BDwbU 5. lô _ K `kg kªyx ch ší gva wgk K wl wkÿv wkÿvµg

Transcription

1 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw BDwbU 5 lô _ K `kg kªyx ch ší gva wgk K wl wkÿv wkÿvµg Awa ekb 1 t gvvkm I D` vb km Drcv`b Awa ekb 2 t K wl ebvqb Awa ekb 3 t grm Pvl Awa ekb 4 t nuvm-gyiwm cvjb Awa ekb 5 t cï m ú` Drcv`b Awa ekb 6 t mgevq I K wlfy Awa ekb 7 t eyw e wëk mgm v gvkv ejv I mvgvwrk cöwÿ Zi wfwë Z welqe i kªyxkiy Awa ekb 8 t e w³mz ch v jvpbvi Rb welqe wjwce KiY Awa ekb 9 t cixÿvi cökœcî 196

2 K wl wkÿv wkÿy

3 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw BDwbU-5 Awa ekb- 1 f~wgkv gvv km I D` vb km Drcv`b gvbyl Avw`Kvj _ KB wewfbœ ai bi MvQcvjv Lv` wn m e e envi K i Avm ji ax i ax i eys Z mÿg nq h, G KK MvQcvjv _ K G KK ai bi Lv` `ªe cviqv hvq Kvb MvQ _ K `vbvrvzxq Lvevi, Kvb MvQ _ K wpwbrvzxq Lvevi, Kvb MvQ _ K Auvk, Kvb MvQ _ K djg~j BZ vw` wewfbœ `ªe cviqv hvq gvbyl ZvB GB mg Í Dw ` K RvMvo K i h Zœi mv _ Rgv Z _v K Ges cö qvrb Abyhvqx wb R `i Pvwn`v guv Z _v K gv Vi me MvQcvjvB km bq cö qvr b gvbyl MvQ _ K hv Drcv`b K i ZvB km km gvby li cywó I Lv ` i Pvwn`v guvq Avgiv h mg Í Dw `RvZ c`v_ LvB, Zvi meb Dw `RvZ Lv` bq Rxeb aviy, kixi K mȳ mej, Kg ÿg I kix ii e w i Rb h mg Í Dw `RvZ Dcv`v bi cö qvrb mme Dcv`vb wewkó c`v_ K Dw `RvZ Lv` ejv nq D Ïk GB Awa ekb k l wkÿv_ xiv - gvv km I D` vb k m i msáv w` Z cvi eb gvv km I D` vb k m i kªyxwefvm Ki Z cvi eb gvv km I D` vb k m i cywómz iæz ey bv Ki Z cvi eb wewfbœ gvv km I D` vb k m i Bs iwr I Dw `ZvwË K bvg ej Z cvi eb 198

4 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 ce mg~n ce - K : gvv km I D` vb k m i msáv Lvjv gv V AwaK Rwg Z h Zœi mv _ e vcknv i A_ bwzkfv e iæz m úbœ h me k m i Pvl Kiv nq, m jv K gvv km e j hgb-avb, cvu, Mg BZ vw` Avevi h me km hzœ mnkv i wbw` ó eóbxi g a Pvl Kiv nq m jv K D` vb km e j Kvb Kvb D` vb km K Avevi gvv km wn m ei MY Kiv hvq KviY evwywr K wfwë Z D` vb dmj K AvRKvj e vckfv e gv VI Pvl Kiv n Q; hgb- U g Uv, wewfbœ cökvi Kwc, Muv`v, irbxmüv, Mvjvc cöf wz wkÿv_ x eüziv Avmyb Avgiv wb Pi QKwU c~iy Kwi t 1. Avcbvi GjvKvq nq Ggb cuvpwu gvv dm ji bvg wjlyb 2. D` vb km Avi gvv k m i g a Kvb cv_ K Av Q Kx? 3. iæz c~y cuvpwu D` vb k m i bvg wjlyb 4. U g Uv, Mvjvc, Muv`v BZ vw` K D` vb I gvv km Df qi AšÍfz ³ ejv hvq Kb? 199

5 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw ce -L : gvv km I D` vb k m i kªyxwefvm dmj ev km m ^ Ü we ÍvwiZ ch v jvpbv I myôzfv e ÁvbvR b Avek K K wl weávb I cöhyw³i wewfbœ Áv bi Av jv K k m i kªyxweb vm wb P Av jvkcvz Kiv nj - gvv k m i kªyxwefvm wewfbœfv e gvv km K kªyxwefvm Kiv hvq wb P Zvi K qkwu D jøl Kiv n jv 1. K wlzvwë K Dcv q K. `vbvrvzxq; hgb- avb, Mg BZ vw` L. Wvj dmj; hgb- gmyi, Qvjv BZ vw` M. ˆZjexR dmj; hgb- mwilv, wzj BZ vw` N. wpwb dmj; hgb- AvL, exu BZ vw` O. Avuk dmj; hgb- cvu, Zzjv BZ vw` P. bkvrvzxh dmj; hgb- ZvgvK, MuvRv BZ vw` Q. cvbxq dmj; hgb- Pv. Kwd BZ vw` R. cïlv` dmj; hgb- f~æv, Rvqvi BZ vw` S. meyr mvi dmj; hgb- abâv, kbcvu BZ vw` 2. Drcv` bi gšmyg Abyhvqx K. iwe km ; hgb- ev iv avb, Mg, mwilv BZ vw` L. Lwic km t (1) Lwic 1 km ; hgb- AvDk avb, cvu, f~æv BZ vw` (2) Lwic 2 km ; hgb- Avgb avb, mqvexb, m~h gylx BZ vw` M. Dfq gšmyg km ; hgb- wzj, KvIb, f~æv, Pxbvev`vg BZ vw` 3. civmvq bi wfwë Z K. ^-civmx; hgb- avb, Mg, Wvj BZ vw` L. ci-civmx; hgb- mwilv, f~æv, MvRi BZ vw` M. ^ I ci-civmx; hgb- Zzjv, m~h gylx BZ vw` 4. RxebKv ji wfwë Z K. GKelx dmj; hgb- avb, cvu, ZvgvK BZ vw` L. wøelx dmj; hgb- mymviexu, MvRi BZ vw` M. eûelx dmj; hgb- Pv, Kwd BZ vw` 200

6 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 ce -M : gvv km I D` vb k m i cywómz iæz gvv km I D` vb k m i m ½ gvby li cwiwpwz A bk w` bi gvv I D` vb dmj jv gvbyl h Zœi mv _ wb Ri cö qvr b gv V I evmv b Rwb q _v K gvv I D` vb dmj gvby li Lv` I cywói cöavb Drm Avgiv `y Uv Drm _ K cywói Pvwn`v wguvb, Gi GKwU n jv cövyx Avi Ab wu n jv Dw ` gvv I D` vb dmj jv Dw `RvZ cywói Ab Zg Drm hv Kg SuywKc~Y I wbivc` me eq mi me kªyxi gvbyl Kg Li P G Drm _ K cywói Pvwn`v c~iy Ki Z cv i G dmj jvi g a avb, AvL, mwilv, Wvj, ˆZjexR BZ vw` dmj gvby li cywó Pvwn`v guv bvi ch vß Dcv`v b mg ` ki RbmsL vi GKwU eo Ask Acywó I Abvnv i fzm Q evsjv ` ki mvaviy K lkivi G dmj jv AwZ mn R Drcv`b K i Zv `i G Pvwn`v guv Z mÿg GB cywó Pvwn`v guv bvi Rb G dmj jvi Dbœqb I ˆeÁvwbK Dcv q Pvlvev `i gva g djb evov bv DwPZ ce -N. wewfbœ gvv km I D` vb k m i Bs iwr I Dw `ZvwË K bvg gvv I D` vb dmj jv K wewfbœfv e bvgkiy Kiv n q Q Kvb Kvb dm ji Avevi GKvwaK evsjv I Bs iwr bvg i q Q GB c w_ex Z wewfbœ ai bi fvlv cöpwjz _vkvq GKB Dw ` wewfbœ fvlvi jv Ki wbku wewfbœ bv g cwiwpz bv gi GB wewfbœzvi Kvi Y m ó mgm v `~ixki Y Dw ` weávbxiv GKwU AvšÍR vwzk KvW ev wbqg ˆZwi K i Qb hv K Bs iwr Z ICBN (International Code of Binomial Nomenclature) ejv nq GB KvW Abyhvqx cö Z KwU Dw `i GKwU bvg `qv n q Q GB bvg K Dw `i ˆeÁvwbK bvg ev Dw `ZvwË K bvg ejv nq Dw `ZvwË K bv gi mvaviyz `y Uv Ask i q Q cö_g Ask K R bwik Bwc _U ejv nq hv me mgq eo ni d ïiæ nq Ges wøzxq Ask K úwmwdk Bwc _U ejv nq hv me mgq QvU ni d ïiæ nq GB bvgki Yi c wz K wøc` bvgkiy (Binomial nomenclature) e j wb P K qkwu gvv I D` vb dm ji evsjv bv gi mv _ Bs iwr I Dw `ZvwË K bvg `qv n jv : 201

7 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw gvv dmj µwgk bs evsjv bvg Bs iwr bvg Dw `ZvwË K bvg 1. avb Rice Oryza sativa L. 2. Mg Spelta wheat Duram wheat Triticum aestivum L. Triticum duram L. 3. f~æv Maize, Corn Zea mays L. 4. Pv Tea Comellia sinensis L. 5. gmyi Lentil, Chickling Lens culinaris Medic pea D` vb dmj µwgk bs evsjv bvg Bs iwr bvg Dw `ZvwË K bvg 1. Avg Mango Mangifera indica 2. ZuZzj Tamarind Tamarindus indica 3. KuvVvj Jackfruit Artocarpus sheterophyllus 4. cqviv Guava Psidium guajava 5. ej Wood apple Aegle marmelos 202

8 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 g~j wklbxq welq gvv km I D` vb km Drcv`b K wl weáv bi GKwU we kl D jøl hvm kvlv D` vbzë D` vbzë K Bs iwr Z Horticulture ejv nq mvaviyz dzj-dj, kvk-mewr I gmjv RvZxq h me dmj AwZ hzœ I cwiph v mnkv i wbw` ó eóbxi g a Pvl Kiv nq m jv KB D` vb dmj ejv nq wkš AvaywbKKv j D` vb dmj K Avjv`v Kiv nq bv KviY h dmj D` vb dmj wn m e cwiwpz m dmj e emvwqk wfwë Z gv VI Pvlvev` Kiv n Q mvaviyz Lvjv gv V AwaK Rwg Z Drcvw`Z nq G ai bi dmj K gvv dmj ejv nq; hgb- avb, cvu, Mg, Avjy, mwilv, g~jv, jvd, euvavkwc, dzjkwc BZ vw` D` vb dm ji cökvi f` D` vb dmj K mvaviyz wzb fv M fvm Kiv nq- (1) dzj RvZxq dmj : h me evmv b cöavbz vbxq mš `h ea bi Rb dzj MvQ A_ev mỳ k MvQ-cvjv Rb v bv n q _v K Zv dzj evmvb ev cy úv` vb bv g cwiwpz nq KLbI KLbI ^vfvwekfv eb G RvZxq D` vb m wó nq AvRKvj Avgv `i ` k evwywr K wfwë Z we Í Z Rwg Z dz ji Pvl Kiv nq hgb- Muv`v, MøvwWIjvm, irbxmüv, Mvjvc BZ vw` (2) dj RvZxq dmj : dj Drcv` bi D Ï k h evmvb MVb Kiv nq, ZvB dj evmvb bv g cwiwpz hgbñ Avg, wjpz, Kjv BZ vw` evmvb 203

