ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Revised 11/2010

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1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Revised 11/2010 DESCRIPTION OF COURSE: Covers the basics of human anatomy and physiology including anatomical terminology, basic biochemistry, cells and tissues, and the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Introduces common human disease processes. Students in this course will be developing skills in laboratory experimental design and methodology. Prepares non-science majors and allied-health profession students. PREREQUISITES: Successful completion of Biology and Chemistry. OUTLINE OF TOPICS: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Define anatomy and physiology, and explain how they are related. List and describe the major characteristics of life. List and describe the major requirements of organisms. Define homeostasis, and explain its importance to survival. Describe a homeostatic mechanism. Explain biological levels of organization. Describe the locations of the major body cavities. List the organs located in each major body cavity. Name the major organ systems and list the organ associated with each. Describe the general functions of each organ system. Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions. Body Measurement Lab Activity Identification of major body cavities Lab Location of positions and regions of different organisms The Chemistry of life Explain how the study of living material depends on the study of chemistry. Discuss how atomic structure determines how atoms interact. Describe the relationships between atoms and molecules. Explain how molecular and structural formula symbolizes the composition of compounds. Describe the three types of chemical reactions. 1

2 Discuss the concept of ph. List the major groups of inorganic chemicals common in cells. Describe the general roles that various types of organic chemicals play in cells. The chemical composition of food - Nutrient testing Food Diary Cellular Structure Describe the characteristics of a composite cell. Explain how the structure of a cell membrane makes possible its functions. Describe each type of cytoplasmic organelle, and explain its function. Describe the cell nucleus and its parts. Explain how substances move through cell membranes. Microscope Lab Cell Membrane Lab Tissue List the four major tissue types, and provide examples of where each occurs in the body. Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue. Name the types of epithelium and identify an organ in which each is found. Explain how to classify glands. List the types of connective tissues in the body. Describe the major functions of each type of connective tissue. Describe the general cellular components, structures, fibers, and matrix (if applicable) of each type of connective tissue. Distinguish between the three types of muscle tissues. Describe the general characteristics of muscle tissues. Histology Exploration Labs - Microscope Integumentary System Describe the structure of the skin's layers. List the general functions of each layer of skin. Summarize the factors that determine skin color. Describe the accessory organ associated with the skin. 2

3 Explain how the skin regulates body temperature. Describe the events that are part of wound healing. Describe some common skin disorders. Hair Analysis Fingerprint lab Skeletal System Describe the general structure of a bone, and list the functions of its parts. Discuss the major functions of bones. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons, and name the major parts of each. Locate and identify the bones and major features of the bones that comprise the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb. List and name several different types of joints in the body. Explain how skeletal muscles produce movements at joints and identify several types of such movements. Body Part Luncheon Anatomy Drawings Art and Anatomy Bone Study Muscular System Name the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber, and describe the function of each. Explain the major events of skeletal muscle fiber contraction. Explain how the muscle fiber contraction mechanism obtains energy. Distinguish between a twitch and a sustained contraction. Compare the fiber contractions mechanisms of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Explain how the locations and interactions of skeletal muscles make possible certain movements. Describe the locations and actions of the major skeletal muscles of each body region. Muscle Dissection Cat o Head and Neck o Anterior Trunk o Posterior Trunk 3

4 o Legs Function neuromuscular lab The Nervous System Explain the general functions of the nervous system. Describe the general structure of a neuron. Explain how differences in structure and function are used to classify neurons. Explain how a membrane becomes polarized. Describe the events that lead to the conduction of a nerve impulse. Explain how information passes from one neuron to another. Name the parts of a reflex arc, and describe the function of each part. Describe the coverings of the brain and spinal cord. Name the major parts and functions of the brain. Distinguish among motor, sensory and association areas of the cerebral cortex. Describe the formation and function of cerebrospinal fluid. Name the cranial nerves and list their major functions. Describe the functions of the autonomic nervous system. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Describe a sympathetic and a parasympathetic nerve pathway. Processing sensory information Cat Dissection CNS and PNS Somatic and Special Senses Name the five kinds of receptors and explain their functions. Explain how a sensation arises. Describe the somatic senses. Describe the receptors associated with the senses of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Describe how the sense of pain is produced. Explain the relationship between the sense of smell and taste. Name the parts of the ear, and explain the function of each part. Distinguish between static and dynamic equilibrium. Name the parts of the eye, and explain the function of each part. Explain how the eye refracts light. Describe the visual nerve pathway. 4

