cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cy ÍK evw Ryb 2011 mnvqzvq: BDwb md

Transcription

1 cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cy ÍK evw Ryb 2011 mnvqzvq: BDwb md

2 cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw, XvKv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 1

3 cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg Dbœqb: IqvwK s KwgwU 1. cö dmi gv: gv Ídv KvgvjDwÏb, Pqvig vb, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw 2. cö dmi G K Gg w``vi, m`m, cöv_wgk wkÿvµg DBs, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw 3. cö dmi Kwdj DwÏb Avnv `, GWz Kkb KvqvwjwU UKwbK vj GWfvBRvi, wcbwwwc-2, cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ßi 4. kwdk Avn g` wkejx, DcmwPe, DaŸ Zb we klá, cöv_wgk wkÿvµg DBs, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw 5. W. gv: Avãyj gvbœvb, cöavb m úv`k, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw 6. mq` gvndzr Avjx, DaŸ Zb we klá, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw 7. gvl jm-di ingvb, we klá, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw 8. gv: gyikx` AvKZvi, M elyv Kg KZ v, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw 9. Avey nbv gvïkzi ingvb, M elyv Kg KZ v, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw 10. ivlmvbv cvifxb, M elyv Kg KZ v, BbK zwmf GWz Kkb mj, cöv_wgk wkÿv Awa`ßi 11. Wv: gv: Mvjvg gv Ívdv, GWfvBRvi-BwmwW, AvMv Lvb dvd Ûkb evsjv `k I AemicÖvß DaŸ Zb BwmwW we klá, BDwb md evsjv `k 12. g. nvweeyi ingvb, GWz Kkb GWfvBRvi, mf ` wp ìªb 13. jvqjv dvinvbv Avcbvb evby, wkÿv Kg KZ v, BDwb md evsjv `k 14. BKevj nv mb, wkÿv Kg KZ v - Aviwj jviwbs, BDwb md evsjv `k cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 2

4 gyleü cö dmi gv: gv Ídv KvgvjDwÏb Pqvig vb RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 3

5 m~wpcî welq c ôv 1. f~wgkv jÿ D Ïk wkÿvµg cöyq bi g~jbxwzmg~n cövk-cöv_wgk wk vµg Ges g~j eva I bwzkzv wkÿvµ g wekvk I wklb m úwk Z Z Ë i cöfve Ges wkïi wekvk I wkl bi ewkó wekv ki ÿî I wklb ÿî cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg g vwuª wklb- klv bv cöwµqvi g~j w`kmg~n wklb- klv bv mvgmöx, wkÿv DcKiY, Ljbv I m ú~ik cvb mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv g~j vqb wb ` kbv wkÿvµ gi mdj ev Íevq bi K kjmg~n cwievi _ K cövwzôvwbk wkÿv Í i DËiY GKxf~Z wk v welqk wb ` kbv wbn È MÖš cäx/ idv iý mswkøó KwgwU 90 cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 4

6 1. f~wgkv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv GKwU AZ ší iæz c~y Kvh µg hv wkïi e w³ Z i c~y wekvk I AvRxeb wkl bi wfwë Zwi Ges AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cö_g mvcvb I cö wz wn m e KvR K i cöv_wgk, gva wgk I D Pwkÿvi GKwU we Í Z cwim ii m~pbvi Ask n jv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv hw`i AvbyôvwbK cöv_wgk wkÿv ïiæi c~e ez x GK eqi cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi Rb wba vwiz wkš Gi e vwß I cwiwa ïay GB mg qi g a mxgve bq wkï R b i ci cöwzwbqz h AwfÁZv, AbvbyôvwbK wklb I cwiez bi ga w` q eo n Z _v K Zv Zvi e w I wekv ki Rb LyeB iæz c~y cwiez bi cöwzwu av ci AwR Z Ávb I `ÿzvi Dci wfwë K ib wkï ciewz av c cu Qvq cöviw K kkekv j wkïi G cwiez bi nvi Ab mg qi Zzjbvq `ªæZ I e vck weavq cöv_wgk we` vj q fwz i c~e ch ší mg q wkï A bk jv iæz c~y avc AwZµg K i cöwzwu av c wkïi h_vh_fv e e o DVv I wklbb n Q Zvi cöv_wgk wkÿv ïiæ Kivi wfwë evsjv ` ki RvZxq wkÿvbxwz , AvRxeb wklb I mvgwmök e w³z wekv ki wfwë vcb Ges cöv_wgk ch v qi AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cö wz wn m e 5+ eqi eqmx wkï `i Rb GK eqi gqv`x cövkcöv_wgk wkÿv mycvwik K i Q wkÿvbxwz Z cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv K cö wzg~jk wkÿv wn m e AwfwnZ K i wkïi cö qvrbxq gvbwmk I `wnk cö wz MÖn Yi cwi ek Zwii Dci iæz v ivc Kiv n q Q wkÿvbxwz Z cövk-cöv_wgk ch v qi wkÿvµg m ú K ejv n q Q, GB wkÿvµg n e: wkÿv I we` vj qi cöwz wkïi AvMÖn m wóg~jk Ges mykzgvi e wëi Abykxjb; Ab `i cöwz mnbkxjzv Ges ciez x AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi Rb k Ljv eva m ú K aviyv cviqv ev Íevqb cöwµqvi e vckzv we epbv K i ch vqµ g evsjv ` ki mkj we` vj q cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv cöez b Kivi mycvwik Kiv n q Q K kj wn m e Ab vb MÖnY hvm Dcv qi m ½ Qwe, is, bvbv ai bi mnr I AvKl Yxq DcKiY, nv Zi KvR, Qov, Mí, Mvb BZ vw`i gva g wkïi ^vfvwek AbymwÜrmv I K Z~n ji cöwz iæz Av ivc K i Zv `i cövykw³ I D Q vm K e envi K i Avb `gq cwi e k hzœ, œn, ggzv I fv jvevmvi gva g wkÿv cö`v bi mycvwik Kiv n q Q ZviI c~ e 2008 mv j Aby gvw`z cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi cwipvjb KvVv gv Z cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi cök wz, AvIZv I gv bi h w³kzv I cö qvrbxqzv, D Ïk, wklbdj, welqe, cövk-cöv_wgk we` vj q cö ÍvweZ Kg KvÐ, cö qvrbxq wklb- klv bv mvgwmö, wkÿv DcKiY I mb mv _ cövk-cöv_wgk we` vjq Kg m~wp cwipvjbv m ú K iæz c~y w`k wb ` kbv `Iqv n q Q AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi RM Z cö e ki Av M AZ vek Kfv e wkïi h cö wzi cö qvrb nq, mwu c~i Yi j ÿ B cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Kvh µg mycvwik Kiv n q Q g g cwipvjb KvVv gv Z D jøl Kiv n q Q RvZxq wkï bxwz 2010 G wkïi cöviw K wekvk I cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv K iæ Z i ms M we epbv Kiv n q Q cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 5