9 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw (3) mewr evmvb : G evmvb mvaviyz kvkmewr Drcv` b e eüz nq hgbñ e b, Xuom, Kygov, cuj BZ vw` cvv cwim ii h_v_ Zv t GKwU ` ki mvgwmök Dbœqb I AMÖMwZi Rb me v MÖ cö qvrb `ÿ Rbkw³ Ges GB Rbkw³ Drcv` bi GKgvÎ Dcvq wkÿv Ges cöwkÿy AvaywbK wkÿv e e vq wkÿy-wklb cöwµqvi K `ª j wkÿv_ xi Ae vb Ges Zvi mymgwš^z e w³ Z i wekvk K c~y v½ K i Zvjvi `vwqz wkÿ Ki Acic ÿ ÁvbMZ Z_ vejxi Pvwn`v guv bvi `vwqz cvv cȳ ÍK Z_v welqe i cvv cȳ Í K welqe Ggbfv e wbe vpb I web vm Kiv nq hb wkÿv_ x AwR Z G Ávb Kv R jvwm q mgvr Rxe b wb Ri Rb h_v hvm vb Luy R wb Z cv i Ges mgv Ri e nëi Kj vy I mg w mva b me vwak Kvh Kix f~wgkv ivl Z mÿg nq h Kvb wkÿv Í ii wkÿvµg iwpz nq ` ki cöpwjz RvZxq wkÿvbxwz ev Íevq bi mnvqk wn m e GiB avivevwnkzvq wkÿvµ gi jÿ K djcöm~ Ki Z cvv m~wp Ges cvv m~wpi Abymi Y cvv cȳ ÍK Z_v welqe AšÍ fz³ Kiv nq G me Av qvr bi K `ªwe `y h nzz wkÿv_ x, myzivs cvv cȳ Í K welqe i Pqb, Dc vcb, web vm, e vl v-we køly BZ vw` welq jv hb mswkøó kªyxi wkÿv_ xi gav, cöeyzv, cvimzv, c~e Ávb ev Ávbxq wekv ki AbyK~ j nq m welqwu me v MÖ cöwbavb hvm h Kvb kªyxi ev wel qi welqe i cwimi we epbvi KZK jv wba vik Av Q hv wba viy K i welqe i mswkøó kªyxi wkÿv_ x `i Rb h _vchy³ wkbv ev Zv cvv m~wpi wklbd ji ms M m½wzc~y wkbv wksev Zv wkÿv_ xi g a KZUzKz Kvw LZ cwiez b Avb Z mÿg Ges Zv wkÿvµ gi jÿ c~iymn RvZxq wkÿvbxwz AR bi c ÿ mnvqk wkbv cvv cwimi we epbvi KZK jv iæz c~y wby vqk Av Q; hgbñ 1) cv Vi wklb dj AR b wkÿv_ xi mvg_, 2) cv Vi we Í wz, 3) kã Pqb ev fvlvi cö qvm, 4) welqe i cö qvmkxjzv, 5) welqe i AvKl YxqZv, 6) welqe i Dc vcb, 7) welqe i web vm, 8) welqe i eûgvwîkzv, 9) Dc vwcz Z _ i h_v_ Zv I mv cöwzkzv, 10) KŠkjMZ k ãi e vl v we køly, 11) wkÿv_ x `i evamg Zvi AvbyK~j, 12) Abykxjbxi 204

10 e envi Ges g~j hvpvb qi e e v BZ vw` K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 kªyxwfwëk cvv we køly 6ô kªyx t GB kªyxi K wlwkÿv eb qi Aa vq jv Z wkÿvµg wi cv U D jøwlz welqe i avivevwnkzv iÿv Kiv nqwb wkÿvµg wi cv U kvkmewr Drcv`b I kvkmewr Pvl wk ivbv g `ywu c _K Aa v qi wb ` kbv _vk ji cvv eb q Zv wøzxq Aa v q wzbwu cwi Q ` Av jvwpz n q Q welqe i cwimi ev we Í wz wkÿv_ x `i Rb ek Dc hvmx e j g b n q Q, Z e K qkwu kvk-mewr Pv li As k; hgb- e b, cuybkvk BZ vw`i welqe Dc vc b Pv li Dchy³ mg qi D jøl _vk j Zv AviI c~y Zv cz dm ji h wpî jv `Iqv n q Q Zv iwob n j wbtm ` n wkÿv_ x `i g bv hvm AvKl Y Ki Zv 7g kªyx t GB kªyxi K wl wkÿv cvv eb q gvv km I D` vb km wn m e hv Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Zv mßg kªyxi Rb Ach vß cvkvcvwk 8g kªyxi Rb AšÍf y³ welqvejx AwZwi³ 6ô kªyxi welqe i mv _ 7g kªyxi welqe i Dj ^ web vm ek fvj, Z e welqe i cwigv Yi w`k _ K G wzb kªyxi g a mvgäm _vkv `ikvi GLv b wewfbœ Dw `i A½R Rbb KŠkj jv ek KŠZ nj DÏxcK Z e wpî jv h_vixwz wkÿv_ x `i Rb `~ e va wpî jv iwob n j AvKl Yxq nz GLv b welqe i m ½ cö qvrbxq e envwik Kv Ri e e v ivlv n q Q hv wkÿv_ x `i ev Íe Ávb AR b mnvqk n e 8g kªyx t Aóg kªyxi K wlwkÿv eb qi cö_g Aa v q D` vb dm ji Pvl wk ivbv g gvu QqwU cwi Q` ms hvwrz n q Q Zb a Dw `i A½R we Ívi welqwu c~e ez x kªyxi m ½ cybive wë Kiv n q Q GwU wb cö qvrb wklb d j evmvb cwikíbvi K_v D jøwlz bv _vk ji welqe Z Av jvwpz n q Q hv AwZwi³ e j g b n q Q h nzz G kªyx Z welqe i cwigvy ewk ZvB mewr Pvl As k euvavkwci Pvl ev` `Iqv hz, KviY cvv m~wp Z Zvi D jøl bb dz ji Pvl cwi Q ` Mvjvc, irbxmüv, ismb I Muv`v dz ji Av jvpbv wklbdj Abymv i Kiv n q Q G wel q wkÿv_ xiv mg K aviyv jvf K i Zv ev Í e cö qvm Kivi gva g AvZ Kg ms v b D ` vmx n Z cvi e 205

11 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw welqe i mvwe K cwimi we epbvq ejv hvq mßg kªyx Z AšÍf y³ welqe i Zyjbvq Aóg kªyx Z welqe A bk ewk myzivs G `yõ kªyxi welqe i g a mvgäm _vkv evãbxq 9g-10g kªyx t 9g-10g kªyxi K wl wkÿv eb q gvv dmj I D` vb dmj wk ivbv g gvu AvUwU cwi Q ` wklbd ji Av jv K welqe i mwbœ ek NUv bv n q Q 8g kªyxi welqe i mv _ 9g kªyxi welqe i exr welqk Av jvpbvi cybive wë Kiv n q Q, ex Ri aviyv, ex Ri weï Zv BZ vw`i cybive wë iv a 8g kªyxi eb _ K welqwu K ev` `Iqv hvq 9g-10g kªyx h nzz `y eqi gqv`x Kvm myzivs GLv b welqe i we Í wz GKUz ewk n ji Zv AmgxPxb bq mvwe K we epbvq ejv hvq, K wl wkÿv welqwu K AviI AvKl Yxq Kivi Rb we `wk 2/1 wu dmj hv Avgv `i AvenvIqv ZI Pvlvev` n Q Ggb wkqz d ji Pvlvev`; hgb- ª eix, AvOzi, Kgjv BZ vw` AšÍf y³ Ki Z cvi j Zv wkÿv_ x `i Kv Q AviI AvKl Yxq nz AvZ g~j vqb 1. gvv km I D` vb k m i cv_ K eys Z c iwq Kx? 2. gvv km I D` vb k m i kªyxwefvm Ki Z cvi ev Kx 3. gvv km I D` vb k m i cywómz iæz Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi ev Kx? m ve DËi g~jwklbxq welqe c o wb R ˆZwi Kiæb cö qvr b wudu ii mn hvmx wbb 206

12 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 BDwbU-5 Awa ekb-2 K wl ebvqb f~wgkv K wl ebvqb wek e vcx GKwU mbvzb eûgywl Drcv`b c wz wkš weávb wn m e Gi cwiwpwz bzzb Ae nwjz G c wzwu Ebwesk kz Ki gvsvgvws G m cwikwíz f~wg e e vcbv wn m e weávbx `i ` wó AvKl Y Ki Z ïiæ K i, hv G kz Ki kl fv M RbwcÖq n q I V ZË MZfv e K wl ebvq bi eûwea DcKvwiZvi K_v eûj cöpwjz n ji KvwiMwifv e Gi wewfbœ w`k GLbI cögv Yi A cÿvq i q Q evsjv ` k G c wz ^ícwim i eûc~e _ K cöpwjz n ji e nëi cwim i GLbI Zgb RbwcÖq n q I Vwb G c wz K MÖnY hvm I RbwcÖq Kivi Rb cö qvrb G m c K mg K aviyv, G c wzi Rb Dchy³ m ve vbmg~n wpwýzkiy I wek` ey bv, Dchy³ e ÿ cörvwz wbe vp bi ˆewkó mg~n kbv³kiy Ges K wl ebvq bi m ve c wz/g Wj m ú K wek` Av jvpbv D Ïk GB Awa ekb k l wkÿv_ xiv - K wl ebvqb I A_ bxwz Z Gi cöfve e vl v Ki Z cvi eb K wl ebvqb Dc hvmx Dw `i ewkó, kªyxwefvm I ebvqb c wz m ú K Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb K wl ebvq b AskMÖn Yi mvg_ AR b welqe i cwimi I h_v_ Zv wbiƒcy Ki Z cvi eb 207

13 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw ce mg~n ce -K t K wl ebvqb I A_ bxwz Z Gi cöfve cöwkÿk kªyxk ÿ cö ek K i h_vixwz Kzkj wewbgqmn iæwub IqvK Ki eb AZtci cöwkÿk cöwkÿy v_ x `i wewfbœ ikg e bi wpî cö`k b Ki eb wpî m e bv n j wewfbœ ai bi e bi bvg; hgb- my `ieb, mgzj f~wgi gvvkm I e ÿivwr m ^wjz eb, DcK~jxq eb, iv Ívi `yõcv ki ebivwr, emz evwoi MvQ BZ vw` ev W wj L Kvb& Kvb&wU K wl eb Zv Rvb Z PvB eb G ch v q cöwkÿk K wl ebvqb I A_ bxwz Z K wl ebvq bi cöfve m ú K wgwb jkpvi w` eb cö kœvë ii gva g cöwkÿyv_ x `i KvQ _ K K wl e bi msáv Av`v qi Póv Ki eb K qkrb cöwkÿyv_ x msáv `Iqvi ci cöwkÿk Zv `i `Iqv msávwu mvi ms ÿc K i cwikxwjz msávwu ev W wj L w` eb AZtci cöwkÿk cöwkÿyv_ x `i msl v, RÛvi, cvimzv BZ vw` we epbv K i K qkwu myweavrbk `j MVb Ki eb cö Z K `j K A_ bwzk Dbœq b K wl ebvqb Kxfv e f~wgkv ivl Z cv i Zv `jxq Av jvpbv K i LvZvq wjwce Ki Z ej eb wkÿk ev W Kv Ri wk ivbvg wj L w` eb G Kv Ri Rb cöwkÿyv_ xiv m e v P 10 wgwbu mgq cv e cöwkÿyv_ x `i KvR kl n j cöwkÿk ev W GKwU gvbû g vc AvuK eb Ges A_ bwzk Dbœqb Z_v RvZxq Dbœq b K wl ebvqb Kxfv e f~wgkv cvjb K i Zvi c q U Avnevb Ki eb Ges Zv gvbû g v c vcb Ki eb Gfv e wkÿk gvbû g vwcs Gi KvR kl Ki eb ce -L t K wl ebvqb Dc hvmx Dw `i ˆewkó, kªyxwefvm I ebvqb c wz cöwkÿk c~ e i ` ji wejywß NvlYv Ki eb Ges G c e AskMÖn Yi Rb bzzbfv e `j MVb Ki eb `j MV b c~ e i b vq RÛvi mgzv, gavi mgzv BZ vw` iÿv K i myweavrbk 3/6wU `j MVb Ki eb cöwz/cöwz `y `j K G c e K wl ebvqb Dc hvmx Dw `i ˆewkó wba viy, K wl ebvqb Dw `i kªyx wefvm I ebvqb c wz I K wl ebvqb ewkó vejx wbiƒc Yi Rb h_vµ g Kg cî- 1, 2 I 3 mieivn Ki eb G c e i `jxq Kv Ri Rb cöwkÿk cöwz ` ji gv S cv vi ccvi I gvk vi Kjg mieivn Ki eb G Kv Ri Rb cöwzwu `j 15/20 wgwbu mgq cv eb cöwzwu `j Zv `i cövß Z_ vejx mg 208

