Porifera. BIO2135 Animal Form & Function ACD. Page 1. Kingdom Animalia. Cladistics Useful terms. Cladistics - Useful terms

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1 Kingdom Animalia 1 Cladistics - Useful terms Apomorphies Derived characters within a group Plesiomorphies Primitive characters within a group Synapomorphies Derived characters shared between groups Symplesiomorphies Shared primitive characters that are shared between groups Autoapomorphies Shared derived characters that define a taxon 2 Cladistics Useful terms A AC AB ACD ACE C= Apomorphy C= Synapomorphy A= Symplesiomorphy A= Plesiomorphy E= Autapomorphy BIO1130 Organismal Biology 3 Page 1

2 Chelicera (Autoapomorphy) Chelicerata Crustacea Tracheata Chelicerata Jointed appendages (Symplesiomorphy) Jointed appendages (Symplesiomorphie) Arthropoda Jointed appendages (Autoapomorphy) Mandibles (Symplesiomorphy) Mandibulata Mandibles (Autoapomorphy) 4 Monophyletic D E G H J K C F I B A 5 Polyphyletic D E G H J K C F I B A 6 Page 2

3 Paraphyletic D E G H J K C F I B A 7!! Animalia (Autapomorphies) Multicellular, eukaryotes, Ingestive heterotrophs Cells with different functions Choanocytes Collagen Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa Arthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Collagen Tropochollagen subunit High glycine/proline gly-x-pro 9 Page 3

4 Cellular organization Unicellular: single cells Parazoans: without true tissues Metazoans: with tissues or organs Unicellular Parazoan Eumetazoan 10 Basic animal body symmetries Asymmetric Radial Bilateral Assymetric Radial Bilateral 11 Assymetric 12 Page 4

5 Radial symmetry 13 Bilateral symmetry 14 Body symmetry Asymmetric Radial symmetry Biradial symmetry Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa Arthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Page 5

6 Phylum Porifera 16 Extant Animalia ~1,300,000 species Parazoa (1.2%) Radiata (0.9%) Protostomia (3.9%) Platyzoa (2.2%) Platyhelminthes (1.9%) Others (0.3%) Lophotrochozoa (9.8%) Mollusca (8.5%) Annelida (0.9%) Others (0.5%) Ecdysozoa (82.0%) Crustecea (3.1%) Chelicerata (7.6%) Atelocerata (70.3%) Others (1.1%) Deuterostomia (4.0%) Chordata (3.5%) Others (0.4%) Poriferan diversity - tube sponges 18 Page 6

7 Poriferan diversity - tube sponges 19 Poriferan diversity - barrel sponge 20 Poriferan diversity 21 Page 7

8 Poriferan diversity glass sponge 22! Porifera (Autapomorphies) Asymmetric body plan Cells but no tissues Use of choanocytes in an aquiferous system Totipotent cells! Porifera Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Gnathostomulida Cycliophora Rotifera Annelida Mollusca Sipuncula Nemertea Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa Arthropoda Tardigrada Onychophora Nematomorpha Nematoda Priapulida Kinorhyncha Loricifera Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Cell layers NOT tissues Pinacoderm Mesohyl Choanoderm 24 Page 8

9 Cellular body wall Pinocoderm Pinococytes Porocytes Mesohyl Archeocytes Sclerocytes Spongocytes Choanoderm Choanocytes 25 Pinacocyte 26 Porocyte 27 Page 9

10 Other cells Archeocytes (Amebocytes) 28 Sclerocytes 29 Sponge spicules - Skeleton Calcium carbonate Silica Spongin 30 Page 10

11 Choanocyte function Food capture Ventilation Reproduction 31 Choanoderm - Feeding and Digestion Choanocyte flagellum Microvillar collar Food vacuole Amebocyte in the mesohyl 32 Identifying sponge architectures (Aquiferous system) Location of choanocytes How water reaches and leaves choanocytes Number of oscula Presence of porocytes 33 Page 11

12 Asconoid sponges Aquiferous system Osculum Spongocoel Ostium Porocyte 34 Syconoid sponges Aquiferous system Osculum Spongocoel Choanocyte Radial canal Incurrent pore Mesohyl Incurrent canal 35 Leuconoid sponges Aquiferous system Osculum Excurrent canal Incurrent pore Incurrent canal Choanocyte chamber 36 Page 12

13 Sponge sex an example of totipotency Choanoctyes become sperm Archeocytes form egg 37 Poriferan reproduction Micropyle Sexual Spicule Asexual Budding Fragmentation Gemmule formation 38 Page 13