7 evsjv ` k Avwki `kk _ K mikvwi- emikvwi wewfbœ D ` v M cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Kvh µg iæ Z i ms M ev ÍevwqZ n q Avm Q RvZxqfv e Kvb mywbw` ó bxwz-wb ` kbv bv _vkvq wew Qbœfv e bvbv cöwzôvb wemz cövq wzb `kk a i wewfbœfv e cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv ev Íevqb K i Avm Q wbr wbr cövwzôvwbk AMÖvwaKvi, Ae vb, iæz, Kg GjvKv BZ vw` we epbv K i hme wkÿv c v K Ri gva g cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Kvh µg ev Íevqb n Q Zv ch v jvpbv K i `Lv hvq h Gi D Ïk, wkÿvµg, wklb- klv bv mvgwmö I wkÿy c wz Z wfbœzv I mgš^ qi h _ó NvUwZ i q Q d j bxwzmzfv e AšÍe Z xkvjxb mg qi Rb cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Kvh µg mkj mikvwi cöv_wgk we` vj q cöez bi ci GKwU me RbMÖvn, gvbm úbœ I ev Íevqb hvm cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg AZ vek Kxq n q c o G cöwÿ Z evsjv ` k wkÿvµg cöyq bi Rb `vwqz cövß cöwzôvb RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK evw Gi gva g cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg cöyq bi D ` vm MÖnY Kiv nq cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv cwipvjb KvVv gv 2008 Gi wb ` kbv gvzv ek wkÿvµg cöyq bi Rb cöv_wgk I MYwkÿv gš Yvjq mywbw` ófv e `vwqz wefvrbc~e K GKwU mvsmvwbk iƒc ilv cöyqb K i iƒc ilv Abyhvqx cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg cöyq bi Rb MwVZ KvwiMwi KwgwU G msµvší we` gvb bxwz-kvvv gv, mikvwi- emikvwi cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv Kvh µg I wkÿvµg, M elyvcî, wewfbœ AvšÍR vwzk bxwz I `wjj, wewfbœ DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj ` ki cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg ch v jvpbv K i GKwU cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg iƒc ilv cöyqbc~e K RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK ev W KZ K MwVZ wkÿvµg cöyqb KwgwUi wbku n ÍvšÍi K i RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvv cȳ ÍK ev W B Zvc~ e cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi eqmx wkï `i Rb wklb-mvgmöx cöyq bi AwfÁZv K Kv R jvwm q, Aby gvw`z wkÿvµg iƒc ilv Abymi Y mikvwi- emikvwi ms vi we klá `i mgš^ q MwVZ IqvwK s MÖæ ci gva g h_vh_ c wz I cöwµqv AbymiY K i GB Lmov cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµgwu cöyqb K i wkÿvµg cöyq b wb œwjwlz welq I `wjjmg~n Mfxifv e ch v jvpbv I we køly Kiv n q Q o RvZxq wkÿvbxwz 2010 o cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv cwipvjb KvVv gv 2008 o cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµ gi iƒc ilv o cöviw K wklb I wekv ki cöwgzgvb (Early Learning and Development Standards) o AšÍ ez xkvjxb cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv c v KR o wewfbœ mikvwi- emikvwi ms v KZ K cwipvwjz cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv c v KR o cöv_wgk Í ii wkÿvµg o wewfbœ DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj ` ki cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg I wkÿvµ gi iƒc ilv o wklb- klv bvi wewfbœ ZË I K kj o cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg Dbœqb, we ÍiY I ev Íevqb m úwk Z wewfbœ M elyv (we ÍvwiZ cwiwk ó `ªóe ) cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 6

8 2. j Avb `gq I wkïevüe cwi e k cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi eqmx wkï `i (5+ eqi) eqm I mvg_ Abyhvqx kvixwik, gvbwmk, Av ewmk, mvgvwrk, bv `wbk, eyw e Ëxq I fvlve Ëxq Z_v mvwe K wekv k mnvqzv w` q AvRxeb wkl bi wfwë ipbv Kiv Ges cöv_wgk wk vi A½ b Zv `i mvb ` I ^Ztù~Z Awf lk NUv bv 3. D Ïk K) Avb `gq I wkïevüe cwi e k wewfbœ Ljv I Kv Ri gva g wkïi mwµq AskMÖn Yi my hvm m wó Kiv; L) klvi cöwz BwZevPK g bvfve m wó Kiv; M) wkïi m `h, bv `wbkzv eva I mykzgvie wë wekv k mnvqzv Kiv; N) wkï K cvwievwik, mvgvwrk I cövk wzk cwi ek m ú K m PZb Kiv; O) wbr ^ mvs wzk AvPvi, K wó, gyw³hy i PZbv I HwZ n i m ½ cwip qi cvkvcvwk Gi PP vq DrmvwnZ Kiv; P) bwzkzv, g~j eva I mvgvwrk ixwzbxwz wekv k mnvqzv Kiv; Q) wkïi ~j I m~² ckx Z_v Pjbkw³i wekv k mnvqzv Kiv; R) ^v m PZbZv I wbivcëv weav b mnvqzv Kiv; S) wkïi fvlv I hvmv hvm ` Zv wekv k mnvqzv Kiv; T) cöviw K MvwYwZK aviyv, h w³k wpšív I mgm v mgvav bi hvm Zv AR b mnvqzv Kiv; U) cwi e ki wbz bwgwëk NUbv ch e Yi gva g KviY I djvdj m úk Abyave b mnvqzv Kiv; V) wkïi ^Ztù~Z Kíbv, m RbkxjZv I D vebx kw³ wekv k mnvqzv Kiv; W) wkïi AvZ wek vm I AvZ gh v`v wekv k mnvqzv Kiv Ges wb Ri KvR wb R Ki Z DØy Kiv; X) Av em eys Z cviv I Zvi h_vh_ cökv k mnvqzv Kiv; Y) wkï K cvi úwik mg SvZv, mn hvwmzv, mngwg Zv I fvmvfvwm Ki Z mnvqzv I DØy Kiv; Z) wkï K cökœ Ki Z AvMÖnx K i Zvjv I gzvgz cökv k DrmvwnZ Kiv; _) wkï K weávbgb K i M o Zvjv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 7