14 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 GKwU PgrKvi cv vi Zwi Ki eb cöwz ` ji `j bzv Zv `i cv viwu `Iqv j myweavgz v b vcbc~e K Ab vb MÖæ ci m`m `i D Ï k Z _ i e vl v we køly Ki eb G c e i KvR kl n j cöwkÿk wewfbœ ` ji Dc vwcz cv v ii Dci mswÿß Av jvpbv K i G c e i mgvwß Uvb eb ce -M t K wl ebvq b Ask MÖn Yi mvg_ AR b welqe i cwimi I h_v_ Zv wbiƒcy cöwkÿyv_ xmy AvR Ki cv Vi 1g I 2q c e mwµqfv e AskMÖn Yi d j Zviv K wl ebvqb m ú K aviyv AR b Ki e, K wl ebvq bi Dc hvmx Dw `i ˆewkó m ú K AeMZ n e, H me Dw `i kªyxweb vm Ki Z cvi e Ges wewfbœ ai bi K wl ebvqb c wz m ú K AewnZ n e AZtci cöwkÿyv_ x `i K wl ebvq bi AskMÖn Yi cöv v j cöwkÿk mgmsl K cöwkÿyv_ x mgš^ q RÛvi mgzv, wkÿk-awkÿk mgzv iÿvi Póv K i myweavrbk 4/5wU `j MVb Ki eb cöwzwu MÖæc K 8g kªyxi wkÿvi cvv cȳ Í K Dc vwcz cvvwu g bv hvm mnkv i co Z ej eb (cvv cȳ ÍK we køly) Zrc~ e cöwkÿk wbgœiƒc cökœ m ^wjz GKwU Kg cî cöwz MÖæc K mieivn Ki eb G c e Kv Ri Rb cöwkÿyv_ xiv 15 wgwbu mgq cv e `jxq Av jvpbv k l cöwkÿyv_ xiv Zv `i LvZvq gzvgz ck Ki e cöwkÿk G ch v q G cvu wrmm&-m KŠkj cö qvm K i `jxq m`m cwiez b K i me MÖæ ci gzvgz m ú K me MÖæc K AewnZ Ki eb cöwkÿk G cöm ½ wbr ^ gzvgz cökvk K i G c e i cv Vi mgvwß Uvb eb 209

15 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw g~j wklbxq welq K wl ebvqb K wl ebvqb (Agraforestry) Gi A_ n Q GKB mv _ GKB Rwg Z eûg~lx dmj e ÿi Pvl GB c wz Z f~wg K Ggbfv e e envi Kiv nq hv Z K i f~wg K me vwak Drcv`bÿg K i Zvjv hvq G Z f~wgi me vwak e envi wbwðz nq Lv` km MvQ I cï GKB mv _ Drcv`b Ges cvjb Kiv hvq evsjv ` k emzevwoi Avw½bvq MvQcvjvi mv _ mewr evmvb Kiv m e d ji evmv b I Rwg Z QvU eo Mv Qi wb P ev cv k km Drcv`b cövpxbkvj _ K P j Avm Q Gfv e dj-g~j I kvk-mewr Pvl bzzb Kvb e vcvi bq Avw`Kvj _ K gvby li Kv Q GB c wz Z Pvlvev` mycwipvwjz ebvâj eb-evmvb cöwzôvi mgq ebr e ÿi Pvivi mv _ dmj Pvl Kivi BwZnvmI mycövpxb AZGe ejv hvq GKB Rwg Z weávbm Zfv e e ÿi mv _ dmj, ckylv`, djg~j BZ vw`i me vwak Drcv`b e e vb K wl ebvqb ev G MÖvd iwóª evsjv ` k mikvwi I emikvwi D ` v M K wl ebvq bi e vck Kg m~wp ev Íevqb Kiv n Q RbmsL v e w I hy Mi Pvwn`v guv Z Gme Kg m~wp ev Íevqb Acwinvh n q c o Q K wl ebvqb Dc hvmx Mv Qi ˆewkó t G ai bi ebvqb ` ki ekvi hyek `i AvZ Kg ms v b we kl f~wgkv iv L K wl ebvq b Drcv`b SuzwK Kg _v K Kvb Kvi Y GK dm ji djb bó n j Ab dmj w` q m ÿwzi wkqzuv cywl q bqv hvq mvaviyz h me ewkó m úbœ MvQ K wl ebvq bi Rb wbe vpb Kiv hvq Zv wbgœiƒct 1 `ªæZ ea bkxj I ewk cwigvy KvV/R vjvwb KvV/cï Lv` Drcv`bÿg MvQ; hgb- Bwcj-Bwcj, wkï, evejv BZ vw` 2 evqy gûj n Z bvb Uªv Rb aviy ÿgzv m úbœ MvQ; hgb- KoB, Bwcj-Bwcj, wkï, evejv BZ vw` 3 Kv Ûi AvqZ bi Abycv Z Mv Qi Wvjcvjvi cök ÍZv Kg Ges QvU, nvjkv-cvzjv cvzv wewkó; hgb- Zvj, LRyi BZ vw` 210

16 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 4 h mg Í MvQ g~j dm ji mv _ Lv` i mi Kg cöwz hvwmzv K i; hgb-zvj, LRyi I Mfxi g~jx e ÿ BZ vw` 5 `ªæZ cpbkxj I ewk msl K cvzv S i Ggb MvQ; hgb-gv `vi, wjwmdg, wkgyj, Avgov BZ vw` 6 h mg Í MvQ _ K Wvjcvjv KvUvi ci Zv cybivq evo Z _v K; hgb-bwcj-bwcj, KoB, wnrj, gv `vi, wkï BZ vw` K wl ebvqb t c wz I cökvi ebvq bi D Ïk Mv Qi cörvwz, msl v I Ae v bi wfwë Z K wl ebvqb K wewfbœ fv M fvm Kiv nq hgb- (K) dmj ev K wl eb t G eb wewfbœ v b wewfbœ MvQ I AvšÍtdmj mgš^ q MwVZ G eb Lv` I cï Lv` Drcv` b iæz c~y f~wgkv iv L G eb emzevwo Z m wó Kiv hvq (L) Z Y eb t R jvwb I cï Lv` Drcv` bi Rb G eb Kv R jv M G eb m wói Rb cöpzi Rwg cö qvrb (M) K wl Z Y ebt G e b dm ji mvwii gv S gv S ebr MvQ Drcv`b Kiv hvq evwywr K D Ï k G eb ˆZwi Kiv nq G eb m wói Rb ewk Rwg cö qvrb nq (N) K wl eb grm Lvgvi t GwU GKwU wgkª Lvgvi e e vcbv GB c wz Z cykz i gvq Pv li mv _ mv _ cykz ii Xv j gvpvi gva g jzvrvzxq kvkmewr I cvwbi cövší mxgvbvq n jâv, Kjgx I XvjKjgx RvZxq RjR mewr Ges DuPz cv o RjRe ÿ hgb- cqviv, jey, Kjv BZ vw`i Pvl Kiv nq 211

17 K wl e b ivcy hvm Mv Qi kªyxwefvm gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw K wl ebvq b h me e ÿ Pvl Kiv nq Zv `i K wb P D jøwlz kªyx Z fvm Kiv hvq 1. weiær RvZxq Dw ` t ZRcvZv, abâv, kzg~jx, jeymvq, f iûv, MvjgwiP, ev`vg, Kjv, N ZKzgvix, gnvf ½ivR BZ vw` 2. j RvZxq Dw ` t AvZv, K` ej, g n`x, Revdyj, Mvjvc, Kvwgbx BZ vw` 3. e ÿrvzxq Dw ` t gnmwb, kvj, ibbwuª, wkgyj, Avg, KvVvj, `e`viæ, bv Mk i, K òp~ov BZ vw` cvv cwimi we epbv t evsjv ` k f~wgi Zzjbvq RbmsL v A bk ewk RbmsL v e w i mv _ mv _ K wlr I ebr `ª e i Pvwn`vI e w cv Q; A_P mxwgz cwigvy Rwg n Z G Pvwn`v c~iy Kiv m e n Q bv GgZve vq f~wgi m e vëg e envi c wz AbymiY Ki Z n e K wl ebvqb c wz Z f~wgi e envi e w cv e Ges De iv kw³i ervq _vk e K wl ebvqb cöwµqvwu AvR mg qi Pvwn`v n ji welqwu gva wgk ch v q KejgvÎ Aóg kªyxi cvv cȳ Í Ki me kl Aa v qi me kl cvv wn m e mswÿß cwim i Av jvwpz n q Q, hw`i Zv wklbdj Abymv ib Kiv n q Q GLv b K wl ebvq bi wzbwu c wzi msáv I GKwU K i wpî `Iqv n q Q hgb- G MÖvwmjwf KvjPvi A_ vr gvv dmj I e ÿi mgwš^z Pvl 212

18 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 ` ki Kvb Kvb AÂ ji Rb Dc hvmx, KZUzKz Rwg Z KZwU e ÿ ivcy Kiv hvq, cöwzwu e ÿi gv S KZUzKz e eavb _vk j gvv dmj Pvl wewnœz n e bv, dmj ev e ÿi mvi ev mp cö qv M we kl Kvb wb ` kbv Av Q wkbv BZ vw` msµvší ^í we Íi Av jvpbv n j Zv wkÿv_x `i Ávb wekv k mnvqk nz Z Y ebf~wgi ÿ ÎI Abyiƒc GKwU jvb bb Av jvpbv kl Ges GKwU wpî `Iqv n q Q; A_P G c wz Z Kvb e ÿi mv _ wk ai bi cï Lv` Pvl Kiv jvfrbk Zvi wkqzb ejv nqwb ` ki Kvb AÂ ji gvwu Kx ai bi Pv li Dc hvmx Zv Rvb Z cvi j wkÿv_ xiv DcK Z nz cwi k l D jøl, GLv b K wleb I grm Lvgvi m ú K Kvb Z_ B Av jvwpz nqwb A_P G mgwš^z c wzwu ` ki `wÿy As k e vcknv i e eüz n Q G wel q we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv I GKvwaK D`vniY cö`vb Kiv cö qvrb e j g b n q Q g~j vqb 1. K wl ebvq bi A_ eys Z c iwq Kx? 2. A_ bxwz Z Gi cöfve e vl v Ki Z cvi ev Kx? 3. K wl ebvqb Dc hvmx Dw `i ewkó, kªyxwefvm I ebvqb c wz m ú K Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi ev Kx? m ve DËi g~jwklbxq welqe c o wb R ˆZwi Kiæb cö qvr b wudu ii mn hvmx wbb 213

