Proterozoic Eon. BIO1130 Organismal Biology. Page 1. Phanerozoic Paleozoic era. Phanerozoic. Paleozoic era. Major Era

Transcription

1 Phanerozoic Paleozoic era 1 Geological time scale and building height ( 1floor 60Ma, 72 floors, 12 feet/floor) Major Era Phanerozoic Cenozoic (65 Ma to present time, 72 nd floor) Mesozoic ( Ma, 65 th to 71 st ) Paleozoic ( Ma, 63 th to 65 th ) Proterozoic (2, Ma) Archaean (3,800 2,500 Ma) Hadean (4,500 3,800 Ma) 2 Paleozoic periods Paleozoic era Cambrian Ma Ordovician Ma Silurian Ma Devonian Ma Carboniferous Ma Permian Ma 3 Page 1

2 Figure Cambrian and Ordovician periods 5 Burgess shales Yoho National park 6 Page 2

3 The Cambrian explosion 7 Burgess shales and its unusual invertebrates 8 Burgess shales and its unusual invertebrates 9 Page 3

4 Colonial choanocyte ancestor 10 Animalia (Autapomorphies) Multicellular eukaryotes Ingestive heterotrophs Cells with different functions Choanocytes Collagen Animal architecture Tissues None, diploblastic, or triploblastic Symmetry and cephalization Asymmetry, radial, and bilateral symmetry Embryology Protostome and deuterostome Body cavities Coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate 12 Page 4

5 (Autapomorphies) Use of choanocytes in an aquiferous system Cells but no tissues Totipotent cells Asymmetric body plan Sponge architecture Osculum Spongocoel Choanoderm Amoebocytes Pore Collar Spicules Pinacoderm Flagellum Cell body Choanocyte Figure Sponge sex Choanoctyes become sperm Archeocytes (sponge stem cells) form egg Figure Page 5

6 1 2 Animal innovations (Symplesiomorphies) 1. Gap (Septate) junctions Loss of the choanocyte 2. True tissues with all components Internal digestive epithelium Oral-aboral axis and symmetry Syndermata Animal architecture Tissues None, diploblastic, or triploblastic Symmetry and cephalization Asymmetry, radial, and bilateral symmetry Embryology Protostome and deuterostome Body cavities Coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate 17 Gap (septate) junctions (Connexon) BIO2135 Animal Form & Function 18 Page 6

7 Animal architecture: Tissues No tissues Diploblastic germ layers Ectoderm and endoderm Triploblastic germ layers Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm 19 Gastrulation - digestive epithelium Ectoderm Archenteron Endoderm 20 Animal architecture Symmetry and cephalization Assymetric Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry and cephalization Figure Page 7

8 (Autapomorphies) Cnidocytes Polyp body plan Epitheliomusculature Cnidocytes () Nematocyst Barbs Cnidocil Figure Body wall hydrostatic skeleton () Mesoglea Gastrodermis Epidermis Nutritive cell Gland cell Circ. muscle Long. muscle Cnidocyte Nerve cell Figure Page 8

9 Polyp Mesoglea Medusa 25 Jellyfish Gastrozooid Gonozooid Female medusa Male medusa Meiosis Branching polyp Fertilization Sperm Egg Zygote Developing polyp Planula larva Figure Corals? 27 Page 9

10 Coral reefs Polyp Skelton Figure Animal innovations (Symplesiomorphies) 1. Triploblastic Mesodermal musculature 2. Bilateral symmetry Animal architecture Tissues None, diploblastic, or triploblastic Symmetry and cephalization Asymmetry, radial, and bilateral symmetry Embryology Protostome and deuterostome Body cavities Coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate 30 Page 10

11 Animal architecture Embryology - cleavage 4 cell embryo 8 cell embryo Spiral cleavage Radial cleavage Figure 25.5a 31 Animal architecture Embryology - gastrulation Blastula Gastrula Ectoderm Endoderm Gut Blastopore Figure Animal architecture Embryology coelom formation Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Coelom Gut (Archenteron) Schizocoel Enterocoel Figure 25.5b 33 Page 11

12 Protostomes vs deuterostomes Protostomes Blastopore mouth Spiral cleavage Schizocoely Deuterostomes Blastopore anus Radial cleavage Enterocoley BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 34 Animal architecture Body cavities Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate 35 Animal architecture Body cavities - Acoelomate Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Coelom Epidermis Gut Internal organs Body wall Figure 25.4a 36 Page 12

13 Animal architecture Body cavities - Pseudoelomate Epidermis Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Coelom Gut Pseudocoelom Body wall Internal organs Figure 25.4b 37 Animal architecture Body cavities - Coelomate Epidermis Coelom Body wall Internal organs Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Coelom Gut Figure 25.4c 38 Protostomia (autapomorphy) Blastopore is mouth, Spiral cleavage Schizocoelus Page 13

14 Three main protostome groups Food particles Water current Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Lophophore or Trochophore larval stage Platyzoa Figure 33-5 Mouth Gut Mouth Anus Anus Cilia used in locomotion and feeding Figure Protostome taxa 1 Ecdysozoa Exoskeleton (Cuticle) Moulting 2 Lophotrochozoa 3 Platyzoa Ecdysozoa (autapomorphies) Moulted protein cuticle No surface cilia Page 14

15 Symplesiomorphies 1. Collagenous cuticle without microvilli Longitudinal but no circular muscles 2. Epitheliomuscular pharynx 1 2 Animal architecture Tissues None, diploblastic, or triploblastic Symmetry and cephalization Asymmetry, radial, and bilateral symmetry Embryology Protostome and deuterostome Body cavities Coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate 44 Animal architecture Body cavities - Pseudoelomate Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Coelom Epidermis Gut Pseudocoelom Body wall Internal organs Figure 25.4b 45 Page 15