9 4. wk vµg cöyq b g~jbxwzmg~n (Core principles of curriculum development) wkïi e w, wekvk I klv Zvi cwievi, Pvicv ki cwi ek I mgvr Øviv e vckfv e cöfvwez nq ZvQvov mvgvwrk, mvs wzk I ag xq g~j eva Ges wkïi wekvk I klvi Abb ewkó mg~n G Î D jøl hvm f~wgkv cvjb K i wkï K cwic~y fv e ey S Ges Zvi ewkó mg~ ni cöwz h_vh_ iæz Av ivc K i mgwš^zfv e cövk-cöv_wgk wk vµg Dbœqb, we ÍiY, ev Íevqb I `bw `b wklb- klv bv Kvh µg cwipvjbv Ki Z n j e w³mz I cövwzôvwbk ch v q wkqz aviyv, bxwz I wek vm AbymiY Ki Z n e Ges mkj Kvh µ g Zvi cöwzdjb _vk Z n e Z eb wkïi myß m vebvi mvwe K wekv k mnvqzv Kivi cvkvcvwk Zvi ciez x Rxe bi wk vi Rb k³ wfz ipbv Kiv m e n e ZvB cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg cöyq b wb gœv³ aviyv, bxwz I wek vmmg~n K g~jbxwzgvjv wn m e AbymiY Kiv n q Q 4.1 wkï Kw `ªKZv (Child centeredness) cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvi GKwU Ab Zg g~jbxwz n jv wkï K evsv, Zvi ÿgzvq Av v ivlv Ges Zvi ^fve, cök wz, e w³z I gzvg Zi cöwz m vb cö`k b Kiv wkïi e w, wekvk I klv cöavbz cwievi, we` vjq Ges mgvr Øviv cöfvwez nq cwievi, we` vjq Ges mgvr - GB wzbwu ch v qb mgwš^zfv e Kvh µg MÖnY Kiv n j Zv wkïi myß I AdzišÍ m vebv wekv k I GKwU mg Rxeb hvc bi w` K Zv K GwM q wb Z mnvqzv Ki e d j klvi gvbwmkzv I klvi cöwz AvMÖn m wói gva g wkï AvRxeb wkl bi (Life-long learning) Rb cö Z nq 4.2 mwµq wklb (Children as active learner) wkïiv mnrvzfv eb Rb _ K AbvbyôvwbKfv e k L Rb _ K cöwzwbqz h AwfÁZv I cwiez bi ga w` q wkï eo nq, mlv b Zvi mwµq I mnrvz AskMÖnYB Zvi wkl bi g~j wfwë wkïi e w I wekv ki GKwU mywbw` ó aib I ewkó i q Q wkïi wekvk m úwk Z ZË Ges cvwievwik I mvgvwrk cöÿvcu _ K wkïi ewkó Ges wekvk-mswkøó Pvwn`v m ú K Rvbv hvq Pvicv ki gvbyl I cwi ek m ú K Rvbevi `ywb evi AvMÖn I cixÿv-wbixÿv K i `Lvi mnrvz gvbwmkzvi Kvi Y wkïi cö_g Pvwn`v n Q mwµq AskMÖn Yi my hvm Kbbv wkï ^fvemzfv eb mwµq wkÿv_ x Avi Zv `i wekvk I wklb-cöwµqv h nzz evwo, we` vjq I Pvicv ki mvgvwrk cwi ek Øviv cöwzwbqz cöfvwez nq m nzz mkj chv q Zvi mwµq wkl bi my hvm m wób wkïi wekvk I wkl bi g~jgš 4.3 cwiev ii m ú ³Zv (Family involvement) cvwievwik cöÿvcu I cwi ek h_vh_fv e wkïi M o DVvi Rb iæz c~y ÿî wkïi e w³z, wb Ri m ú K aviyv, g~j eva I ` wóf½xi wekvk gvzvwczv I cwiev ii Ab m`m `i Øviv fxlyfv e cöfvwez nq wkïi hzœ m ú K gvzvwczvi Ávb, cöz vkv I mšívb jvjb-cvj bi aib wkïi ciez x Rxe bi bvbv w` Ki Dci cöfve d j Gi g a i q Q wkïi wb Ri hzœ bqvi ÿgzv, mvgvwrk ` wóf½x, we` vj q Zvi klvi cöwµqv Ges mgv R Ab vb `i mv _ wg jwg k _vkvi cöeyzv BZ vw` G ÿ Î gvzvwczv n jb GKvav i wkïi cö_g wkÿk Ges wkïi cwic~y wekvk mva b we` vj qi cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 8

