Wake Acceleration Academy - Biology Note Guide Unit 3: Cell Structures and Functions

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1 Wake Acceleration Academy - Biology Note Guide Unit 3: Cell Structures and Functions Extra Resources Website: Module 1: Overview of Cell Structures and Functions Vocabulary Term Cell Key Questions: 1. What are the three statements to the Modern Cell Theory? Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) 2. Review: Which type of cell is not bound by a nuclear membrane and does not have membrane-bound organelles? 3. Review: Which type of cell has a well-defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and has membrane-bound organelles? 4. Review: What three things do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have? 5. Semi-permeable means that only certain molecules/ions can pass through. Which part of the cell is semi-permeable? 6. Which two organelles contain their own DNA? 7. What are two features that are present in a plant cell, but absent in an animal cell? 1 8. How Biologists Study Cell Structures. Fill in the types of microscopy to complete the table below. Optical Microscopy: light and magnifying lenses 1. Uses only one lens for magnification; useful for viewing specimens in color. 2. Useful when a specimen is colorless and its structures are similarly transparent or have very little contrast. Electron Microscopy: beam of electrons to magnify 1. Passes a beam of electrons through an ultrathin specimen 2. Scans the surface of the specimen with a beam of high energy electrons

2 9. What abnormalities in cell structure and function occur in cancer and sickle-cell anemia? Organelles (Slides 12 through 21) Organelle Cell City Analogy Summary of Function Summary of Structure Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton 2

3 Module 2: Osmosis, Diffusion, and Cellular Transport Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Cell Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model Amphipathic Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Integral proteins Peripheral proteins Homeostasis (as it pertains to a cell) 3

4 There are three types of cellular transport. Passive Transport: (1) Diffusion, (2) Osmosis, and (3) Active Transport Vocabulary Term Definition Diagram Cellular Diffusion Cellular Diffusion Type 1: Simple Diffusion Cellular Diffusion Type 2: Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Concentration can be expressed as a percentage of solute particles (example: salt) in solution (example: water). Other times the unit of molarity, M, is used. Concentration Which solution is more concentrated: a 0.5 M solution or a 1.0 M? Answer: 1.0M Note: Two solutions are in homeostasis when both concentrations are equal Vocabulary Term Definition Diagram Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic 4

5 Transport Requiring Cellular Energy Vocabulary Term Definition Diagram Active Transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Vocabulary Term Endocytosis Type 1: Phagocytosis Definition (Use an outside resource on the Internet) Endocytosis Type 2: Pinocytosis Endocytosis Type 3: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 5

6 Key Questions: 1. In which direction to molecules move (high to low, or low to high concentration) across the cell membrane? 2. What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion? 3. Is ATP used in passive transport (diffusion and osmosis) or active transport? 4. Describe the sodium-potassium pump. In particular, how many sodium ions and potassium ions are moved for every one ATP molecule? Why is the pump so important? 6

7 Module 3: Energy in Cells Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration (aka: Fermentation) Fermentation Type 1: Alcoholic Fermentation Fermentation Type 2: Lactic Acid Fermentation Key Questions 1. Where do cells store energy released from sugars during cellular respiration? 2. The three stages in aerobic respiration are glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. How many ATP molecules are made in glycolysis? 3. The Krebs cycle generates 2 ATP molecules. Where do the electrons released in the Krebs cycle go? 4. Where is the electron transport chain located in the cell? 5. What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (ETC)? 6. Which stage of aerobic respiration generates the most ATP: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, or ETC? 7. The ETC generates ATP through chemiosmosis. Chemiosmosis is possible due to a proton gradient. What is a proton gradient? 8. How is aerobic respiration different in prokaryotic cells than eukaryotic cells? What step is missing in prokaryotic cells? Approximately how much ATP is made per glucose molecule in each type of cell? 7 9. What is made during alcoholic fermentation? What is made during lactic acid fermentation? 10. Where does the NAD+ made in fermentation return to?

8 8 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION vs. AEROBIC RESPIRATION

9 Module 4: Photosynthesis Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Photosynthesis Chloroplast Chlorophyll Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis Chemical Equation for Respiration Key Questions: 1. Why is green the main color of leaves? 2. What is the goal of photosynthesis? (Slide 8) 3. Briefly describe light-dependent reactions. Where do they occur? 4. Briefly describe light-independent reactions [Calvin Cycle]. Where do they occur? 9

10 5. Where in the photosynthesis process does an oxidation reaction occur? 6. How is photosynthesis connected to respiration? 7. What valuable molecule is made from photosynthesis that we as animals rely on for life? 8. Three types of photosynthesis: Type Description C3 Plants C4 Plants CAM Plants 10

11 Module 5: The Cell Cycle Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Diagram Interphase G 1 Phase S Phase G 2 Phase Mitosis (M Phase) Stages of Mitosis Stage Description Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Key Questions: 1. What is the purpose of the cell cycle? 2. The human body has two types of cells: somatic and germ. Which type of cell undergoes mitosis? 11

12 3. How many daughter cells are formed in cytokinesis? Additional Resources: 12