Biology 2201 Final Review Guide Exam: Friday, June 16th, 2017 (AM Session: 8:30-11:30) Terms. Unit 1: Matter and Energy for Life

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1 Biology 2201 Final Review Guide Exam: Friday, June 16th, 2017 (AM Session: 8:30-11:30) Terms Unit 1: Matter and Energy for Life cell theory abiogenesis biogenesis field of view prokaryotic eukaryotic organelles cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus endoplasmic reticulum nucleus nucleolus ribosome mitochondria chloroplast vacuole vesicle Golgi apparatus lysosome flagella cell wall phospholipids fluid-mosaic model passive transport active transport diffusion concentration gradient osmosis isotonic hypotonic facilitated diffusion carrier protein hypertonic endocytosis exocytosis pinocytosis phagocytosis photosynthesis aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration Unit 2: Biodiversity biodiversity bacilli cocci spirilli phylogeny amoeba virus paramecium seed capsid taxonomy Linnaeus species binomial nomenclature autotroph dichotomous key heterotroph binary fission alternation of generations vascular tissue non-vascular bryophytes tracheophytes ferns gymnosperms angiosperms sporophyte gametophyte Invertebrate Acoelomate Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord Vertebrate Coelomate Gill Slits Symmetry Pseudocoelomate Cephalization Coelom Hermaphrodite Operculum Asymmetrical Malpighian tubules Radial Symmetry Green glands Bilateral Symmetry Chitin Anterior Head Posterior Thorax Dorsal Abdomen Ventral Caste Differentiation Lateral Notochord

2 Unit 3: Maintaining Homeostasis I Circulatory System homeostasis dynamic equilibrium Circulation Blood plasma platelets Homeotherm poikilotherm integrator negative feedback loop sensory receptor effector Vasoconstriction vasodilation artery Vein capillary erthrocyte Leukocyte macrophage lymphocyte Fibrin vena cava bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve hypertension atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis angioplasty coronary bypass Respiratory System Gas exchange diffusion lungs Pharynx nasal cavity oral cavity Larynx trachea epiglottis inhalation exhalation bronchi Alveoli bronchioles diaphragm Spirograph pneumonia lung cancer asthma lobar pneumonia bronchopneumonia Carcinoma carcinogens surgery Chemotherapy radiation Digestive System protein carbohydrate fats vitamins Minerals chemical digestion mechanical digestion mouth stomach small intestine large intestine duodenum jejunum ileum rectum anal anus pancreas gall bladder liver bile emulsification peristalsis hydrolysis Immune System Infectious Noninfectious Interferons Pus Fever Antibody Antigens Active Immunity Passive Immunity AIDS HIV Autoimmune disorder Allergen Excretory System Nephron Kidney Excretion Detoxification Urinary Bladder Urethra Renal Artery Renal Vein Nephric filtrate ADH Kidney Stones UTI Part of the Kidney(Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis)

3 Unit 4 - Populations Population Community Demography Population size Natality Mortality Immigration Emigration Population density Biotic potential Population growth Steady state Limiting factors Dynamic equilibrium Population distribution Lag phase Density-independent factors Exponential growth curve Environmental resistance Density-dependent factors Carrying capacity Realistic growth curve Equilibrium phase Exponential phase Intraspecific competition Guiding Questions Interspecific competition Competitive exclusion principle Unit 1 Demographic transition model 1.What are the contributions of scientists Redi, Needham, Leeuwenhoek, Spallanzani and Pasteur to the understanding of abiogenesis and biogenesis? 2.Know the function of a microscope and all of its parts. Be able to determine field of view. Place a ruler with mm markings on top of the stage of your microscope. Looking through the lowest power objective, focus your image. Count how many divisions of the ruler fit across the diameter of the field of view. Multiply the number of divisions by 1000 to obtain the field of view in micrometers (µm). 3.Be able to identify organelles of plants and animal cells and explain their function. You must be able to label a cell. 4.Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; animal and plant cells. 5.Explain osmosis. Under which condition does water move into the cell? Out of the cell? Under which condition do equal amounts of water enter and exit the cell? 6.How does osmosis affect plant and animal cells differently? 7.Compare and contrast diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion. 8.Explain the processes of endocytosis, including phagocytosis and pinocytosis, and exocytosis. 9.Demonstrate, using equations, that photosynthesis and aerobic processes are complementary processes.

