Zoology Name: Block: Exercise #7: The Sponges, Phylum Porifera Lab Guide

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1 Zoology Name: Block: Exercise #7: The Sponges, Phylum Porifera Lab Guide Members of the phylum Porifera are considered the simplest metazoans, they are little more than a loose grouping of cells, with little or no tissue organization. There is a division of labor among their cells, but no organs, no systems, no mouth or digestive tract, and only a very simple nervous system. Adult sponges are all sessile (stationary) in form. Some have no regular form or symmetry (asymmetrical). They may be either solitary or live in colonies. The main characteristics of sponges are their pores and canal systems. They have feeding cells with flagella called choanocytes. These line their cavities and create currents of water. They have an internal skeleton of spicules or organic fibers called spongin. They also have some form of internal cavity called a spongocoel which opens to the outside by the osculum. Most are marine but a few live in freshwater. Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea: these are sponges with spicules of calcium carbonate. These spicules can be needle shaped or three-rayed or four-rayed. The canal system is classified as being ascanoid, Syconoid, or leuconoid. All are marine. Ex. Sycon, Leucosolenia Class Hexactinellida: these are sponges with three dimensional, six rayed siliceous spicules that are often united in a network. The body form is often cylindrical or funnel shaped. The canal system is Syconoid or leuconoid. All are marine, mostly deep water. Class Demospongiae: these sponges have siliceous spicules, spongin, or both. The canal system is leuconoid. There is one freshwater family, the rest are marine. Most sponges belong to this class. Exercise 7A: Class Calcarea Sycon The Sycon sponge is strictly marine. Lives in clusters in shallow water usually attached to rocks or shells. It is a Syconoid type of sponge with a body wall made up of tiny, interconnected, dead-end canals whose cells have flagella to draw in water from the outside through very small pores. They take from this water food particles and oxygen. This water empties into a large central cavity so it can then exit to the outside of the animal. External Structure The opening at one end is called the osculum and is surrounded by a fringe of stiff, rod like spicules. The external surface appears bristly when examined under magnification. The body wall is made up of many fingerlike projections pointing outward. Inside each of these projections is a radial canal, which is closed at the outer end, but which is open to the central cavity, called the spongocoel. External spaces between these enclosed canals are called incurrent canals. They open to the outside, but end blindly at the inner end. Water enters the incurrent canals through the dermal ostia and passes through very small openings called prosopyles. Then the water enters into the radial canals and then to the spongocoel and out through the osculum. There is no mouth, anus, or digestive system. There are small pores called apopyles that open from the radial canals into the Spongocoel. Sometimes the radial canals will contain young larvae called amphiblastula larvae. Cellular Structure Sponge cells are loosely arranged in a gelatin like mass called mesohyl (sometimes called mesenchyme). The mesohyl is the connective tissue of sponges, holding together the various types of ameba like cells, skeletal elements, and fibers that make up the sponge body. The choanocytes in Sycon will line the radial canals and have flagella. These flagella beat to help draw water and/or food into the sponge. The pinacocytes may be seen as extremely thin cells lining the incurrent canals and spongocoel and covering the outer surface. Amebocytes will be found in the jelly like mesohyl that lies in the wall between the pinacocytes and

2 choanocytes. Some of these amebocytes may differentiate (change) into spicule forming cells, sex cells, spongin secreting cells, contractile cells or help in digestion. Sponges are monoecious (have both male and female sex cells in the same individual). Eggs and sperm are produced in the mesohyl. The eggs are fertilized and undergo cleavage (cell division) in the same mesohyl. They will develop into little blastula like embryos called amphiblastula larvae. These larvae will break into the radial canals and finally leave the parent through the Osculum. These larvae will settle down on a substrate and grow into sessile adults. Many sponges also reproduce asexually by budding off new individuals from their base, forming sessile clusters. Freshwater sponges and some marine Demospongiae will reproduce using gemmules. These are made up of clusters of amebocytes. Gemmules of freshwater sponges are enclosed by hard shells and can withstand harsh conditions in the environment which would normally kill adult sponges. In the spring the cells inside the gemmules will escape and develop into young sponges. The spicules of a sponge can be shaped as short monaxons (short and pointed at both ends), long monaxons (long and pointed), Triradiates (Y-shaped with three prongs), and Polyaxons (T-shaped). Spicule types are used to classify sponges along with the type of canal system they have. (Ex. Demospongiae have siliceous spicules, spongin fibers or a combination of both. The spicules are either straight or curved monaxons or tetraxons, but never six-rayed. The glass sponges have siliceous, triaxon (six-rayed) spicules.)

3 Other Canal Systems in Sponges Asconoid Type Canal System Seen in Leucosolenia, a marine sponge. It grows in a cluster, or colony of tubular individuals in varying stages of growth. The body wall is covered with pinacocytes on the outside and filled with mesohyl that contains amebocytes and spicules. Incurrent pores extend from the external surface directly to the Spongocoel, which is lined with choanocytes. They produce the water current using their flagella and collect food. The Osculum serves as the excurrent outlet of the Spongocoel. Leuconoid Type of Canal System Most sponges are of this type. They have clusters of chambers that are lined with choanocytes. Water enters and leaves the chambers by systems of incurrent and excurrent canals. Water from the excurrent canals is collected into the Spongocoel and emptied through the oscula. Procedure 1. Obtain a preserved sponge from your instructor and place it into a glass dish. Cover your sponge gently with water. Examine your sponge with a hand lens or dissecting microscope. 2. Please SKETCH below and label the following parts: (osculum, spicules, incurrent canal, prosopyle) 3. Now, make a longitudinal cut through the midline of your sponge from the osculum to the base with a sharp razor blade. Keep both halves covered with water. 4. Please SKETCH what you see below and label the following parts: (apopyles)

4 5. Next, use the prepared slide of a cross section (cs) of Sycon to examine under low power. 6. Please SKETCH what you see below and label the following parts: (spongocoel, radial canals, apopyle, incurrent canals, dermal ostia (ostium), choanocytes and amphiblastula larvae. Attempt to also see the prosopyles, which can be difficult to see) 7. Place a small bit of sponge on a clean microscope slide and add a drop of commercial bleach. Allow it to set for a few minutes to allow the cellular matter to dissolve. Break it up with a dissecting needle and examine. 8. Please SKETCH what you see below and label the following: (short monaxons, long monaxons, triradiates and polyaxons.) Questions 1. What is the function of the choanocytes? 2. What is the function of the pinacocytes? 3. What would be the advantage of a sessile animal producing a free swimming larvae? 4. A sponge can bud off new individuals. What would be the disadvantage of ONLY reproducing asexually? 5. Describe the pathway of water through Sycon, naming all canals and openings through which water passes from entrance to exit.

5 6. What will drive the flow of water through the sponge? 7. Thinking about the colonial Volvox you viewed in Exercise #6. Explain how a sponge shows evolutionary advancement, as compared to this protozoan. (use online sources if necessary)

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