10 iæz c~y AskxRb myzivs wkïi wekv k cwievi GKwU AZ ší iæz c~y wbqvgk Ges cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvq wkïi mvd j i Rb cwiev ii m ú ³Zv AZ ší Riæwi 4.4 zj - mwµq mvgvwrk cöwzôvb (School as responsive social institute) we` vjq e nëi mgv RiB GKwU ÿz`ª ms iy Ges GwU cwievi I mgv Ri mzzeüb wn m e KvR K i cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv cö`v bi ÿ Î zj K Ggb wkqz wel q iæz cö`vb Ki Z nq hv wkïi Rvbvi AvMÖ n DÏxcbv w` Z, bzzb cwi e ki ms M Lvc LvIqv Z I kvixwik, gvbwmk, eyw e wëk, bwzk I bv `wbk wekvk Z_v mvwe K wekvk wbwðz Ki Z AZ ší Riæwi welqmg~n n jv: wkïi cvwievwik cöÿvcu evsv Ges evev-gv I cwiev ii Ab vb iæz c~y m` m i mv _ Askx`vwiZ I m úk vcb Kiv; mvgvwrk cöÿvcu I cö qvrb evsv Ges h_vh_fv e mvgvwrk kw³ I m ú` K Kv R jvmv bv; RvZxq I AvšÍR vwzk cöeyzv evsv Ges m Abyhvqx Kg m~wp ev Íevqb Kiv G ÿ Î zj K mwµq mvgvwrk cöwzôv bi f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z n e wkïi cö wzi ms M h nzz cwievi I z ji cö wz A½vw½fv e RwoZ m nzz wkÿvµg cªyqb I ev Íevq b z ji f~wgkv iæ Z i ms M we epbv Kiv n q Q 4.5 GKxf~ZZv (Inclusiveness) G ÿ Î GKxf~ZZv gv b wfbœzv K m vb K i Ges g b wb q mkj wkïi AskMÖn Yi my hvm I mdjzvi K_v wpšív K i h_vh_ D ` vm MÖnY Kiv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg Ges wklb- klv bv c wz I DcKiY RvwZ, ag, ey, wj½, mÿgzv, A_ bwzk Ae v wbwe k l me ai bi wkï Ges Zv `i cwiev ii Pvwn`v I my hv Mi K_v g b i L cöyqb Kiv Riæwi wklb- klv bv c wz I cwi ek h _ó bgbxq Ges wkïi ^Zš Pvwn`v I wklb Dcv qi ms M mvgäm c~y n Z n e hb mkj wkïi klvi AvMÖn ervq _v K Ges wklb Pvwn`v c~i Yi my hvm _v K ZvB wkÿvµg cöyqb _ K ïiæ K i zj I cwievi chv q ev Íevq bi mkj av c GKxf~ZZv K g~jbxwz wn m e AbymiY Kiv n q Q 4.6 `kxq ms wz, K wó I HwZn wbf i wklb (Local culture and heritage) AvZ m vb I AvZ gh v`v eva RvMÖZ Kivi Rb wkï `i wbr ^ ms wz, K wó I HwZ n i ms M cwipq Kwi q wb Ri ^KxqZv m ú K AvZ wek vmx K i M o Zvjv Riæwi cvkvcvwk A b i ms wz I K wó K m vb Kivi Af vm M o ZvjvI iæz c~y wkl bi mkj ÿ Î eo `i mnvqzvq evwo Z, z j Ges mgv R ms wz, K wó I HwZn wbf i wkÿvcwi ek wbwðz Ki Z wkÿvµg cöyq b `kxq ms wz I K wówbf i wklb K g~jbxwz wn m e AbymiY Kiv n q Q 4.7 m úk (Relationship) wkïi wekvk I klv eû Y e o hvq hw` Zvi ms M Ab wkïi, wkÿ Ki wksev eo `i mym úk M o D V Avevi hlb cwiev ii m`m wksev mgv Ri cöwzwbwa `i ms M wkÿ Ki m úk M o D V ZLb cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 9

11 mvwe Kfv e GKwU cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv D ` v Mi gvbi e o hvq A bkvs k m úk cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv e e vq AZ ší iæz c~y Dcv`vb ciewz Z e nëi cwim i mvgvwrk I gvbwek Yvewjm úbœ gvbyl wn m e wkky `i M o Zzj Z AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi cö_g av c m úk Zwii welqwu K iæ Z i ms M we epbvi D Ï k g~jbxwz wn m e AbymiY Kiv n q Q 4.8 cvwicvwk K cwi ek (Immediate environment) cvwicvwk K cwi ek wkïi wekvk I wklb K cöfvwez K i Zgwb mvwe K mvgvwrk cwi ek cövkcöv_wgk wkÿvi bxwz-wb ` kbv K cöfvwez K i Avevi mvgvwrk K wó I ms wz cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿv m ú K gvzvwczvi cöz vkv K cöfvwez K i wkïi mvwe K wekvk I wklb wbwðz Ki Z ZvB cövkcöv_wgk wkÿv K Aek B Zvi cvwicvwk K I mvgvwrk cwi e ki cöwz iæz w` Z n e wbku cwi ek I Pvicv k wkïi klvi ch vß Dcv`vb i q Q ZvB wkïi cwic~y wekv k cwievi, mgvr I we` vj qi mgwš^z I mw wjz cö Póvi cö qvrb Acwinvh 4.9 cwi ek evüezv (Environment friendliness) cök wz I cwi ek gvby li AK wîg eüz cwiewz Z cwiw wz Z GB `k bi wep ywz cy iv c w_ex K gnv wech qi w` K V j w` q Q Avi Zvi wkkvi n Q A cÿvk Z myweavewâziv GKwU cwi ek evüe cörb GB wech q VKv Z Abb f~wgkv cvjb Ki Z cv i Avi GB aviyvi jvjb ïiæ Ki Z n e Rxe bi ïiæ _ KB mb j ÿ cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµ g cwi ek evüezvi welqwu iæ Z i ms M we epbv K i Gi Dbœqb I ev Íevq bi mkj av c g~jbxwz wn m e AbymiY Kiv n q Q cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 10

12 5. cövk-cöv_wgk wk vµg Ges g~j eva I bwzkzv gav, gbb, Kg gzvq mg RvwZ MV b g~j eva I bwzkzvi f~wgkv Acwimxg g~j eva n jv Kv bv wel qi Dci e w³i fzi Mfxifv e Rb biqv wek vm hv e w³ K mswkøó wel q h_vh_ AvPi Y DØy K i hyw³ I Av em DfqB g~j ev ai Dcv`vb h Kv bv mgv Ri g~j eva I bwzkzv mb mgv Ri ag xq, mvs wzk, ivr bwzk I A_ bwzk Kg Kv Ði mswgkª Y M o I V G Kvi Y wkÿv_ x `i g a g~j eva I bwzkzv RvMi Y mgv Ri iæz c~y Ask wn m e cwievi I we` vj qi f~wgkv A bk g~j eva I bwzkzv wekv ki Dchy³ mgq kkekvj R b i ci wkïi eûgylx wekvk msnwuz nq g~j eva wkïi fv jv-g `, my `i-amy `i, b vq-ab vq m ú K wek v mi A c vk Z vwq GKwU wfwë cö wz Z mvnvh K i _v K Kv RB kke _ K wkïi g a bwzkzv eva RvMÖZ Ki Z cvi j eo n qi Zvi Rvbv eva wj Zv K A bk A bwzk KvR _ K weiz ivl Z cv i wkïi hvwcz Rxe bi AwfÁZv Zvi bwzkzv wekv k mnvqk wkïi Pvicv ki e w³em hgb wczvgvzv, AwffveK, wkÿk I Ab vb m`m `i mvnph I Zv `i mv _ wg_w qv G Î iyz c~y f~wgkv iv L mgmvgwqk mgv R cwiev ii cvkvcvwk wkïi g~j eva I bwzkzv wekv k we` vj qi f~wgkvi cwimi e w c q Q wkïi g~j eva I bwzkzv wekv k cwievi Ges mvgvwrk cöwzôvb wn m e we` vj qi f~wgkvi Kvi Y ^vfvwekfv eb wk vµ gi welqwu iæ Z i ms M we epbv Kiv cö qvrb wk vµ g g~j eva I bwzkzv K welqwfwëkfv e bv ` L wkl bi cy iv cöwµqvi gva g KvgjgwZ wkï `i hb G eva RvMÖZ Kiv hvq Zv wbwðz Kiv Riæwi GKvi YB wkÿvµ g g~j eva I bwzkzv wekv k wbw` ó wklbdj ivlvi cvkvcvwk hb Ab vb wklbdjmg~n AR bi cöwµqv ZI welqwu we Í Z _v K Zv iæ Z i ms M we epbv Kiv n q Q cövk-cöv_wgk wk vµ g wkïi g~j eva I bwzkzv wekv ki h w`k jvi Dci iæz v ivc Kiv n q Q Zv n jv gyw³hy i PZbv, `k cög, mvg, ggzv, kª v eva, AvZ wbf ikxjzv, åvz Z eva, mzzv, wkóvpvi, ag xq g~j eva, cvi úwik mg SvZv I mn hvwmzv, mngwg Zv, `vwqz kxjzv I k sljv eva cövk-cöv_wgk wk vi gva g AwR Ze g~j eva I bwzkzvi wfwë wkïi ciez x Rxebv`k Zwi Z mnvqzv Ki i Ges `kxq ms wz, K wó, HwZn i vi wel q KvgjgwZ wkï `i g b Mfxi ggzv Zwi Ki e cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 11