5 o Sense of Smell Lab Fundamental aspects of the olfactory system o Human Senses Lab II o Cat Dissection Endocrine System Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands. Explain how steroid and nonsteroid hormones affect target cells. Discuss how negative feedback mechanisms regulate hormonal secretions. Explain how the nervous system controls secretion. Name and describe the location of the major endocrine glands, and list the hormones they secrete. Describe the general functions of the hormones that endocrine glands secrete. Explain how the secretion of each hormone is regulated. Define stress and describe how the body responds to it. Cat Dissection The Blood Describe the general characteristics of blood, and discuss its major functions. Distinguish among the types of blood cells. Explain the control of red blood cell production. Distinguish among the five types of white blood cells and give the function(s) of each type. List the major components of blood plasma, and describe the functions of each. Review the major steps in blood coagulation. Explain blood typing and how it is used to avoid adverse reactions following blood transfusions. Distinguish between specific and nonspecific immunity and provide examples of each. Explain how two major types of lymphocytes form and how they provide immunity. Distinguish between primary and secondary immune responses. Distinguish between active and passive immunity. Explain how allergic reactions, tissue rejection reactions and autoimmunity involve immune mechanisms. o ABO/RH Edoncard Lab with aseptic red blood cells o Paternity Lab/ transfusion matching Cardiovascular System 5

6 Name the organs of the cardiovascular system, and discuss their functions. Name and describe the locations and functions of the major parts of the heart. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart chambers. Trace the pathway of blood through the vessels of coronary circulation. Discuss the cardiac cycle, and explain how it is controlled. Identify the parts of a normal ECG pattern, and discuss the significance of this pattern. Compare the structures and functions of the major types of blood vessels. Describe the mechanisms that return venous blood to the heart. Explain how blood pressure arises and is controlled. Compare the pulmonary and system circuits of the cardiovascular system. Identify and locate the major arteries and veins of the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Sphygmomanometer Lab Blood Pressure Lab Cat Dissection Digestion and Nutrition Name and describe the locations and major parts of the organs of the digestive system. Describe the general functions of each digestive organ. Describe the structure of the wall of the alimentary canal. Explain how the contents of the alimentary canal are mixed and moved. List the enzymes the digestive organs and glands secrete, and describe the function of each. Describe the mechanisms of swallowing. Describe the regulation of digestive secretions. Explain how the products of digestion are absorbed. Describe the defecation reflex. List the major sources of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Describe how cells use carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. List the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, and summarize the general functions of each vitamin. List the major minerals and traces elements and summarize the general functions of each. Describe an adequate diet. o Cat Dissection 6

7 o Composition Lab Respiratory System List the general functions of the respiratory system. Name and describe the locations of the organs of the respiratory system. Describe the functions of each organ of the respiratory system. Explain the mechanisms of inspiration and expiration. Name and define each of the lung volumes and respiratory capacities. Locate the respiratory center, and explain how it controls normal breathing. Discuss how various factors affect the respiratory center. Describe the structure and function of the respiratory membrane. Explain how air and blood exchange gases and how blood transports these gases. Respiration Lab Cat Dissection Urinary System Name and list the general functions of the organs of the urinary system. Describe the locations and structure of the kidneys. List the functions of the kidneys. Trace the pathway of blood through the major vessels within a kidney. Describe a nephron, and explain the functions of its major parts. Explain how glomerular filtrate is produced, and describe its composition. Explain the factors that affect the rate of glomerular filtration and how this rate is regulated. Discuss the role of tubular reabsorption in urine formation. Define tubular secretion and explain its role in urine formation. Describe the structure of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Explain the process and control of micturition. o Urine Examination o Excretion Lab o Cat dissection Reproductive System Name the parts of the male reproductive system, and describe the general functions of each part. Outline the process of spermatogenesis. Trace the path sperm cells follow from their site of formation to the outside. 7

8 Explain how hormones control the activities of male reproductive organs and the development of male secondary sex characteristics. Name the parts of the female reproductive system, and describe the general functions of each part. Outline the process of oogenesis. Describe how hormones control the activities of female reproductive organs and the development of female secondary sex characteristics. Describe the major events of the menstrual cycle. Review the structure of the mammary glands. List several methods of birth control, and describe the relative effectiveness of each method. List general symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases. Cat Dissection Pregnancy, Growth and Development Distinguish between growth and development. Define pregnancy, and describe the process of fertilization. Describe the major events of cleavage. Distinguish between an embryo and a fetus. Describe the hormonal changes in the maternal body during pregnancy. Explain how the primary germ layers originate, and list the structures each layer produces. Describe the major events of the embryonic stage of development. Describe the formation and function of the placenta. Describe the major events of the fetal stage of development. Trace the general path of blood through the fetal circulatory system. Describe the birth process, and explain the role of hormones in this process. Describe the major circulatory and physiological adjustments required of the newborn. 8

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