarian digestive system. Cilia 3.5 The name given to the first animal from which a bryozoan colony grows. Ancestrula 3.6 Jellyfish is the common name given to animals in the cnidarian class. Scyphozoa 3.7 These cover the surface of a lophophore and they move water across its surface. Cilia 3.8 These cellular structures on the digestive epithelium of all animals is evidence to the ancient choanocyte ancestor of the Kingdom Animalia. Microvilli 3.9 The common name for a trematode. Fluke 3.10 This part of the bryozoan stomach is connected to the anus. Pyloric 3.11 The external opening of the protonephridia on the outer body wall of a flatworm. Nephridiopore 3.12 The part of a bryozoan that includes the lophophore and retractable parts of the body. Polypide 3.13 This coelomic space is either very small or missing in lophophorate animals. Protocoel 3.14 Most of the digestive tract of a bryozoan is suspended inside which body cavity. Metacoel 3.15 In the scyphozoan life cycle, once the planula settles it turns into this. Scyphostoma 3.16 The number of different sponge architectures. Three 3.17 These are also called flame cells. Protonephridia Page 8 of 13

9 3.18 Most of a flatworm's body mass is made of this tissue that fills the space between the epidermis and digestive tract. Parenchyma 3.19 Muscles are located on these structure inside the anthozoan gastrovascular cavity (Two words) Toxins 3.20 Another name for a bryozoan colony. Parasitic 3.21 Sponges are becoming of interest because not only do they protect themselves with spicules but also produce these to defend themselves. Toxins/poisons 3.22 Most species of flatworms have this type of life cycle. Parasitic 3.23 Gastrozooids have this responsibility in a hydrozoan colony. Feeding 3.24 Unlike all the other cnidarian classes, in this one cnidocytes are found inside the gastrovascular cavity. Anthozoa 3.25 Another name for the yolk gland is this type of gland. Vitelline 3.26 Compared to asconoid and syconoid sponges, the leuconoid sponges have Many/multiple oscula (osculum). Part 4 of the exam starts on the next page Page 9 of 13

10 24 pts Part 4: Answer 4 of the following 8 questions in the space provided. Each is worth 6 points. Do an extra question as a bonus and you could raise your marks by up to 6 points depending on how well you answer the extra fifth question. 4.1 As a result of the combination of findings from DNA sequences, and better interpretation of morphological data, the position of the flatworms (Platyhelminthe) in the phylogeny of the protostomes has changed. What is the change in phylogeny and give two examples of how morphological data has been reinterpreted for this phylum. Change: {Flatworms were originally at the base/the most primitive protostome group}{now known to be the most advanced/derived group} Any two of these examples Example: {position of the mouth on the ventral side of the body/incomplete cephalization}{adaptation to feeding on the ventral side where the animal was attached to the surface} Example: {absence of a coelomic space surrounded by mesoderm} {was lost to flatten them to stick to surfaces/optimize surface:volume ratio} Example: {incomplete gut/lack of an anus}{adaptation of the digestive tract to being highly branched} 4.2 What is the difference between an intermediate and definitive host? Use a metazoan to explain your distinctions between the two. {Definitive host is where the gametes combine in the life-cycle to form the zygote/sexual reproduction}{intermediate any other host where the parasite lives where this doesn t happen/asexual reproduction occurs} This question states metazoan so the malaria life cycle cannot be used for the answer Fluke life cycle: Definitive host {the human/sheep} Intermediate host {the snail} {mericidia enter the small and develop into cercaria} {Dormant form of cercaria (metacercaria) in another host/on vegetation}{ Tapeworm example from course: Definitive host {human} Intermediate host {Pig} {eggs hatch and encyst muscle}{cystocercus dormant stage} {Released when consumed by definitive host Page 10 of 13

11 4.3 Complete the following table by adding the missing taxon with a unique autoapomorphy or by providing one example of an autoapomorphy for the taxon. Taxon An autoapomorphic character Cnidaria Protostomia Trochozoa Hydrozoa Animalia Platyhelminthes Porifera Cnidocytes Blastopore become mouth Trochophore larva Velum Any one of 1) Ingestive heterotrophs, 2) Collagen 3) Choanocyte as original cell 4) Cells with different functions Any one of: 1) Incomplete gut 2) Reproductive system for hermaphrodism Aquiferous system 4.4 Today, how are protostomes differentiated from deuterostomes? How has the distinction changed over the last 20 years? Now: Protostomes are differentiated by blastopore becoming the mouth (protostome) or anus (deuterostome) In the past: {Protostome traits included: schizocoely and spiral cleavage} and {deuterstome traits included enterocoely and radial cleavage} Must have the pairs correct to get the point. {For each all three were have thought to have occurred together, were monophyletic, grouped when the two lineages separated from each other} {Enterocoely is not monophyletic and is now found in both the protostome and deuterostome lineages} {Spiral cleavage is not found in the ecdysozoa part of the protostome lineage} {Shizoceoly is not at the base of the protostome lineage but in the Trochozoa (Lophotrochozoa lineage} One point if it is only stated that: {These other traits are not located at the split between protostomes and deuterostomes in the current phylogeny} Page 11 of 13

12 4.5 The beatings of cilia and flagella have some things in common and others that differ. What are the similarities and differences? Similarities: {Structure is a 9+2 arrangements of microtubules must say mictrotubules and not just 9+2 to get this point}{microtubules connected to each other with dynein arms} {Dyenin motor on the arm walks along the adjacent microtubules or statements that they understand how the dynein motor works.}{use an underlying pellicle to reinforce plasma membrane against force} Differences: Cilia are shorter/more numerous than flagella which are longer and either single or paired}{how they beat: Cilia beat using a recovery stroke at right angles to power stroke}{cilia beat in a metachronal wave} Flagella have two ways of beating {planar where the recovery and power stroke are in the same plane/nochange in angle} or {Spins in helicoid pattern} 4.6 Briefly describe what an enterocoel is and how it is formed and which animal have one. {forms from endoderm/archenteron/primitive gut}{after gastrulation}{pockets of mesoderm form}{coelom present when forms}{tripartite/three coelomic spaces} {name the spaces: protocoel, mesocoel, and metacoel} Page 12 of 13

13 4.7 Ciliates engage in conjugation as a form of sexual reproduction. Describe the processes associated with conjugation. {two paramecia fuse together}{micronucleus undergoes meiosis} {two meiotic nuclei fuse one from each paramecium}{remaining micronuclei and macronuclei disappear}{separate as syncaryon}{micronucleus divides to form new macronucleus} 4.8 Freshwater invertebrate face certain challenges compared to their marine compartments. Using examples we have seen in class explain what are these challenges and give two examples of how they are overcome. Because this question is about animals Protozoans can t be a part of the answer. Freshwater environments: {Subject to changes in temperature/drying up}{water is isotonic/influx of water because of salt concentration differences} Temperature: Overwintering bodies- {Gemmules in sponges} {Statoblasts in Bryozoa} Hypotonic {Water expulsion vesicle in sponges}{protonephridia in flatworms Page 13 of 13