4 Unit 2 10.How do scientists identify life? (six characteristics) 11.What is the correct order of taxa from broadest to narrowest? (p. 108) 12.How are species named? 13.Why are common names problematic? 14.Why can t viruses being classified using the six kingdom system? 15.Know the T4 life cycle. 16.Briefly describe the kingdom Fungi (unicellular or multicellular, make up of cell wall, nutrition, reproduction, etc.) 17. What are some common examples of fungi? 18. What is the basis for the classification of plants? 19.Compare and contrast the four groups of plants on the basis of: vascular structure, dependency on water, dominant generation, and reproduction. 20. Why are the angiosperms the most diverse and successful plant group? 21. Be able to describe the life cycle of a fern. (Text book p. 173) Unit 3 - Maintaining Homeostasis I Circulatory System 1. List four internal body constants that are maintained by homeostasis. 2. Explain how a homeotherm maintains body temperature. 3. In what situations would vasoconstriction and vasodilation occur? 4. Give an example of how a negative feedback loop works in your body. 5. Explain the three primary cycles in the circulation system. 6. What are the three elements in a circulatory system? 7. What s the difference between an artery, vein and capillary? 8. Describe the components of blood. 9. What is the function of blood? 10. Label the diagram of the heart and explain the pathway of blood (oxygenated and deoxygenated).

5 Respiratory System 1. Explain the need for a respiratory surface in humans 2. Identify and state the function of: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm. 3. Investigate the mechanics of inhalation/exhalation and the regulation of the breathing cycle. 4. Identify how respiratory diseases affect the homeostasis of an organism. -Lung cancer, asthma, and pneumonia 5. Identify the impact of environmental factors on the respiratory system of an asthmatic. - Cigarette smoke - Allergens (dust, mould, food) - Petrochemical fumes, perfumes Digestive System - Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion. - What type of digestion occurs in the mouth? - What purpose does the tongue serve? - What function does the epiglottis serve? - What is peristalsis? - List three sphincters in the digestive system and their locations. - What is the purpose of bile and where is it stored? - How is the surface area of the small intestine increased? Why is this important? - List the three parts of the small intestine and the function of each. - List the enzymes of the digestive system. Where are these enzymes produced? Where do they work? What nutrients are they responsible for digesting? (Table) - How are nutrients absorbed into the circulatory system - What are the six essential nutrients in a balanced diet? What are their roles in the body? Briefly describe their structure. List two sources of each nutrient Excretory System 1. Define Excretion 2. List the 4 organs that are involved in the process of excretion. What substances does each organ excrete? 3. Be able to label a diagram of the Urinary System, A Human Kidney and A Nephron. 4. How do the organs of the excretory system work to maintain homeostasis of the body? 5. Where are the cortex, medulla and pelvis located inside of a kidney? 6. From which substances are each of the three nitrogen-containing waste products produced? 7. Be able to state the function(s) of each part of the Urinary System. 8. What is the glomerulus and what part of the nephron does it deliver blood to? 9. List the important substances that get reabsorbed back into the blood stream from then Proximal Tubule, Descending Loop of Henle, Ascending Loop of Henle and the Collecting Duct.

6 10. Explain why there are times when are urine is very yellow in color and there are other times when our urine is pale or almost colorless. 11. What transport methods move substances into and out of a nephron during Reabsorption, and Secretion? 12. We named three hormones that control the kidneys. What are these hormones? What organs make each of them? What does each hormone do to the kidneys? 13. Why does consuming alcohol or caffeine make you pee more? 14. What happens in dialysis? Immune System 1. What is the immune response? Explain in terms of the 3 lines of defense. 2. What are the different types of white blood cells and how does each act in the defense process? In what ways are immunities acquired? 3. What is an autoimmune disorder? What are some diseases related to autoimmune disorders? 4. What are allergens and antigens and antibodies? How do they act in the allergic reaction? 5. What is a pathogen, and what is your first line of defense against pathogens? What are phagocytes? How do they function in the process of inflammatory response? 6. What is the purpose of a fever? 7. Distinguish between an antigen and an antibody. What is the relationship? 8. Describe the complete immune response. 9. Distinguish between active and passive immunity. Which acts faster? Which lasts longer? 10. What is a macrophage? 11. What is the role of helper T cells? What is the difference between primary and secondary immune response? Unit 4 Questions 1. Distinguish between a population and a community. 2. Distinguish between population size and population density. 3. What sampling methods are used to estimate population size? 4. What are the three different patterns of distribution of a population? 5. Why is it important to examine changes in population density? 6. What factors affect population growth? Which factors work to increase population growth? Which factors work to decrease population growth? 7. Describe 4 factors that influence biotic potential. 8. Describe the exponential growth curve. Why does this type of growth curve not occur in nature? 9. Describe the logistic growth curve. Use a diagram to explain what is happening at each phase. 10. Distinguish between environmental resistance and biotic potential. How do they work to determine the carrying capacity of a population?

7 11. What are density dependent factors? Give examples. 12. What are density independent factors? Give examples. 13. What are some of the conditions a population may experience because of a high population? 14. Distinguish between intraspecific and interspecific competition. What is the outcome of each? 15. Describe the cyclic nature of predator-prey interactions. Use a diagram. 16. Describe the 3 stages of the demographic transition model. 17. Briefly describe the history of human population growth. Review TABLES ( Plant, Kingdom, Vertebrate, Invertebrate and Digestive System) as well as all material covered in class! Remember this is just a guide!