16 Intestine Pseudocoel Gonad Epidermis Muscle Cuticle Nerve cord Figure Ascaris body wall detail Nucleus Protoplasmic extension Nerve cord Contractile muscle element 47 Epitheliomuscular pharynx Pharynx Pharynx bulb Excretory canal 48 Page 16

17 Triradiate pharynx Cuticle Pharyngeal muscles Pharyngeal lumen Longitudinal muscle Pseudocoelom Nerve cord 49 Panarthropoda (Autapomorphies) Cuticle with chitin Food manipulated by limbs (Autapomorphies) Oral papillae with slime glands Body wall musculature continuous sheet Unarticulated limbs Page 17

18 BIO3334 Invertebrate Zoology 52 Ecdysozoa Antenna Oral papilla Jaw Figure Claw Video 53 (Autapomorphies) Articulated exoskeleton of plates Muscles arranged in bands Compound eye Page 18

19 Arthropods: Trilobites Ecdysozoa Figure Video 55 : Crustacea Ecdysozoa Cephalothorax (Head and thorax) Antenna Mouthparts Tail (Uropods and telson) Cheliped Walking legs Swimming legs (Swimmerets) Figure Filter feeding Food groove leading to the head BIO1130 Organismal biology 10:25 57 Page 19

20 : Crustacea Ecdysozoa Top predator Fishes Invertebrates Large Small Zooplankton Primary consumers Phytoplankton (primary producers) Large Dissolved nutrients Small Figure Three main protostome groups Food particles Water current Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Lophophore or Trochophore larval stage Platyzoa Figure 33-5 Mouth Gut Mouth Anus Anus Cilia used in locomotion and feeding Figure Spiralia (Autapomorphy) Spiral cleavage Syndermata Page 20

21 Lophotrochozoa Either presence of a U shaped gut and lophophore or Trochophore larval stage Lophophorates Lophophore U-shaped gut Brozoans 63 Page 21

22 Lophophorates Ciliated tentacles Mouth 64 Trochozoa (autapomorphy) Presence of the trochophore larval stage Syndermata Trochophore larva Apical tuft Stomach Ciliary band Mouth Anus BIO3334 Invertebrate Zoology Figure Page 22

23 Animal innovations (symplesiomorphies) 1. Trochophore 2. Schizocoel, 3. Dorsal heart and pericardial cavity Radula Dorsal mantle Calcareous spicules or shells Ventral ciliated muscular foot Molluscs Trochozoa 69 Page 23

24 Mollusc traits Stomach and digestive gland Radula Mantle and shell Mantle cavity Gill Foot 70 Mollusc radula Radular teeth 71 Snails (Gastropods) Figure Gill Anus Mantle Mouth Figure 25.25b Digestive system Foot Figure 25.25a 72 Page 24

25 Squids and octopods (Cephalopods) Mouth Mantle Anus Gill Figure Ammonites 74 Clams (Bivalves) Anus Mouth Gill Figure Digestive system Foot Figure Mantle 75 Page 25

26 Three main protostome groups Food particles Water current Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Lophophore or Trochophore larval stage Platyzoa Figure 33-5 Mouth Gut Mouth Anus Anus Cilia used in locomotion and feeding Figure (autapomorphies) Metamerisim of mesodermal structures Four bundles of setae : marine worms Trochozoa 78 Page 26

27 : metamerization Trochozoa Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle Coelom Setae Figure 25-29e 79 : marine worms Trochozoa Jaws Teeth Palps Tentacles Eyes Setae Figure Platyzoa Loss of coelom, Acoelomate or pseudocoelom Loss of metanephridia, and circulatory system Syndermata Page 27

28 (Autapomorphy) Incomplete gut Complex reproductive system associated with hermaphrodism Animal architecture Body cavities - Acoelomate Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Coelom Epidermis Gut Internal organs Body wall Figure 25.4a 83 Flat worms () Digestive system Pharynx Mouth Figure Page 28

29 Flat worms () Ovary Yolk glands Oviduct Seminal receptacle Genital pore Testis Sperm duct Seminal vesicle Penis Figure Fluke Clonorchis Life cycle Miracidium (Free living) Adult Metacercaria Sporocyst Cercaria (Free living) Redia BIO2135 Animal Form and Function 86 Deuterostomia (autapomorphies) Blastopore becomes the anus Enterocoelic coelom Radial cleavage Page 29

30 (Autapomorphies) Pentaramous symmetry Water vascular system Mutable connective tissue Starfish and relatives Adult radial symmetry Larva bilateral symmetry Figure Starfish and relatives 90 Page 30

31 Water vascular system Madreporite Radial canal Ampulla Ring canal Tube feet Figure An explanation for the Cambrian explosion Snowball earth Burrowing Shelled arms race Developmental hox genes 92 Snowball earth Slushball earth Figure Page 31

32 Early animal evolution Burgess shale fossils 505 Ma Ediacara fossils Ma Doushantou fossils Ma 94 Doushantuo fossils Ma 95 Ediacaran fossils Ma (Mistaken point NFLD) Protoanimals of Mistaken point Australian footprints 96 Page 32

33 Cambrian burrowers Advantages Feeding Anchorage Protection Ediacaran benthic zone Cambrian benthic zone 97 Homeotic genes Figure Homeotic genes Hox genes Figure Fruit fly embryo Mouse embryo 99 Page 33

34 Homeotic genes Hox genes Normal fruit fly Homeotic mutant Haltere Figure Homeotic genes Hox genes 101 Mass extinctions Extinction intensity Millions of years ago Figure Page 34

35 Figure Mass extinctions Extinction intensity Millions of years ago Figure Page 35