Unit 2. The pellicle acts as a membrane It maintains the shape of the protozoan but remains flexible Ectoplasm

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1 Kingdom Protista A polyphyletic group containing: Unit 2 Polyphyletic- The Protozoans (Unicellular - can be very complex) Individuals may group together to form colonies Colony Specialized organelles Pellicle The pellicle acts as a membrane It maintains the shape of the protozoan but remains flexible Ectoplasm Endoplasm Contractile vacuoles - possessed by freshwater protozoans (remove excess water) Why only freshwater protozoans? By what process is water removed? Cytostome/pharynx Food vacuoles are produced off of the cytopharynx Feeding is accomplished through absorption of nutrients by active transport ( ) Protozoans are small and only one cell thick They have high surface area to volume ratios Large surface area facilitates diffusion As length of cell doubles: Surface increases as square and volume increases as cube

2 A high surface area to volume ratio allows sufficient gas exchange to occur through the plasma membrane This also allows waste products (ammonia) to be removed across the membrane Reproduction Asexual Binary fission Budding Multiple fission Sexual Formation and fusion of gametes (sex cells) This formation is different in protozoans Most protozoans are (1n) and gametes are produced by mitosis fuse and the is diploid (2n) Zygote splits without replicating it s genome (meiosis) Offspring are now haploid again Lifestyles Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism- Parasitism- e.g. Plasmodium requires a host- an organism that harbors/nourishes another organism; this is the parasites environment many parasites require more than one host (intermediate hosts) Plasmodium, Trypanosoma Autotrophic Heterotrophic

3 Protozoan Taxonomy Flagellated, unicellular or colonial single type of nucleus (no macro or micronucleus) contain sexual and asexual reproduction Volvox (colonial) and Chlamydomonas (unicellular) lack many are human intestinal parasites Giardia lamblia - giardiasis (backpackers disease) lack mitochondria, possess a stiffening rod or some are human parasites- STD s (Trichomonas vaginalis) Flagellated stigma- may contain chlorophyll autotrophic, heterotrophic: (some parasitic or saprozoic) Euglena, Trypanosoma (causative agent of sleeping sickness) some possess chlorophyll and commonly have flagella make up large portion of food web as plankton produce much of our atmospheric oxygen through photosynthesis autotrophic or heterotrophic, Dinoflagellates all parasitic and penetrate host cells with a specialized device called an single nucleus and lack cilia or flagella except on some specialized reproductive structures complex life cycles usually involving more than one host Class most members of the phylum produce a resistant spore or oocyst after sexual reproduction cause a variety of diseases Plasmodium malaria; toxoplasma toxoplasmosis Eimeria and Isospora coccidiosis cilia for locomotion and feeding and a rigid pellicle that has a fixed shape cytostome/pharynx (mouth structure) dimorphic nucleii; larger macronucleus, smaller micronucleus

4 Vorticella, Paramecium, Didinium, Stentor feeding- parasites - Balantidium coli is an intestinal ciliate that causes ulcers mutualistic - others exist in mutualistic relationships ciliates in the rumens of ungulates Amebas form cell extensions called (false feet) used in feeding and locomotion mostly free living; some parasitic have test or shell, or are naked typically freshwater feed on other protists and bacteria feed by reproduces by binary fission only; no known sexual reproduction test = Entamoeba histolytica- causes dysentery Foraminifera- marine amoeba primarily; secrete a symmetrically patterned test make up one of a few protists in the fossil record Amoeba proteus Kingdom Animalia Multicellular animals = Multicellular life has been present on earth for around 550 million years and came about during a period of explosive evolutionary events Theories on the origin of multicellular life: Colonial theory: Syncytial theory

5 Porifera General Characteristics Mostly marine animals consisting of loose, aggregations of cells and are full of holes (porous) A phylum of sessile, filter feeding animals Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical Skeletons of silicon or calcium carbonate forming Possess three basic cell types (cellular specialization): Pinacocytes Archaeocytes- specialized for: Found in (jelly like layer just below the pinacocytes) Reproduction in Porifera Most sponges are (both sexes in one house ) produce both sperm and egg and DO NOT self fertilize - (two houses) each individual produces sperm or eggs not both Sexual Reproduction Sperm (male gamete) formation takes place in Choanocytes of different sponge capture sperm and transport them to the egg Combination of gametes results in the formation of a Zygote to form a larva (flagellated) which is free swimming Larva eventually settles on suitable substrate and becomes a new sponge Asexual Reproduction Budding- Choanocytes- Formation of a resistant capsule containing archaeocytes

6 Feeding in Porifera Particles of micrometers (millionth of a meter) In this way, sponges function to clean water by filtration very important ecologically Possess a central cavity or a series of branching chambers through which water circulates to facilitate filter feeding No organs or tissues There are three basic body forms in sponges: - simplest form least common and body is vase-like openings in porocytes ( ) lead directly to a central chamber (spongocoel) water flows out of the a single opening - body form in which sponge walls appear folded dermal ostia - canals formed by the folding of body walls connected to radial canals by pores lead to lined by - most complex body form consists of extensively branched canal system water flow Classification of Porifera Class Calcarea Spicules composed of needled shaped or rayed ( ) Leuconoid, syconoid, asconoid body forms Marine Common name: calcareous sponges Sycon, Leucosolenia Class Hexactinellida Spicules of usually rayed Sycon or leucon body form Deep marine sponges Common name: glass sponges

7 Class Demospongiae Spicules needle shaped or H rayed Leucon body form only Marine and freshwater Common name: bath sponges Cliona, Spongilla Cnidaria: General Characteristics Radial symmetry Diploblastic (gastrodermis) (epidermis) Mesoglea Gastrovascular cavity Digestion, gas exchange, metabolic waste removal, discharge of gametes Incomplete digestive system NO Hydrostatic skeleton Nerve net How does a nerve net work? First let s look at how a neuron works. Cnidarian neurons work differently Where are the signals going?

8 Possess Cnidocytes Cnidocytes Alternation of generations Cnidarians alternate between a two body forms: Polyp e.g. anemone Medusa e.g. jellyfish Cnidarian Taxonomy Class Hydrozoa Mostly marine, some freshwater Most exhibit even alternation of generations Some are polyps only Nematocysts only in Gametes released outside rather than in GVC Most are colonial polyps (dominate form) Some polyps may be specialized for feeding, defense, and reproduction May form coral like colonies e.g. fire coral May be solitary (polyp) Hydra Medusa possess Class Scyphozoa Dominant body form is the medusa Cnidocytes in as well as epidermis Manubrium modified into (lobes) No velum on medusa Most are harmless may sting Class Cubozoa

9 Polyps? Found in tropical waters deadly Chironex fleckeri sea wasp Class Anthozoa May be colonial or solitary anemones, corals Anenomes Hard Corals Soft corals Ctenophora General Characteristics All marine Locomotion (free-swimming) Radial Symmetry Diploblastic or Triploblastic? May have two tentacles

10 Nervous System Digestive system Reproduction Ctenophora Taxonomy Class Class Homologies with Cnidarians Analogies with Cnidarians

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