13 6. wkÿvµ g wekvk I wklb m úwk Z Z Ë i cöfve Ges wkïi wekvk I wkl bi ewkó wk vµ gi msáv, cök wz, aib I Gi wewfbœ Dcv`v bi Dci e vck M elyv I we køl Yi gva g ez gv b wk vµg cöyq bi GKwU me Rbwew`Z iƒc ilv cöwzwôz n q Q wk vµg cöyqb I Dbœq bi GB avivevwnkzvq wk v M elyvi f~wgkv Acwimxg wekvk I wkl bi M elyvjä wewfbœ ZË I ZvwË K w`k wb ` kbv wkÿvµg I wklb- klv bv Kvh µg K cöfvwez K i ZvB wk vµg cöyqb Ges wekvk I wklb-z Ë i gv S wbweo m úk we` gvb Z e ïay Kvb GKwU wbw` ó ZË ev aviyvi Dci wfwë K i wkÿvµg cöyqb Kiv hvqbv Kbbv wekvk I wkl bi aviyvmz cwimi A bk e vck Ges ZË mg~n AwaKvsk ÿ ÎB M elyv, AwfÁZv I c~e ewz Z Ë i wfwë Z wfbœ wfbœ ` wófw½i Av jv K w`k wb ` kbv `q G ÿ Î mve Rbxbfv e MÖnY hvm wbw` ó Kv bv ZË bb eis A bk ÿ Î mgwš^zfv e ZË mg~n wekvk I wkl bi aviyvi wfwë K greyz K i ZvQvov RvwZMZ I mvs wzk ewp Î i Kvi Y wfbœ wfbœ cöÿvc U ZË mg~ ni cöfvei wfbœ wfbœ nq ewy Z cövk-cöv_wgk wk vµg cöyqb cöwµqv ZI wekvk I wklb msµvší wewfbœ Z Ë i cöfve Mfxifv e chv jvwpz n q Q evsjv ` ki mvgvwrk I mvs wzk cöÿvcu we epbvq cöyxz wkÿvµgwu g~jz hme ZË ev ZvwË K aviyvi Øviv cöfvwez n q Q Zvi mvims ÿc GLv b Zz j aiv n jv cvkvcvwk M elyv I ZvwË K iƒc ilvi Av jv K wkïi wekvk I wklb cöwµqvi h g wjk ewkó, aviyv, c wz I avcmg~n GB wk vµg cöyq bi mgq we epbv Kiv n q Q ZvI Avjv`vfv e wee Z Kiv n jv 6.1 wkÿvµ g wekvk I wklb m úwk Z Z Ë i cöfve wkïi wekvk I wklb cöwµqvq eskmwzi cöfv ei ZxeªZv Ges eq mi ms M ms M ^qsµxqfv e Zvi cwiyz n q hviqv msµvší M mj Gi Maturationist theory aviyv cy iv bv n ji wkïi wekvk I wkl bi ÿ Î Zvi eq mi iæz Ab me Z Ë i g Zv GB wkÿvµg cöyq bi we epbv Kiv n q Q hw`i M m ji Z Ë wkïi wekv k cwi e ki f~wgkv K M Y wn m e aiv n q Q, wkš Behaviourist theory Gi cö YZviv ( Skinner, Watson, Bandura) wkïi cvwicvwk K cwi e k µgvš^ q AwfÁZv AR bi gva g wekvk K iæz w` Z ïiæ K ib cwi ek K iæz w` ji wkïi eyw e wëk wekvk K GKvšÍB e w³mz I Af šíixb g b K i wcqvu R Gi Cognitive-developmental theory wkïi wekvk I wklb cöwµqv m ú K ekwkqz iæz c~y w`k D b vpb K i GB ZË wkïi B Zvg a AwR Z aviyv ciewz av c e envi Kiv (Assimilation) Ges AwR Z aviyv I Áv bi Dci wfwë K i bzzb aviyv Zwi Kiv (Accommodation) m úw KZ h Z_ Avgv `i `q Zv GB wkÿvµg cöyq b iæ Z i ms M we ewpz n q Q Piaget I Bandura Gi Z Ë cwi ek I wkïi AwfÁZvi iæz ewy Z n ji wkïi wekvk I wkl b Zvi Pvicv ki gvbyl I cwi e ki mivmwi f~wgkv K iæ Z i ms M we epbv Kiv nqwb hw`i Bandura wkïi AbyKiY Kivi ÿgzv I m vebvi K_v wpšív K i Zvi mvg b g Wj wn m e Dc vcb (Modelling) Ges GKB welq wewfbœfv e cybive wëi ( Reinforcement) Dci iæz w` q Qb hv GB wkÿvµg cöyq bi we epbv Kiv n q Q Z_vwc wkïi wekvk I wkl b Zvi cvwicwk K cwi ek I hzœkvixi mivmwi f~wgkv D jøl hvm fv e GB wkÿvµg K cöfvwez K i Q Avi Gfv eb cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 12