19 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw BDwbU-5 Awa ekb-3 grm Pvl f~wgkv ^vfvwekfv e Kvb Rjvk q h cwigvy gvq Drcvw`Z nq Zvi P q ewk cwgvy Drcv`b KivB n jv gvq Pv li cök Z D Ïk ` ki µgea gvb cövwub Pvwn`v c~iy, Kg ms vb e w, ˆe `wkk gỳ ªv AR b, Av_ mvgvwrk Dbœqb, ` ki wekvj Rjivwk K Kv R jvmv bv Ges gv Qi Drcv`b e w i Rb gvq Pv l wewfbœ ai bi UK bvjrx ev e e vcbv MÖnY Kiv nq cörvwz wbe vpb, gvq Qvovi AvbycvwZK nvi, GKK I wgkªpvl BZ vw`i Ici mwvk e e v MÖnY Ki j Rjvav i gv Qi Drcv`b e w cvq LuvPvq gv Qi Pvl, PŠev Pvq gv Qi gvq Ges mgwš^z gv Qi Pvl AvaywbK grm Pvl cöhyw³i ek KZ jv bzzb w`k ev gvîv avb ÿ Z gv Qi Pvl A bk cyivzb n ji Avgv `i ` ki Rb GwU bzzb Avgv `i ` ki gy³ Rjvkq jvi e e vcbv AZ ší iæz c~y KviY evsjv ` ki grm Drcv` bi wmsnfvmb Av m gy³ Rjvkq _ K A vkzwiqv g gvq Pvl mšwlb e vcvi n ji AvaywbKKv j Gi evwywr K iæz i q Q MZ GK `kk a i A vkzwiqvg e emv G ` k ek fv jvfv e we Ívi jvf K i Q D Ïk GB Awa ekb k l wkÿv_ xiv - grm Pvl m úwk Z kªyxwfwëk wklb D Ïk wpwýz Ki Z cvi eb 6ô-10g kªyxi grm Pvl welqk welqe i cwimi wb q Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb cöwkÿk KZ K grm Pvl wel q Av jvpbvi mvivsk Kxfv e Av`vq Ges g~j vqb Ki Z n e Zv ey bv Ki Z cvi eb 214

20 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 ce mg~n ce -K t grm Pvl m úwk Z kªyxwfwëk wklb D Ïk Awa ek bi ïiæ Z cöwkÿk Avgv `i kixi MV b Ges ÿqc~i Y cövwu bi f~wgkv I Drm m úwk Z wbgœiƒc cökœ Ki eb K) Lv ` i Dcv`vb wn m e cövwub Avgv `i kix i Kx KvR K i? L) cövwub Gi cöavb Drm Kx Kx? AZtci cöwkÿk cvv wk ivbvg NvlYv K i gva wgk Í ii wkÿvµ g ewy Z grm Pvl welqk kªyxwfwëk wklb D Ïk jv PvU / cv v ii gva g cö`k b Ki eb Ges mswÿß jkpv ii gva g wkÿv_ x `i AewnZ Ki eb wkÿv_ xiv cöwzwu D Ï k i g~j c q U Gi bvu wb e Kbbv ciez x c e i Av jvpbvq D Ïk jv Rvbvi cö qvrb n e ce -L t 6ô-10g kªyxi grm Pvl welqk welqe i cwimi wb q Av jvpbv G ch v q cöwkÿk B Qv Ki j bzzbfv e `j MVb Ki Z cv ib A_ev wkÿk-awkÿk, gav I RÛvi mgzv i L wzwb 4wU `j MVb Ki Z cv ib cö Z K `j K h_vµ g 6ô, 7g, 8g I 9g kªyxi cvv cȳ ÍK mieivn Ki eb Ges G c e i `jxq Kv Ri Rb Kg cî ( kªyxwfwëk welqe i cwimi we epbv) mieivn Ki eb cöwkÿyv_ xiv `jxqfv e Av jvpbv K i Kg c Îi KvR jv m úbœ Ki e AZtci cöwkÿk Expert Jigsaw Gi gva g m`m cwiez b K i me MÖæ ci cövß Z _ i wfwë Z welqe i kªyx f ` cybive wë mbv³ Ki Z ej eb cöwkÿyv_ xiv Av jvp welqe i we Í wz wkÿv_ x `i Ávbxq wekv ki AbyK~j wkbv Ges e envwik KvR jv Zv `i kvixwik wekv ki m ½ m½wzc~y wkbv Zv hvpvb K i MVbg~jK gšíe Ki e kl ch v q cöwkÿyv_ xiv Zv `i MÖæcwfwËK cövß Z_ vejx Dc vcb Ki e G ce PjvKv j cöwkÿk `jxq Av jvpbviz cöwkÿyv_ x `i Pviw` K Dcw Z _vk eb Ges Zv `i K cö qvrbxq mnvqzv w` eb 215

21 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw ce -M t Av jvpbvi mvivsk Av`vq Ges g~j vqb G ch v q cöwkÿk Dc vwcz wel qi mvi ms ÿc Ki eb cöwkÿk cwvmwr I g~j eva msµvší wb æv³ cö kœi AeZviYv Ki eb- grm Pvl welqwu Avcbviv we` vj q Kvb c wz Z cov eb? K wl wkÿvi ÿ Î grm Pvl welqwu iæz c~y Kb? K wl wkÿv wel q e envwik Kv Ri iæz wk? grm Pvl welqk `ÿzv wkÿv_ x `i Kxfv e mnvqzv Ki Z cv i? grm Pvl welqwu kªyxk ÿ Dc vc b Avcwb Kvb ai bi mgm vi gy LvgywL nb wkbv, n j Zv Kxfv e mgvavb K ib? 216

22 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 g~j wklbxq welq grm Pvl mv_ K ÁvbvR b wbf i K i wkÿv_ x `i cwiyg bi Dci G cwiygb n Z n e kvixwik I gvbwmk welqe Aa vqb K i Zv Abyaveb Kiv Ges iß Kivi c~e kz n Q wkÿv_ x `i Ávb m úwk Z A_ev ešw K mvg_ gva wgk Í ii wewfbœ kªyx Z K wl wkÿv wel q h me welqe m ú K Av jvpbv Kiv n q Q Zvi MfxiZv Ges we Í wz n Z n e Zv `i Ávb m úwk Z mvg _ i AbyK~j G K_v mevi Rvbv h, GKUv ` ki wkÿvbxwzi Dci wfwë K i m ` ki wkÿvµg iwpz nq, wkÿvµ gi Dci wfwë K i iwpz nq cvv m~wp Ges cvv m~wpi Av jv K jlv nq cvv cȳ ÍK myzivs cvv cȳ Í Ki welqe i cwimi GKw` K hgb wkÿv_ x `i mvg _ i AbyK~ j niqv `ikvi, Ab w` K Zv n Z n e wkÿvµ g D jøwlz wklb D Ïk AR b Dc hvmx bgybv wn m e wb P 6ô I 7g kªyxi grm Pvl m úwk Z kªyxwfwëk D Ïk mg~n D jøl Kiv n jv - 6ô kªyx wgvv I jvbv cvwbi gvq, gv Qi ` ni wewfbœ Ask Ges gv Qi eqm Abyqvqx e eüz wewfbœ ikg cykz ii ˆewkó m ú K Ávb jvf Kiv bvb jvwukv gv Qi Pvl c wz Rvbv 217

23 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw 7g kªyx cövyxr Avwgl mieiv n gv Qi Ae vb ÁvZ n q grm m ú` e w i cö qvrbxqzv Abyfe Kiv ` k Pvl Dc hvmx gv Qi bvg Ges iæb KvZjv I g Mj gv Qi ˆewkó Rvbv cykz i ivrcuywu I we `kx gv ii Pvl m ú K Ávb jvf Kiv kvixwik I gvbwmk wekvk gva wgk Í ii wkÿv_x iv evj Kvj cwi q ˆK kvikv ji `vi Mvovq cv iv L G mg q wkÿv_ x `i A½-cÖZ ½i MVb c~y Zvi w` K GwM q hvq, ckxr kw³i wekvk N U Ges Zviv grm Pv li gzb e envwik Kv Ri Rb kvixwik Dchy³Zv jvf K i gva wgk ch v q wkÿv_ x `i Ávb wekv ki avivevwnkzvq Zv `i g a Rvbvi AvMÖn ev o, wbz bzzb wel q AwfÁZv AR bi KŠZ nj m wó nq GKw` K AbymÜvbg~jK Kv R Zviv hgb Avb ` cvq, Ab w` K Kv Ri mdjzv jv fi d j Zv `i g a K g i cöwz BwZevPK g bvfve M o I V Ges g~j eva wekwkz nq cvv cwimi we epbv gva wgk ch v qi wkÿv_ x `i Dc iv³ kvixwik I gvbwmk ˆewk ó i Av jv K grm Pvl m úwk Z h me welqe 6ô-10g kªyx Z Av jvwpz n q Q Zv h_v_ Ges Gi gva g wkÿvµ gi D Ïk h_vh_fv e cöwzdwjz n q Q Z e Kvb Kvb kªyx Z welqe i cybive wë cwijwÿz n q Q; hgb- Pvl hvm gv Qi ˆewkó h_vµ g 6ô, 7g I 9g kªyx Z cyiive wë n q Q Avevi 7g I 8g Dfq kªyx Z grm m ú` K g hviqvi KviY Av jvwpz n q Q wpswo Pvl m ú K 7g I 9g Dfq kªyx Z gv Qi ivm I cöwzkvi cybive wë Kiv n q Q welqe i cwimi we epbvq 7g kªyx Z grm m ú` K g hviqvi KviY Av jvwpz niqvq 8g kªyx Z Zvi cybive wë bv Ki j wkÿv_ x `i Dci GKUz Pvc KgZ KviY 8g kªyx Z gvq Pv li 6/7wU c wz m ú K we ÍvwiZ Av jvpbv n q Q hv Zv `i Rb evowz Pv ci KviY n Z cv i grm msiÿy AvBb m ú K 9g kªyx Z Aí we Íi h Av jvpbv n q Q Zv LyeB djcöm~ Ges Zv wkÿv_ x `i AvB bi cöwz kª vkxj n Z Ges BwZevPK ` wófw½ MV b mnvqk n e 218

24 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 cwi k l ejv hvq, gva wgk ch v qi wkÿv_x `i gv S hw` grm Pvl welqk ZvwË K Av jvpbv mv_ Kfv e AvZ Kiv bv hvq Ges e envwik Kv Ri `ÿzv c~y iƒ c AR b Kiv bv hvq Zv n j ez gvb cör b i wkÿv_ xiv kª gi cöwz gh v`vkxj n e Ges KvwqK kª gi cöwz Zv `i h_vh_ g~j eva RvMÖZ n e hviv wewfbœ Kvi Y gva wgk ch v q wkÿv e e v _ K S i c o ZvivI AwR Z Ávb K cyuwr K i AvZ Kg ms v b wb qvwrz n Z cvi e d j ` ki A_ bxwz Z BwZevPK f~wgkv cvj bi cvkvcvwk ` ki Rb ^v i Rb cövwu bi Pvwn`v c~i YI Ae`vb ivl Z cvi e g~j vqb 1. grm Pv li iæz Abyaveb Ki Z c iwq Kx? 2. grm Pv li `ÿzv, AwfÁZv K Avwg mwvkfv e cö qvm Ki Z cvi ev Kx? 3. cö qv Mi ÿî jv D jøl Ki Z cvi ev Kx? m ve DËi g~j wklbxq welqe c o wb R ˆZwi Kiæb cö qvr b wudu ii mn hvmx wbb 219