14 Vygotsky Gi Sociocultural theory GB wkÿvµg cöyq b iæ Z i ms M we ewpz n q Q wkky K wewfbœ cökœ Kiv, Zvi wpšív ev Rvbvi gvîv K µgvmz P v jä Kiv Ges P v jä gvkv ejvq eo `i avivevwnk mnvqzv (Scaffolding) wkïi wekvk I wklb K Z ivwš^z K i Sociocultural theory Gi gva g VygotskyÕi GB aviyv wkÿvµ gi wklb- klv bv cöwµqv K A bkvs k cöfvwez K i Q m ev cwi wkïi wekvk I wklb K ïay Zvi cvwicvwk KZv hgb ïay evwo wksev we` vj qi g a mxgve bv i L GKwU e nëi mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk cwi e ki Ask wn m e `Lv msµvší Bronfenbrenner Gi Ecological systems theoryi GB wkÿvµg cöyq b f~wgkv i L Q h Kvi YB wkÿvµg ev Íevq bi wewfbœ chv q evwo, we` vjq, mgvr Ges e nëi wm gi g a µgvmz hvmv hvm I wg_w qv K cövavb `qv n q Q DcwiD³ ZË mg~n QvovI wkÿvµ gi mdj ev Íevq b mvwe Kfv e wkqz welq ev bxwzi Dci iæz `qvi Kvi Y Av iv wkqz Z Ë i Øviv GB wkÿvµg cöfvwez n q Q hvi g a Schema theory (R.C. Anderson), Psychoanalytic theory (Freud, Erikson) Ges Community of practice (Barbara Rogoff) Ab Zg cöwyz wkÿvµ g wkïi wekvk I wkl bi Rb wewfbœ Ávb, `ÿzv I AvPiY K Avjv`v Avjv`vfv e we epbvq wb q wklbdj I wklb- klv bv Kvh µg MÖnY Kiv n ji mvwe Kfv e wkïi Ávb ev aviyvi GKwU mvaviy wfwë Zwi K i Zvi AwR Z `ÿzv I AvPi Yi mvgwók PP v I cökv ki Dci iæz `qv n q Q hv Schema theory Øviv cöfvwez wkÿvµg cöyq b g~jbxwz wn m e wkqz Mfxi wek vm I g~j eva K cövavb `qv n q Q hv `xn gqv ` RvZxq g~j eva PP vq Avgv `i DØy Ki e myw i Av ewmk wekvk G ÿ Î iæz c~y wkïi ^Ztù~Z Av ewmk wekv k Zvi Pvicv ki cwi e ki Pvc ev Pvwn`v hlb Ø Ø (Conflict) Zwi K i ZLb Zv `xn gqvw` ev Mfxi wek vm MV b euvav Zwi K i welqwu we epbvq i L wkÿvµ g wklb- klv bv Kvh µg cwikíbv Kiv n q Q hv Erikson Gi Psychoanalytic theory Øviv cöfvwez GB wkÿvµgwu ev Íevq b wba vwiz wklbdj AR bi Rb cwikwíz Kv R vbxq Ljv, mvs wzk Kg KvÐ I DcKiY cöf wz K cövavb `qv n q Q hv Barbara Rogoff Gi Community of practice Z Ë i g~jk_v - Òwkï Zvi cwiwpz A½b _ K wk vjvf K ió Gi ms M mvgäm c~y wewfbœ wklbz Ë i cvkvcvwk cövk-cöv_wgk wk vµg cöyq b DËi AvaywbK (Post Modern) gzev `i cöwzdjb N U Q DËi AvaywbK gzev` gy³ ` wó Z wk v Kvh µ g wkïi e w Ges wekv ki mve Rbxb ewk ó i cvkvcvwk wkïi cök wz, cö vcu, wklb- ewpî, cvwicvwk KZv we epbv K i wklb- klv bv cöwµqv cwiez b cöqvmx nq ZvB AZ ší mnrvz Ges Avek Kxqfv eb G ÿ Î DËi AvaywbK gzev` cöwzdwjz n q Q 6.2 wkïi wekvk I wkl bi ewkó Dc iv³ ZË I Z _ i Av jv K wkïi wekvk I wkl bi wkqz mvgwmök ewkó hv wkÿvµg cöyq b iæ Z i ms M we ewpz n q Q wb œ Zv Av jvwpz n jv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 13

15 6.2.1 Kxfv e wkïi wekvk N U? wkïi wekvk n Q GKwU cövk wzk, Ae vnz I mgwómz cªwµqv Rb MZfv e gvbekixi Zvi Bw `ªq I A½-cÖZ ½i gva g Pvicvk _ K bzzb wkqz MÖnY I AbymÜv bi Rb cö Z _v K d j gw Í I kixi µgvmz cwiyz n Z _v K Pvicv ki cwi ek I hzœkvixi mv _ µgvmz cvi úwik wµqvi gva g wkïi câ-bw `ªq I A½-cÖZ ½ e env i µgk `ÿ n q M o DVvi cöwµqvb g~jz wekvk ZvB wkï Zvi hzœkvix I Pvicv ki cwi ek _ K eqm Dc hvmx cvi úwik wµqvg~jk h Zœi gva g DÏxcbv c j Zvi mvgwmök wekvk Z ivwš^z nq wkïi mylg I mgwš^z wekvk wbwðz Ki Z n j wewfbœ Dcv q, Zvi câ-bw `ªq I A½-cÖZ ½ e env ii my hvm i L Zvi ms M cvi úwik wµqv Kiv cö qvrb G ÿ Î cwi ek-cwiw wz Ges wkï `i g a weivrgvb cv_ K we epbv K i h _ô bgbxq Dcv q wkïi ms M cvi úwik hvmv hvm Kivi wb ` kbv wkÿvµg ev Íevq b wbwðz Kiv Riæwi GKwU K Vvi iæwub AbymiY bv K i wkï `i klvi Kg KvÐ hb Zvi wklb-awfázv I Pvwn`vi wfwë Z wekv ki Íi Abyhvqx cwipvjbv Kiv hvq Giƒc my hvm m wó KivB cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµ gi g~j D Ïk GB wkÿvµg cöyq bi ÿ Î wekv ki wb œewy Z ewkó mg~n we epbv Kiv n q Q GKwU wkï Aci wkï _ K wfbœ MwZ Z wekwkz nq Ges Zv `i AvMÖn I ÿgzv wfbœ nq wkïi Ávb I `ÿzvi wekv k mnvqzv Ki Z n j Aek B cö Z KwU wkïi wbr ^ wekv ki aib eys Z Ges iæz w` Z n e eskmz ewkó, cwi ek I wkÿv - GB wzbwu wbqvgk Øviv wkïi wekvk cöfvevwš^z nq eskmz ewk ó i ÿ Î Zgb Kv bv cwiez b mvab Kiv hvq bv, Z e Ab `ywu wbqvgkb G ÿ Î iæz c~y Ges GRb cwievi, we` vjq I e nëi mgv Ri g a mgš^ qi cö qvrb hv wkï K cwic~y fv e e o DV Z mnvqzv Ki e e w i nvi I wekv ki gvîv wewfbœ n ji mkj wkïi e w I wekvk GKB wbq g N U wkïi wekv ki GB cöwµqv I wewfbœ eq m wekv ki wewfbœ ewkó m ú K Aek B úó aviyv _vk Z n e hv Z wkïi Pvwn`v Avbyhvqx wklb-d Ïk I wkÿvµg wba viy Kiv hvq wkïi wekvk GKwU avivewnk cöwµqv wkïi e w I wekvk Zvi eq mi mv _ m úwk Z Z_vwc, wekv ki gvîv h nzz wkï f ` wewfbœ nq, m nzz wkï wewfbœ ÿ Î wewfbœ gvîvi `ÿzv I mÿgzv AR b K i Z e wekv ki h_vh_ my hvm c j wkïi K Z~nj, AvMÖn I wklb`ÿzv cöz vkv KI Qvwo q h Z cv i myzivs eq mi mv _ mv _ wkïi wekv ki gvbjdjk jv GKB n ji wfbœ wfbœ wkï wfbœ wfbœ gvîvq G jv AR b Ki Z cv i mgv Ri Pvwn`v, wczvgvzvi cöz vkv I wkïi kvixwik I gvbwmk wekv ki g a cv_ K _vk Z cv i GB cv_ K GKwU MÖnY hvm gvîvq bvwg q Avb Z cvi j, cöviw K wkÿv wkïi wekv k Av iv iæz c~y f~wgkv ivl Z cv i cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 14

16 6.2.2 wkï Kxfv e k L? wkï ZLbB me P q ewk k L hlb m AvMÖn wb q Kv bv Kv R mwµqfv e AskMÖnY K i cwiev i, we` vj q I mgv R wewfbœ ev Íe AwfÁZv Zv `i wkl bi g~j wfwë Kv bv aviyv ev Z_ hlb wkïi c~e ez x AwR Z Ávb ev aviyvi wfwë Z Zvi Kv Q A_ c~y g b nq, ZLbB wkï Zvi wkl bi ciez x av c cö ek K i wkïiv mgwš^zfv e k L Ges Zviv Zv `i wklb K Kv bv welq ev kvlvq wef³ K i bv h Kvi Y Ljv n Q wkïi klvi Ab Zg gva g wkïiv wewfbœfv e k L cö Z K wkïib klvi ai bi GKUv wbr ^Zv _v K Z e Kv bv wkïb GKfv e k L bv wkïiv mvaviyz hfv e k L Zv n jv: ` L MÜ wb q Kíbv K i Zzjbv K i AskMÖnY K i ` j KvR K i M íi gva g eb c o ch eÿy K i ï b Abyfe K i GKvKx wpšív K i wb ` kbv _ K Mvb K i AbymÜvb K i bv Pi gva g ï b AbyKiY K i ^v` wb q Dcjwä K i cökœ K i bvovpvov K i Qovi gva g MÜ wb q evi evi Póv K i Awfb qi gva g Dcjwä K i wkïi klvi ÿ Î g~jgš n Q: wkï Ki Z Ki Z Ges Lj Z Lj Z k L; AvMÖn n jv wkl bi g~j PvwjKvkw³; Ljv n jv mylki wklb-awfázv; Bw `ªqMÖvn wewfbœ KvR n jv wkl bi gva g; ch eÿy, AbymÜvb, wpšív I Kíbv n jv klvi KZ jv AZ vek Kxq Dcvq wkïi klvi GB Dcvq I gyjgš mg~n g b i L cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg cöyq b wb œewy Z ewkó mgyn we epbv Kiv n q Q Kv bv wkqz AR bi AwfÁZv wkïi ciez x wklb K greyz I Z ivwš^z K i wkïiv mwµq wkÿv_ x, Zviv memgq K Z~njx I AbymÜv b AvMÖnx h _vchy³ DcKiY I eo `i mnvqzv c j wkïiv wb RivB wb R `i g Zv K i k L I ÁvbvR b K i GKwU wbivc`, Avivg`vqK, Dc fvm I P v jwäs cwi e k wkïiv `ªæZ k L cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 15

17 wkïi wklb Zvi e w Øviv cöfvwez nq wkï wekv ki h Í i i q Q Zvi mv _ wgwj q wklb AwfÁZv w` j wkïi wklb Z ivwš^z nq Zvi mÿgzvi evb ii Kv bv wkqz m wkl Z cv i bv wkïiv Zv `i Rxeb AwfÁZv, Bw `ª qi DÏxcbv I we bv`bg~jk wewfbœ Kv Ri gva g k L Ljvi gva g ZvB Zviv ^ZtcÖ Yvw`Z n q, Avb `i mv _ I ^Zù~Z fv e wkl Z DØy nq cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 16