25 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw BDwbU-5 Awa ekb-4 nuvm-gyiwm cvjb f~wgkv weáv bi Dbœq bi mv _ mv _ nuvm-gyiwm cvjb c wzii h _ó Dbœqb N U Q Dbœqb n q Q Lvgvi e e vcbvii hw`i G ` k MÖvg GjvKvq A_ev hviv Aí msl vq nuvm-gyiwm cvjb K i _v Kb Zviv mbvzb c wz ZB G jv K jvjb-cvjb K ib wkš evwywr KwfwË Z Lvgv i cvjb Ki Z n j Aek B AvaywbK cöhyw³ Z nuvm-gyiwm jvjbcvjb Ki Z n e Zv bv n j Kvw LZ cwigv Y wwg ev gvsm Drcv`b Kiv m e n e bv Lvgvi _ K ch vß cwigv Y Drcv`b c Z n j cöwzwu Lvgvwi K Aek B Lvgvi e e vcbvi LuywUbvwU welq jvi w` K mwvkfv e bri w` Z n e Lvgvi e e vcbv m ú K mwvk Ávb bv _vk j cvwëª _ K Kvw LZ Drcv`b c Z mgm v n Z cv i hvi Rb e emv jvfrbk n e bv G Z A b KB Lvgvi Ki Z Drmvn nvwi q d jb G `i Kiæb Ae v ` L Lvgvi Mo Z AvMÖnx e w³ivi Lvgvi Mo Z Pvb bv A_P Lvgvwiiv hw` Lvgvi e e vcbvi mwvk cöhyw³ m ú K ÁvbvR b K ib I m Abyhvqx Lvgv ii cöwzw` bi KvRKg m úv`b K ib, Z e mn RB G mgm v KvwU q I V Lvgvi K A_ bwzkfv e jvfrbk ch v q wb q hviqv m e Avi GK_v cö Z K K g b ivlv DwPZ h, h Kvb ai bi QvULvU Ae njv ev fyjîæwub Lvgv ii jvkmv bi Rb h _ó 220

26 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 D Ïk GB Awa ekb k l wkÿv_ xiv - nuvm-gyiwm cvjb welqk welqe i kªyxwfwëk wklb d ji Ici wb ` wkz KvR Av`vq Ki Z cvi eb wklbdj AR b welqe i h_v_ Zv ey bv Ki Z cvi eb ekviz `~ixki Y Z_v AvZ Kg ms v b nuvm-gyiwm welqk e envwik KvR e vl v Ki Z cvi eb ce mg~n ce -K t nuvm-gyiwm cvjb welqk welqe i kªyxwfwëk wklbd ji Ici wb ` wkz KvR Av`vq Awa ek bi ïiæ Z cöwkÿyv_ x `i c~ e i K v m `qv wb ` wkz MÖæcwfwËK wklbd ji Dci cv vi ˆZwii KvRwU m úv`b Kiv n q Q wkbv cöwkÿk Zvi LuvR wb eb Ges wb Pi `y GKwU cwvmwr msµvší cökœ K i Zv `i Kv Ri h_v_ Zv hvpvb Ki eb cv vi ˆZwii Kv R mevb AskMÖnY K iwqj wk? cv vi ˆZwii Kv R Kvb Kvb `ÿzv RwoZ? cv vi ˆZwi Kv R Kvb ikg mgm v n qwqj wk, n j Zv Kxfv e mgvavb Kiv n jv? AZtci cöwkÿk cöwzwu `j K Zv `i cv vi P Uc e envi K i `Iqvi myweavrbk v b vcb Ki Z ej eb G ch v q cöwkÿk cöwzwu ` ji m`m `i `jxqfv e Ab vb MÖæ ci KvR `L Z ej eb Ges cö Z K cv vi n Z g~j c q U jv wjwce Ki Z ej eb m ve ÿ Î KvRwU Kivi Rb wgwbu mgq w` eb ce -L t wklb dj AR b welqe i h_v_ Zv G c e i ïiæ Z cöwkÿk c~e Ávb hvpvb qi D Ïk wklbdj I welqe i h_v_ Zv m ú K wgwb jkpvi w` eb Ges wb P D jøwlz `yõgkwu cökœ Ki eb h_v_ Zv Kv K e j? welqe i h_v_ Zv wbiƒc Yi wby vqk jv Kx Kx? 221

27 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw cöwkÿk c~ e i ` ji wejywß NvlYv Ki eb Ges bzzbfv e wkÿk-awkÿk I RÛvi mgzv iÿv K i cybivq 4wU `j MVb Ki Z ej eb cöwzwu `j K cvv cwim ii h_v_ Zv wbiƒcy Ges h Kvb GKwU kªyxi K wl wkÿv wel qi cvv cȳ ÍK mieivn Ki eb G ch v q cöwkÿk `jxq cöwkÿyv_ x `i wbw` ó kªyxi nuvm-gyiwm cvjb welqk wklbdj g bv hv Mi mv _ co Z ej eb AZtci `jxq cöwkÿyv_ x `i mswkøó welqe wu g bv hv Mi mv _ wbixÿy Ki Z ej eb wbixÿy k l cöwkÿk Dc vwcz cökœ jvi Dci `jxq Av jvpbv Avnevb Ki eb Ges Av jvpbvjä djvdj LvZvq wjl Z ej eb G Kv Ri k l cöwkÿk Zv `i K wrávmv c wz Z ` ji m`m cwiez b Ki eb (KLMNK) Acivci ` j cövß welq jv wb q Av jvpbv-ch v jvpbv Ki Z ej eb G cöwµqvi cybive wëi gva g cö Z K `j 6ô-9g kªyx ch ší K wl wkÿv wel qi nuvm-gyiwm cvjb welqk welqe i cwimi wklbd ji ms M msmwzc~y wkbv wksev welqe i cybive wë n j Zv H kªyxi Rb Acwinvh wkbv m m ú K wm vší wb e Gmg q cöwkÿk Av jvpbviz ` ji cv k NyivNywi Ki eb Ges cö qvrbxq mnvqzv w` eb G ch v q cöwkÿk cöwz `j _ K Zv `i AvR Ki Av jvpbvi mvivsk gšwlk Dc vcb Ki Z ej eb AZtci cöwkÿk ` ji wejywß NvlYv Ki eb ce -M t ekviz `~ixki Y Z_v AvZ Kg ms v b nuvm-gyiwm welqk e envwik Kv Ri Ae`vb G c e cöwkÿk GKwU Pv U i gva g 6ô-9g kªyxi cvv eb q AšÍf y³ e envwik Kv Ri GKwU ZvwjKv cv v i cö`k b Ki eb wzwb G mg q cö Z K wkÿv_ x K e envwik Kv Ri ZvwjKv Abyaveb Ki Z ej eb 6ô-9g kªyx K wl wkÿv wel qi nuvm-gyiwm cvjb wel qi e envwik Kv Ri ZvwjKv t 6ô kªyx 1. wewfbœ cvwli cwiwpwz I ˆewkó ch eÿy 2. gyiwmi Lvev ii mv _ cwiwpwz 3. nuvm-gyiwmi evm v bi cwiwpwz 4. nuvm-gyiwmi ivm m ú K cwiwpwz 222

28 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 7g kªyx 1. gyiwmi ` ni cwiwpwz 2. gyiwmi ev Pvi Lvevi ˆZwi 3. nuv mi ev Pvi mylg Lvevi ˆZwi 8g kªyx 1. nuvm-gyiwmi Lvev ii ZvwjKv ˆZwi I cwi`k b 2. ewk wwg I Kg wwg `Iqv gyiwm evqvb 3. wwg msiÿy c wz 4. nv Z Kj g wukv`vb 9g kªyx 1. ev Pv dzuv bvi Dc hvmx wwg wbe vpb 2. eªqjvi I evoší gyiwmi `vbv`vi Lvevi ˆZwi 3. cykz i nuvm-gyiwm-gv Qi mgwš^z Lvgvi ch eÿy 4. nuvm gyiwm Lvgvi cwi`k b 5. gyiwmi ivyx ÿz iv M wukv`vb Abyave bi KvR kl n j cöwkÿyv_ x `i K Rvovq Av jvpbvi Rb ev W Ô ekviz `~ixkiy I AvZ -Kg ms vb nvum-gyiwm cvjb welqk e envwik Kv Ri Ae`vbÕ 5wU c q U Av jvpvbvi wb ` kbv ev W wj L w` eb Ges Rvovq Av jvpbv Ki Z ej eb cöwzwu Rvovi Av jvpbv kl n j mœv ewjs c wz Z `ywu Rvov K GKwÎZ K i, c i Pvi R bi `ywu `j K GKwÎZ K i Gfv e me kl mgmö K v m Dcw Z me wkÿv_ x K GKwÎZ K i mw wjzfv e GKK wm v ší cšqv e G ch v qi wkÿk kªyxk ÿ c`pviyv K i wkÿv_ x `i cö qvrbxq mnvqzv w` eb me kl cöwkÿk wgwb jkpv ii gva g cv Vi mvivsk Uvb eb 223

29 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw g~j wklbxq welq nuvm-gyiwm cvjb wklb d ji h_v_ Zv t evsjv ` ki gz Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z Lv` vfve Ges Acywó wbz m½x Lv ` i 6wU Dcv`v bi g a kixi MV b cövwub me v cÿv iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i Avgv `i ` k cövwu bi cöavb Drm gv Qi c ib gvsm Ges ww gi Ae vb Avgiv wwg I gvs mi Rb M ncvwjz cvwl Z_v nuvm gyiwmi Dci wbf ikxj GRb nuvm-gyiwm cvjb welqwu gva wgk Í ii K wl wkÿv cvv cȳ Í K Kg ewk Av jvwpz n q Q G me Av jvpbvi cwimi kªyx f ` wkÿv_ x `i Ávbxq mÿgzv Ges wkÿvµ g D jøwlz wklb dj AR b Dc hvmx Ki Z HKvwšÍK cö Póv cwijwÿz n q Q wkÿvµg wi cvu G kªyxwfwëk h me wklb dj wba viy Kiv n q Q Zvi bgybv wbgœiƒc- 6ô kªyx M ncvwjz cvwli AvK wzmz ˆewkó Ges DcKvwiZv e vl v Ki Z cvi e K qkwu `wk I DbœZ Rv Zi nuvm-gyiwmi ˆewkó ej Z cvi e G `i mylg Lv` cö Z cöyvjx ej Z cvi e ^v m Zfv e nuvm-gyiwm cvjb Ki Z cvi e nuvm-gyiwmi iv Mi cöwzkvi cöwz iva m ú K ej Z cvi e mvwe K cwimi we epbvq `Lv hvq, 6ô-10g kªyxi K wl wkÿv cvv cȳ Í K nuvm-gyiwm cvjb wel q h me welqe AšÍf y³ Kiv n q Q Zv wklbdj AR bi Dc hvmx Z e GLv b kªyxwfwëk cwim ii ÿ Î `Lv hvq h, 9g I 10g kªyxi Rb welqe 2 eq ii Rb wbw` ó n ji 8g kªyxi Rb Av jvwpz welqe GK eq ii Zzjbvq AwaK g b n q Q Avevi 7g kªyxi welqe 8g kªyxi Zzjbvq ek Kg G `ywu kªyxi welqe i g a mgš^q mvab Kiv n j Zv wkÿv_ x `i Rb myweav n Zv 224

30 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 nuvm-gyiwm cvj b me cÿv mz KZv ev wbivcëvg~jk e e v n jv nuvm-gyiwmi ivm cöwzkvi ev cöwz iva G welqwu me kªyx Z Kg- ewk Av jvwpz n q Q hv gva wgk ch v q h Kvb wkÿv_ xi wkÿvkvjxb A_ev wkÿv mgvc b Zvi AwR Z Ávb K ev Í e cö qvm Ki Z mÿg K i Zzj e; Z e B`vwbs nuvm-gyiwmi ÿ Î eûj cöpwjz evw d y ivm m ú K Av jvpbv cvv cȳ Í K _vk j wkÿv_ x `i wklb hvm Zv K AviI mg KiZ ekviz `~ixki Y I AvZ -Kg ms v b e envwik KvR ZvwË K Av jvpbvi cvkvcvwk cö Z K kªyxi Dc hvmx K i gva wgk ch v q nuvm-gyiwm cvj bi Dci 15/16 wu e envwik Kv Ri e e v ivlv n q Q wbtm ` n GwU GKwU mg qvc hvmx D ` vm KviY gva wgk ch v qi evoší wkÿv_ xiv hw` MVbg~jK Kv Ri ga w` q Zv `i KŠZ nj, AvMÖn guv bvi my hvm cvq Z e Zviv GKw` K hgb KŠkjx ev `ÿ n q M o DV e Zgwb Zv `i g a AvZ wek vm ` p n e ez gvb cör b i wkÿv_ xiv mdjfv e AvZ Kg ms v b wb qvwrz n q Z_vKw_Z wkwÿz ekvi Z i Awfkvc NyPv Z mÿg n e K g i cöwz Zv `i BwZevPK g bvfve M o DV e Ges Zviv RvZxq Dbœq b Ges A_ bwzk wekv k f~wgkv ivl Z mÿg n e wkÿvµ gi D Ïk, wklbdj, welqe i Pqb, web vmmn Ab vb me Av qvrb ZLbB mv_ K n e hlb kªyx wkÿk GKwU welqe i D Ïk, wba vwiz wklbd ji hšw³kzv m ú K AewnZ n q Ges wkÿv_ x `i gvbwmk mÿgzvi AbyK~j K i welqe Dc vc b cöqvmx n eb g~j vqb 1. nuvm-gyiwm cvj b welqe i kªyxwfwëk wklbdj D jøl Ki Z cvi ev Kx? 2. ekviz `~ixki Y nuvm-gyimx cvj bi iæz e vl v Ki Z cvi ev Kx? m ve DËi g~jwklbxq welqe c o wb R ˆZwi Kiæb cö qvr b wudu ii mn hvmx wbb 225

31 BDwbU-5 f~wgkv gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw cï m ú` Drcv`b Awa ekb-5 K wli mv _ m úwk Z cövq cö Z KwU Kv R Mevw`cïi wkqy bv wkqy Ae`vb i q Q Z e, gv V dmj Pv l Mevw`cïi Ae`vb me P q ewk KviY, evsjv ` ki me K wl hvm Rwg hvwš K Pv li Aax b Avbv AvcvZZ m e bq G ` k cïkw³ K G Kev i ev` w` q hvwš K Pv li cöpjb Avb Z AviI mgq jvm e ZvB Avgiv wbwø avq ej Z cvwi, G ` k K wl Av qi wmsnfvmb wbf i Ki Q cïm ú `i Ici c w_exi Dbœqbkxj `k jv ZI K wlkv R cïkw³i e envi n Q GK Z_ _ K Rvbv hvq, Avgv `i ` k nvjpvl, Mvwo Uvbv BZ vw` eve` cövß kw³ Ges Mvei, Pbv BZ vw`i `vg ai j cïm ú` RvZxq A_ bxwz Z cövq 15% Ae`vb iv L ` ni ÿqc~iy, e w mvab I `n MV bi Rb AvwglRvZxq Lvev ii cö qvrb `ya I gvsm AvwglRvZxq Lv` `ya I gvsm Avgiv M ncvwjz cï _ K c q _vwk Z e nuvmgyiwmi Avgv `i Avwglmg wwg I gvsm mieivn K i _v K Kg ms vb I AvZ Kg ms vb GK bq RxweKv wbe v ni Rb KvR Kivi my hvm K Kg ms vb e j Avi wb Ri Póvq Kg ms v bi my hvm m wó K i K g AvZ wb qvm Kiv K AvZ Kg ms vb e j AvZ Kg ms vb gvby li Pvwn`v wgwu q Avw_ K ^ QjZv AvbqY K i e j GwU gvby li `vwi`ª `~ixki Y mnvqzv K i _v K c w_ex Z Avwef v ei ci gvbyl K cö_g Kg ms v bi müvb w` qwqj cï Zvici ch vqµ g eyw wekv ki mv _ mv _ cï K K `ª K i gvbyl wb R wb R wewfbœgylx AvZ Kg ms v bi e e v K i Q g~ j wqj gvby li AvZ cö Póvi cö qvrb Avi cïi Ae`vb cï gvbyl K cö qvrbwfwëk Pvwn`v guv bv QvovI cö qvr bi AwZwi³ A_ DcvR bi c_ `wl q `vwi`ª `~ixki Y hy M hy M f~wgkv cvjb K i G m Q evsjv ` ki Rb M ncvwjz cï GK weivu m ú` G` ki AvenvIqv cïcvj bi Rb Dc hvmx MÖv gi cövq cöwzwu evwo Z Miæ, QvMj, gwnl cvjb Ki Z `Lv hvq wkš GLbI eû RvqMvq mbvzb c wz Z cïcvjb Kiv n Q mrb cï Avgv `i eo m ú` niqv m Ë I G ` ki ewkifvm gvbyl `wi`ª I ekvi mbvzb c wzi cwie Z weávbm Zfv e cïcvjb Ki j Lye mn R Kg ms v bi Dcvq n e Kg ms v bi Dcvq n j Avw_ K m QjZv Avm e I `vwi`ªzv `~i n e 226

32 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 D Ïk GB Awa ekb k l wkÿv_ xiv - kªyxwfwëk D Ï k i mv _ cïm ú` Drcv`b kxl K welqe i cwimi hvpvb Ki Z cvi eb wkÿv_ x `i g bvmvgvwrk I Av_ -mvgvwrk Pvwn`v c~iy welqe i wbf i hvm Zv I h_v_ Zv wbiƒcy Ki Z cvi eb welqe i mv_ K wkl b I `ÿzv AR b AšÍfy ³ e envwik Kv Ri iæz ey bv Ki Z cvi eb ce mg~n ce -Kt kªyxwfwëk D Ï k i mv _ cïm ú` Drcv`b kxl K welqe i cwimi hvpvb Awa ek bi ïiæ Z cöwkÿk cöwkÿyv_ x `i `Iqv wb ` wkz Kv Ri Dci wfwë K i `y GKwU cökœ Ki eb hgb- K) Avgv `i ` k cövwu bi RbwcÖq Drm KvbwU? L) cywógv bi wfwë Z Avgiv Kvb Lv` K Av`k Lv` ewj? M) cövwub Ges Av`k Lv` Avgiv Kv_v _ K cvb? Dch y³ cö kœi DË ii m~î a i cöwkÿk AvR Ki cvv wk ivbvg ÔÔcï m ú` Drcv`bÓ NvlYv Ki eb Ges wgwb jkpv ii gva g AvR Ki cv Vi iæz Zz j ai eb AZtci cöwkÿk cöwkÿvyv_ x `i K wkÿk-awkÿk Ges RÛvi mgzv iÿv K i Y~ bzg PviwU MÖæc ˆZwi Ki eb cöwzwu MÖæc K h_vµ g 6ó, 7g, 8g I 9g kªyxi cïm ú` Drcv`b kxl K Z_ mieivn Ki eb Ges Zv cöwkÿyv_ x `i K Abyave b AvnŸvb Ki eb G ch v q cöwkÿk cö Z K `j bzvi mnvqzvq wfryqvjvb Rkb/ eªbb wg s Gi gva g ÔÔ kªyxwfwëk wba vwiz wklbdj AR b welqe i Av jvpbvq wk wk AšÍfy ³ n Z cv i Ges Zvi cwimi KZUzKz niqv mgxpxbó Zv MÖæcwfwËK Av jvpbv K i wjwce Ki Z AvnŸvb Rvbv eb 227

33 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw Dchy ³ KvRwU kl n j cöwkÿk cöwzwu MÖæ c mswkøó kªyxi K wl wkÿvi cvv cȳ ÍK mieivn K i Zv `i wjwce welqe i mv _ wgwj q `L e Ges welqe i cwimi h_vh_ wkbv ZvI g~j vqb Ki eb hw` Kvb Av jvpbv AwZwi³ g b nq Zv e ZvI mbv³ Ki e AZ:ci cöwkÿk 4wU ` ji m`m `i Expert Jigsaw c wz Z m`m cwiez b Ki eb Acivci MÖæ ci m`m `i gv S Agreeing/disagreeing Gi gva g welqe i cwimi m ú K cöwkÿyv_x `i gzvg Zi cöwzdjb NUv e ce -Lt wkÿv_ x `i g bvmvgvwrk I Av_ -mvgvwrk Pvwn`v c~i Y welqe i wbf i hvm Zv I h_v_ Zv wbiƒcy G c e cöwkÿk gva wgk wkÿv_ x `i g bvmvgvwrk I Av_ -mvgvwrk Pvwn`v m ú K wgwb jkpvi w` eb Ges cvkvcvwk wkÿv_ x `i Kg g~lx I kªgkxj Kivi c` ÿc m ú K aviyv w` eb AZ:ci wkÿv_x `i wb q cöwkÿk bzzbfv e 4/5 wu MÖæc ˆZwi Ki eb cöwzwu MÖæ ci mgmsl K m`m _vk e wzwb cöwzwu MÖæ c wkÿk-awkÿk Ges RÛvi mgzv iÿv Ki eb cöwzwu MÖæ c wkÿv_ x `i Av_ -mvgvwrk I g bvmvgvwrk Pvwn`v msµvší Z_ mieivn K i D vwez cökœ jvi DËi `jmz Av jvpbv K i LvZvq wjwce Ki Z ej eb mœv ewjs Gi gva g GKK wm v ší cšqv Z wkÿv_x `i mnvqzv Ki eb ce -Mt welqe i mv_ K wkl b I `ÿzv AR b AšÍf y³ e envwik Kv Ri iæz wbiƒcy cöwkÿk cy ev ³ MÖæcmg~n K Zv `i K mieivnk Z cö Z K kªyxi K wlwkÿv cvv eb qi cï m ú` Drcv`b kxl K Aa v q AšÍf y³ e envwik KvR jvi ZvwjKv Zwi Ki Z ej eb Ges e envwik Kv Ri iæz msµvší cökœ mieivn K i mlv b D jøwlz cökœ jv MÖæ c Av jvpbv K i DËi wjwce Ki Z ej eb AZ:ci cöwz MÖæc _ K `j bzv K Zvi DËi jv mk ji mvg b Dc vcb Ki Z ej eb Dc vwcz wel q Kv iv cökœ _vk j Dc vcbkvix Zvi Reve w` eb, cö qvr b cöwkÿk cö kœvë i mvnvh Ki eb 228

34 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 g~j wklbxq welq cï m ú` Drcv`b evsjv `k `wÿy Gwkqvi Dbœqbkxj `k jvi g a Ab Zg K wl cöavb `k AvaywbK weávb cöhyw³ Dbœq b I cö qv M K wl ÿ Î h _ó AMÖMwZ mvwaz n q Q evsjv `k Lv` Drcv` bi Kvb Kvb ÿ Î cwigvymz ^q izv AR b Ki ji Ym úbœ mylg Lv ` i Afve GL bv cöku wecyj `wi`ª Rb Mvwôi g a Lv ` i Ab Zg Dcv`vb cövwu bi GL bv h _ó Afve Av Q Avgv `i ` ki cövwu bi hme Drm Av Q Zvi g a me v cÿv RbwcÖq Drm n Q gvsm hv M ncvwjz cï m ú` ev Mevw` cï _ K cviqv hvq cövwub Pvwn`v c~i Y Mevw` cï Avgv `i `n MV b I e w mva b cövwub iæz c~y f~wgkv cvjb K i ewa Z RbmsL vi Kvi Y Avgv `i ` k cövwu bi Pvwn`v w` b w` b e w cv Q G µgea gvb Pvwn`v guv Z mxwgz f~l Û D P djbkxj Mevw` cï cöwzcvjb Kiv n Q AvR Ki wkÿv_ x AvMvgx w` bi bvmwik, mgv Ri m`m wn m e GB D P Drcv`bkxj M n cvwjz cï Drcv`b KŠkj, Zv `i cwiph v, Avnvi, evm v bi hzœ, ivm cöwz iva cöf wz m ú K Rvbv Avek K G Kvi Y gva wgk K wl wkÿv cvv cȳ Í K Av jvwpz cï m ú` Drcv`b welqk Av jvpbv LyeB iæz enb K i 229

35 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw wklb d ji mv _ welqe i mvgäm cvv cȳ ÍK n Q wkÿv e e vi Z Yg~j ch v qi wklb mvgmöx cvv cȳ Í K mb me welqe i mwbœ ek NUv bv nq hv wm jev mi D Ïk Ges ciez x ch v q wkÿvµ gi jÿ I D Ïk AR b mÿg n e Ab w` K cvv cȳ Í K mwbœ ewkz welqe i KvwVb gvîv Ges MfxiZv mswkøó wkÿv_ x `i mvg _ i m ½ msmwzc~y niqv evâbxq cvv cȳ Í Ki welq KejgvÎ Z_ g~jk n j Zv wkÿv_ x `i g bv hvm AvKl Y e _ nq ZvB welqe cövmw½k D`vniY, mswkøó Qwe ev wpî, mviyx BZ vw` mn Dc vwcz n j Zv wkÿv_ x `i Kv Q ü`qmövnx nq h Kvb wel qi jÿ AR bi Rb Zvi D Ïk m ú K mg K aviyv _vkv `ikvi gva wgk ch v qi K wl wkÿvi wkÿk KI mswkøó welqe i AšÍf yw³i D Ïk, Dc vc bi hšw³kzv, avivevwnkzv BZ vw` m ú K AeMZ n Z nq gva wgk ch v qi wewfbœ kªyx Z K wl wkÿv wel q cï m ú` Drcv`b wk ivbv g h welqe Av jvwpz n q Q Zv ch eÿy, we køly ev wbixÿy K i `Lv hvq h Zv wkÿvµ gi D Ïk I wklb d ji mv _ msmwzc~y wkÿv_ x `i Av_ -mvgvwrk I g bvmvgvwrk Pvwn`v gva wgk Í ii wkÿv_ xiv evj Kvj cwi q K kvi I eqmwükv ji `vi Mvovq cv iv L gva wgk ch v qi wkÿv_ x `i A½-cÖZ ½i MVb c~y Zvi w` K GwM q hvq, Zv `i ckxkw³i wekvk N U Ges Zviv cï m ú` Drcv` bi gz e envwik Kv Ri Rb kvixwik mÿgzv jvf K i gva wgk ch v qi wkÿv_ x `i ÁvbMZ wekv ki avivevwnkzvq Zv `i g a Rvbvi AvMÖn, bzzb wel q AwfÁZv AR b KŠZ nj m wó nq Ges Zviv AbymÜvbg~jK Kv R Avb ` cvq mdjzv jv fi d j Zv `i g a BwZevPK g bvfve g~j ev ai wekvk N U gva wgk ch v qi wkÿv_ x `i Dc iv³ kvixwik I gvbwmk wekv ki ˆewk ó i Av jv K cï m ú` Drcv`b m úwk Z h me welqe 6ô _ K 10g kªyx Z AšÍf yw³ h_v_ Ges Gi gva g wkÿvµ gi D Ïk h_vh_fv e cöwzdwjz n q Q 230

36 BDwbU-5 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 mgevq Ges K wlfy Awa ekb-6 f~wgkv evsjv `k K wl Z AmsL ÿz`ªvqzb Lvgvi Drcv`b Kvh µ g RwoZ GKB Lvgv i gšmygwfwëk wewfbœ K wl cy Drcv`b, grm Pvl, cï cvjb Kvh µg cwipvwjz n q _v K So, eb v, Liv, AvenvIqvi AvKw K cwiez b, cvkvgvk oi Dc`ª ei gz Awbqwš Z cwi e k K lk K wl Kvh µg cwipvjbv K i _v K dj bi AZ wak SzuwKi g a Drcv`b Kvh µg cwipvjbv Ki Z nq A bk K lkb Drcbœ dm j Zvi cvwievwik fv Mi cö qvrb cy ivcywi wguv Z cv i bv fv jv AvenvIqvq _ K AwaK Drcv`b n j cy g~j c o hvq, hvi Rb K wl Avq GB g~j SuywKRwbZ Kvi YI Kg n Z cv i fv M NvUwZ, Av q NvUwZ wksev Dfq Kvi Y K wl Lv Z g~jab M o IVv mgq mv cÿ e vcvi wksev bmy g~ja bb K wlkvh cwipvjbv Ki Z nq hlb cwiev ii fv M NvUwZ c o, wksev g~jab DcKi Yi Afve nq ( hgb-exr, mvi, Mevw`cï, m Pi bjk~c BZ vw`), c~e Zb `vq `bv kva Ki Z nq, AvKw K Kv bv wech q N U ( hgb-mevw`cïi g Zz, eb vq dmj bó niqv) A_ev weevn Abyôvb ev Ab vb mvgvwrk Abyôvbvw` Z AvKw K LiP nq, ^íweë K lk cwievi Gme Ae vq cövqk FY MÖn Y eva n q _v K K wl cy e emvq hviv RwoZ, AwaK cy µq, cwienb, msiÿy I `vgrvzki Y cyuwri `ikvi nq wbr RvZ-Rgv msjmœ wksev myweavgz Rwg µ q K lk cwievi K wl F Yi Pvwn`v Abyfe K i K lk cwievi K wl F Yi Pvwn`v `ywu Drm _ K wguv Z Póv K i; hgb- K) AcÖvwZôvwbK Drm, L) cövwzôvwbk Drm AcÖvwZôvwbK Dr mi g a i q Q eüz-evüe, cöwz ekx, abx K lk, mỳ Lvi gnvrb, AvZ xq- ^Rb G `i _ K Rwg eük i LI FY bqv nq Gme FY webv mỳ _ K D P nv ii my ` wb Z nq K wllv Zi gvu FY cöev ni kzkiv cövq 67 fvm ev `yb Z Zxqvs k mieivn K i _v K AcÖvwZôvwbK Drm cövwzôvwbk Dr mi g a i q Q K wl e vsk, evwywr K e vs Ki MÖvgv ji kvlvmg~n, mgevqx cöwzôvb wksev 231

37 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw emikvwi Dbœqb ms v ( hgb-eª vk, MÖvgxY e vsk, cöwkkv, Avkv, wb Riv Kwi BZ vw`) D Ïk GB Awa ekb k l wkÿv_ xiv - mgevq Ges Gi cuf~wg, D Ïk, iæz I mgevq cv Vi cö qvrbxqzv e vl v Ki Z cvi eb evsjv ` k mikvwi I emikvwi ch v q K wlfy cö`vbkvix cöwzôv bi ZvwjKv cöyqb I Zv `i Kvh µg ey bv Ki Z cvi eb AvZ Kg ms vb I `vwi`ª we gvp b K wlf Yi Ae`vb m ú K Av jvpbv Ki Z cvi eb ce mg~n ce -K t mgevq Ges Gi cuf~wg, D Ïk, iæz I mgevq cv Vi cö qvrbxqzv Awa ek bi ïiæ Z cöwkÿk wgwb jkpv ii gva g mgevq ej Z Kx eysvq Zv e L v Ki eb mgev qi HwZnvwmK cuf~wg m ú K Av jvkcvz Ki eb AZtci cöwkÿk cöwkÿyv_ x `i K wkÿk-awkÿk, gav I RÛvi mgzv iÿv K i 4wU ` j wef³ Ki eb Ges cöwkÿyv_x `j jv K h_vµ g mgevq mwgwzi jÿ -D Ïk, mgev qi g~jbxwz, mgev qi iæz Ges mgevq cv Vi cö qvrbxqzv Kx Zv Zv `i K cö_ g GKKfv e Brain storming Ki Z ej eb Gevi Zv `i GKK wpšív K `jxq Ab vb m`m `i mv _ kqvi K i Ges `jxq Av jvpbvi gva g LvZvq wjwce Ki Z ej eb G Kv Ri Rb Zviv 20/25 wgwbu mgq cv e `jxq Kv Ri k l cöwkÿk Expert Jigsaw c wz cö qvm Ges Gi cybive wëi gva g Acivci ` ji KvR Ae jvkb K i Zv `i cövß Z_ m ú K AewnZ n eb Gi ga w` q cöwkÿk 1g c e i Kv Ri mgvwß Ki eb 232

38 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 ce -L t evsjv ` k mikvwi I emikvwi ch v q K wl FY cö`vbkvix cöwzôv bi ZvwjKv cöyqb Ges Zv `i Kvh µg G c e cöwkÿk K wl FY K msávwqz Ki eb Ges wewfbœ ai bi K wlfy m ú K wgwb jkpvi w` eb cöwkÿk B Qv Ki j c~ e i ` ji wejywß NvlYv Ki Z cv ib A_ev c~ e i `j KB evsjv ` k mikvwi I emikvwi ch v q K wlfy cö`vbkvix cöwzôvbmg~ ni GKwU ZvwjKv cö Z Ki Z AvnŸvb Ki eb KvR k l cöwkÿyv_x ` ji cö Z K `j bzv K Zv `i cövß ZvwjKv co Z ej eb Ges cöwkÿk wb R ev W cöwzôvbmg~ ni bv gi ZvwjKv wjl eb Acivci `j jv K G ZvwjKvq Zv `i cövß bzzb Kvb cöwzôv bi bvg _vk j Zv AšÍfy ³ Ki eb G ch v q cöwkÿk `y GKwU cöwzôvb; hgb- evsjv `k mgevq e vsk wjt I Kg ms vb e vs Ki Kvh µg Zz j ai eb ce -M t AvZ -Kg ms vb I `vwi`ª we gvp b K wl F Yi Ae`vb cöwkÿk G ch v q cöwkÿyv_ x `i Rvovq Rvovq KvR Kivi Rb ev W ÔÔAvZ -Kg ms vb I `vwi`ª we gvp b K wlf Yi Ae`vbÓ wk ivbvgwu wj L w` eb Ges Zv `i K Brain storming Gi gva g KvRwU Ki Z ej eb `jxq Av jvpbvi mgq cöwkÿk AweiZ Zv `i KvQvKvwQ Dcw Z _vk eb cöv_wgk KvR kl n j Snow Balling c wz cö qvm K i wzwb `y Rvov K (2+2=4) GKwÎZ K i Zv `i cövß Z_ vewj K hvpvb Ki Z ej eb G fv e ciezx Z 4 Rvov K (4+4=8) GKwÎZ K i K wlf Yi Ae`vbmg~n Dc vcb Ki Z ej eb cöwkÿk cöwkÿyv_ x `i `Iqv Z_ wb q ev W GKwU Mind Map Zwi Ki eb G ce Pjvi mgq cöwkÿk cöwkÿyv_x `i cvkvcvwk NyivNywi Ki eb Ges cö qvrbxq mnvqzv w` eb cöwkÿyv_ x `i Dc vcb kl n j cöwkÿk AvR Ki Av jvp welqe i cybiv jvpbv K i mgevq Ges K wlf Yi iæz Ges Zv gva wgk ch v q K wl wkÿvµ g AšÍfy w³i hšw³kzv Zz j a i Dcmsnvi Uvb eb 233

39 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw g~j wklbxq welq mgevq Ges K wlfy mgevq mgevq k ãi AvwfavwbK A_ wgwjz ev mw wjz ev GKwÎZ niqv mvaviy A _ mgevq ej Z A b K wg j GKwÎZ n q Kvb mvaviy D Ï k ev j ÿ KvR Kiv K evsvq GKvi c ÿ h KvR Kiv m e nq bv m KvR A b K wg j Ki Z Aí mg q mn R mv_ Kfv e Ges m~pviæiƒ c m úv`b Kiv hvq mgev qi g~j jÿ nj e w³ ch v q m ú `i AcÖZzjZv I ÿz`ª cö Póv K mgwói mgwš^z m ú` I cö Póvq A_ en K i cvi úvwik mn hvwmzvi gva g `vwi`ª we gvpb I Av_ mvgvwrk Dbœqb gbxlx KvjfvU mgev qi msávq e j QbÑ Òmgevq msmvb nj Ggb GKwU cöwzôvb hlv b RbmvaviY GKRb gvbyl wn m e ^ Qv cö Yvw`Z n q mg AwaKv ii wfwë Z GKZve n q wb Ri A_ bwzk Ae vi Dbœq bi D Ï k cö Póv Pvjv Z cv ió (Cooperation may be defined as a form of organization, where persons voluntarily associate together as human being on a basis of equality for the promotion of economic interest of themselves- Calvert) ZvwË K ` wó Z mgev qi msáv wn m e Gm. Avi. dviækx e jbñ Òmgevq Ggb GKwU nvwzqvi hv Øviv e w³mzfv e gvbyl ˆbwZK Dbœqb I mwµq mg_ bi gva g G K Ac ii mn hvwmzvi Øviv Zvi wbr ^ Ges mgv Ri Rb AwaKZi ˆelwqK AMÖMwZ jvf Ki Z cv ió HwZnvwmK cuf~wg BwZnvm ch v jvpbv Ki j `Lv hvq Ávb weáv bi cömv ii mv _ mv _ cök Zc ÿ mgev qi m wó nq wesk kzvãxi ïiæ ZB we k i KZK jv AbybœZ `wi`ª ` k weáv bi Avk xev ` Dbœq bi Rvqvi m wói AeKvk `Lv hvq `wÿy c~e Gwkqvi K qkwu K wlwfwëk ` k ZLb Dbœq bi Rb g~jab I cövwzôvwbk Kg c wzi Pig Afve `Lv `q Drcv`b Kv R DcKi Yi `ÿ e env ii Rb g~ja bi Afve GKKfv e gvby li A hvm Zv cögvy K i ZLbB g~jz cöv_wgkfv e fvizxq Dcgnv ` k cixÿvg~jk mgevq msmvb ˆZwii D ` vm biqv nq 1904 mv j me cö_g K wl mgevq mwgwzi bvg aviy 234

40 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 K i G ` k mgevq Kvh µg ïiæ n ji 1971 mv j gyw³hy i ga w` q evsjv ` ki Afz Ø qi ci mgev qi be hvîvi m~pbv N U ^vaxbzv DËi evsjv ` ki msweav b mgevq K A_ bxwzi Ab Zg LvZ wn m e ^xk Z n q Q mgevq AvR ïay K wl Lv Zi g a B mxgve bq eis Zv ZuvZx, grm Pvlx, `y» Drcv`bKvix, gwnjv, hvbevnb kªwgk Z_v wewfbœ ckvrxex Rb Mvwôi g a m cömvwiz n q Q mgevq mwgwzi jÿ I D Ïk mgev qi g~j jÿ e w³i Avw_ K Dbœqb AvZ Kg ms vb m wói gva g `vwi` ª we gvpb, ^wbf i K i M o Zvjv Ges Zv `i RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq bi gva g Av_ -mvgvwrk Dbœqb NUv bv mwgwzi D Ïk jv wbgœiƒc t 1 m`m `i GKwU wbqgzvwš K A_ bwzk cöwzôv b msmwvz Kiv 2 mâq I kqvi Rgvi gva g wbr ^ g~jab m wó Kiv 3 m`m `i ckv Abyhvqx `ÿzv e w i Rb cö qvrbxq cöwkÿ Yi e e v Kiv 4 m`m `i Avq e w K í Drcv`b I Kg ms vb cwikíbv cöyqb Kiv 5 cö qvrbxq FY KuvPv gvj I Ab vb DcKiYvw` mieiv ni e e v Kiv 6 m`m `i mvgvwrk I Avw_ K DbœwZ weavbk í wewfbœ jvfrbk Kg m~wp MÖnY Kiv 7 cwievi cwikíbv, ^v iÿv, cywó, e envwik Kg wfwëk ^vÿizv I mgvr Kj vyg~jk wewfbœ KvR Kiv mgev qi g~jbxwz t KZK jv g~jbxwzi Dci mgevq msmv bi wfwë cöwzwôz K) mn hvwmzvñ msmv bi mvgwmök ^v _ Gi AšÍM Z me m`m K mn hvmx g bvfve MÖnY Ki Z n e m`m MY wb R `i cö Z K K DbœqbKg x wn m e MY Ki Z n e L) MYZš Ñ msmv bi me m`m fvuvwakv ii wfwë Z ÿgzvi AwaKvix n e AwaKv ii mv _ mv _ cö Z Ki `vwqz I KZ e m ú K m PZb _vk Z n e M) mgzv evañ msmv bi m`m `i g a me `v mgzv eva _vk Z n e m`m `i g a G K Ac ii Dci cöfve LvwU q ev Ab Kvb Dcv q AvwacZ we Ívi bxwz weiæ N) msnwzñ mgev qi me m`m K wba vwiz D Ï k mymsnz I mw wjzfv e KvR Ki Z n e O) mzzvñ mzzv mgev qi Ab Zg wfwë Amvay e w³ KLbB AvšÍwiKfv e mr Kv Ri mn hvmx n Z cv i bv 235

41 gva wgk wkÿk cöwkÿy - wegw P) eysvcov I ˆbKU Ñ mgev qi me m` ` i gv S me `vb me Kv R eysvcov _vk Z n e mk ji Ae vb KvQvKvwQ n Z n e mgev qi iæz mn hvwmzvg~jk g bvfve wb q ivwkqvi ga weë K lk hš_ Lvgvi vcb K i K wl Drcv` b ˆecøweK Dbœqb mvab K i Q Rvcv bi K wl Dbœq bi g~ j mgev qi cöpzi Ae`vb i q Q K wl DcKiY e envi, mieivn, Drcvw`Z `ªe evrvirvzki Y mw wjz cö Póv AZ ší dj`vqk e j cögvwyz n q Q wkí ÿ Î KzwUi wkí, ZuvZ mgevq, R j mgevq Ges Ab vb wbgœ ga weë ckvi Dbœq b mgevq c wz mydj w` q Q Rvcvb, ivwkqv, Rvg vwb, PK cörvzš, eyj Mwiqv cöf wz ` k K wl Dbœq bi Rb mgevq K K `ª K i bxwz cwikíbv MÖnY Kivq Zviv AvR AMÖMwZi kx l Ae vb Ki Q Avgv `i ` ki gz K wl wfwëk Dbœqbkxj ` ki K wl Drcv`b e w I evrvirvzki Y e vck wfwëk mgevq c wz Pvjy Kiv n j G me ÿ Î e vck Dbœqb mvab m e nz mgevq ïaygvî DbœqbB bq, mvgvwrk k Ljv iÿv Ges wkÿvi cömv ii cöfve we Ívi K i mgev qi gva g m ó gvby l gvby l m ó mn hvmx g bvfve mvgvwrk kvwšíi wbðqzv weavb K i wk kvi, ZiæY I hye mgv Ri hš_ kw³ e w Z mgev qi bxwzi Abb evsjv ` ki A_ bwzk Dbœq bi Rb mgevq GKwU m vebvgq K wl KvR c wz K wl ÿ Îi KZK jv mgm v; hgbñ g~jab, AvaywbK K wl DcKiY, DbœZ Pvlvev` m ú K cöwkÿy, DbœZ cï-cvwl RvZ cöez bi e vcv i mgevq D jøl hvm f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i evsjv ` k K wl Rwg jv AwZgvÎvq LÛvwqZ DËivwaKvi m~ Î Rwg e Ub AvB b G mg Í Rwg jv fwel Z AviI ÿz`ª n Z _vk e GKgvÎ mgevq cö_vq hš_ Pvlvev `i gva g G mgm vi mgvavb Kiv m e AvaywbK K wl hš cvwzi e envi m cömvwiz Ki Z n j Zv mgev qi gva g mnr n e GKKfv e KD `vgx K wl hš cvwz µq ev e evni KvbUvB AwaKvsk K l Ki c ÿ m e bq mgev qi gva g K wl cöwkÿy e e v AwZ mn RB Pvjy Kiv hvq mgevq cv Vi cö qvrbxqzv mgevq DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj `kmg~ ni A_ bwzk AMÖMwZi GKwU m vebvgq Kvh c wz we kl K i K wl Dbœq bi Rb GKwU D jøl hvm nvwzqvi GB mgevq K mvdj gwûz 236

42 K wl wkÿv wkÿy -1 Kivi Rb Gi Av`k, g~jbxwz, ˆewkó, MVbZš, cwipvjbv c wz m ú K mk ji we ÍvwiZ Ávb AvniY Kiv cö qvrb Avgv `i ` ki mgevq mgm v jvi Rb eû KviY `vqx i q Q G `i g a GKwU cöavb KviY n & Q mgevq m`m `i g a mgevq m ú K Áv bi Afve GgZve vq mgev qi gva g AMÖMwZ AR b Ki Z n j, m`m `i g a mgevqx g bvfve, mgev qi DcKvwiZv, mgve qi bxwz BZ vw`i iæz Zz j ai Z n e mgevq cv Vi gva g Av Í Av Í Gme mgm vi mgvavb m e evsjv ` k mgev q Awbqg Pywii Rb wnmve iÿyv eÿy Kv Ri A`ÿZvB `vqx mgevq wkÿvi d j mwgwzi wnmve wbixÿvi Kv R k Ljv wd i Avm e mgevq m ú K GL bv mvaviy gvby li gv S fyj eysveyws i q Q Zv `i ` wó Z mgevq ïay FY MÖnY Kivi Rb ; mgev qi cök Z Kvh m ú K Zviv AbwfÁ mgevq wkÿvi cömvi NU j GB me fzj aviyv K U hv e d j mgevq bzzb MwZ wd i cv e mgevq wkÿvi d j ZiæY hye m cö`vq mgev qi cöwz AvMÖnkxj n e Gfv e wkwÿz hye mgv Ri Øviv mgevq cöwzôvb cwipvwjz n j mgevq Av `vjb K wl Dbœqb mdjzvi w` K GwM q hv e wbtm ` n K wlfy K l Ki evrmwik K wl Kvh vejx cwipvjbv Awb QvK Z Kvi Y AvKw K A_ bwzk NvUwZ `Lv w` j h A_ ev `ªe Øviv Zv c~iy Kiv hvq A_ev DbœZ c wz Z Pvlvev `i Rb h `ªe ev AwZwi³ e qfvi en bi Rb h A_ msm wnz nq Zv K K wlfy ejv h Z cv i evsjv `k GKwU K wl cöavb `k G ` ki A_ bxwz K wl wbf i evsjv ` ki kzkiv 80 fvm jvk MÖv g evm K i, hviv K wl Kv Ri gva g RxweKv wbe vn Ki ji Zv `i fv M i Dbœqb AvRI N Uwb evsjv ` ki RbmsL vi msl v Mwiô Ask ez vg b f~wgnxb I weënxb Ges µgvmz G `i msl v e o P j Q b~ bzg cö qvrbxq Av qi ms vb bv _vkvq ^í Rwgi gvwj Kiv Zv `i Rwg weëevb `i wbku wewµ Ki w` q w` b w` b f~wgnxb weënxb `i Kv djvq kixk n Q cöavbz g~ja bi Afv e f wgnxb, weënxb bi-bvixiv wb Ri Rb Kvb Kg ms v bi m wó Ki Z cv i Q bv ^í Rwgi gvwj Kiv Drcvw`Z K wl c Y i Dchy³ g~j _ K ewâz n Q cö qvrbxq g~ja bi Afv e mvi exr mp Gi e `ve Í Ki Z cv i bv 237