18 7. wekv ki ÿî I wklb ÿî evsjv ` ki cö vc U RvwZmsN KZ K AvšÍR vwzk D ` v Mi Ask wn m e gwnjv I wkï welqk gš Yvj qi gva g mswkøó mikvwi- emikvwi I KvwiMwi ms v/e w³em K m ú ³ K i Lmov Early Learning and Development Standards (ELDS) ev cöviw K wklb I wekv ki cöwgzgvb cöyqb Kiv n q Q ELDS n Q evsjv ` ki cöÿvc U 0 _ K 8 eqi eqmx wkï `i Rb Zvi eq mi wewfbœ av c wekv ki AR b hvm Ávb, AvPiY I `ÿzvi cöwgzgvb hv GKwU wbweo cöwµqvi gva g `xn cövq `yb eqi a i Dbœqb Kiv n q Q 0-8 eqi eqmx wkï `i Rb h Kv bv Kg m~wp cöyqb, cwiexÿy Ges wkïi wekvk ev wkl bi AMÖMwZ cwigv ci ÿ Î ELDS GKwU iæz c~y wfwë `wjj cövkcöv_wgk wkÿvµg iƒc ilv Ges G msµvší bxwzwb ` kbv Abyhvqx cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg cöyq bi Î cö ÍvweZ ELDS K iæ Z i mv _ we epbv Kiv n q Q cö ÍvweZ ELDS G wkïi mvwe K wekvk K evsjv ` ki cö vc U 4wU Domain ev ÿ Î fvm Kiv n q Q cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg cöyq bi ÿ Î wkÿvµ gi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx ELDS G ewy Z 4wU wekv ki ÿî we epbvi cvkvcvwk Ab vb mikvwi- emikvwi Ges AvšÍR vwzk wkÿvµg, M elyv I `wjj chv jvpbv K i wekv ki Î K 8wU Learning Area ev wklb ÿ Î wefvrb Kiv n q Q cöwzwu wklb ÿî K GKvwaK AR bvc hvmx hvm Zv I cöwzwu AR bvc hvmx hvm Zv K GKvwaK wklbd j wbw`ó Kiv n q Q ciewz Z cöwzwu wklbd ji Rb cwikwíz KvR ev wklb- klv bv K kj cöyqb Kiv n q Q Gfv e K `ªxq I RvZxqfv e cövk-cöv_wgk ch v qi wkï `i Rb GKwU hy Mvc hvmx, mgwš^z, Kv h vc hvmx, mg I Awfbœ wkÿvµg cöyqb Kiv n q Q cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 17

19 wekv ki Î I wklb Î wekv ki Î kvixwik I Pjb gzvi wekvk mvgvwrk I Av ewmk ` Zvi wekvk fvlv I hvmv hvm ` Zvi wekvk eyw e wëk wekvk cwi ek 10 Dc iv³ cöwzwu wklb ÿ Îi Rb GKvwaK AR bvc hvmx hvm Zv wba viy Kiv n q Q cöwzwu AR bvc hvmx hvm Zvi wecix Z Avevi GKvwaK wklbdj I wklb- klv bv K kj ev cwikwíz KvR wba viy Kiv n q Q GKwU cwikwíz Kv Ri gva g GKvwaK wklbdj AwR Z n Z cv i Avevi GKwU wklbdj GKvwaK cwikwíz Kv Ri gva g AwR Z n Z cv i ciez x c ôvq hvm Zv I wklbd ji QKwU mwbœ ewkz n jv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 18

20 8. cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg g vwuª wklb ÿî 1. kvixwik I PjbÿgZv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 1.1 wbqwgz nuvuvpjv, ` ov bv, Ljv, kvixwik KmiZ I wewfbœ Kv R AskMÖnY Ki Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv Ljv - köwykÿ I köwyk ÿi evb i, wkÿk mnvwqkv: Ljvi hgb, G v `v v, gvim jovb, e Ë _ K weeiy, K kj I wpî e Ë jvd, mvrv `v M nuvuv BZ vw` fvimvg iÿv K i nuvuvpjv (DuPz-wbPz w` q nuvuv, GK cv q nuvuv, PvL euvav Ae vq nvuv, jvdv bv, Ic i-wb P IVvbvgv, AuvKvevKv nuvuv, nvvr _ g hviqv I w`k cwie Zb Kiv), ` ov Z cvi e `bw `b wewfbœ Kv R ( hgb: eblvzv/ Ljbv MvQv bv, cv Î cvwb Xvjv, `uvz gvrv, Mvmj Kiv BZ vw`) AskMÖnY Ki Z cvi e vbxq I Ab vb Ljv Lj Z cvi e B QgZ KvR, Ljv, f~wgkvwfbq BZ vw` cövmw½k wkÿvg~jk wfwwiwpî cö`k b 1 edwp, `vwoqvevüv, KvbvgvwQ, iægvj LuvRv, eid-cvwb, mvzpviv, jvwug, MvjøvQzU, I cbwu evq vc, wgdwrk vj Pqvi, `wojvd, wfzi-evwni, dzuej, wµ KU, Uwbm ej BZ vw` wkÿk mnvwqkv: B QgZ KvR, Ljv I f~wgkvwfb qi cöwµqv wkÿk mnvwqkv: Ljvi wpî, weeiy I K kj wewfbœ kvixwik KmiZ Ki Z wewfbœ ai bi wkï Zvl e vqvg - köwykÿ wkÿk mnvwqkv: e vqv gi 1 hme y j wfwwiwpî cö`k bi e e v Av Q, m ÿ Î cö hvr cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 19

21 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 1.2 wewfbœ wrwbm ai Z, AuvK Z I Zwi Ki Z cviv 1.3 wewfbœ Bw `ª qi e envi I mgš^q K i KvR Ki Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv cvi e I köwyk ÿi evb i weeiy, K kj I wpî cwýj, kvc bvi, ivevi, Zzwj, PK AuvwKeywK Kiv, B QgZ AuvKv IqvK ey K B QgZ AuvKv BZ vw` mwvkfv e ai Z cvi e µqb, cwýj, Zzwji mvnv h AuvK Z I is Ki Z cvi e QvU cv_i, exwp, eøk, BZ vw` ai Z, evqvb Ki Z Ges cq `gz mvrv Z cvi e Kv`v, gð, KvMR, cvzv BZ vw` mnrjf DcKiY w` q B QgZ Ljbv Zwi Ki Z cvi e PvL I nv Zi mgš^q K i wewfbœ KvR Ki Z cvi e Qwe AuvKv, is Kiv msmön, evqvb, mvrv bv, Ljv (cuvp wu) B QgZ - GKK I `jmzfv e e envwik KvR ( hgb : KuvwP w` q KvUv, KvMR fvr Kiv BZ vw`) gvjv Muv_v, Quy o `qv ej aiv, wbw` ó cv Î ev v b ej Qvov, cv w` q ej gviv, cvwb Xvjv, wb Ri nv Z LvIqv, Rvgvi evzvg jvmv bv, RyZvi wdzv euvav BZ vw` Abykxjb gm Y-Agm Y, VvÐv-Mig, k³-big, ïk bv- frv kbv³kiy Ljv (_ j Mg) IqvK ey K bgybv wp Îi AvDUjvBb _vk e µqb, Zzwj, is, is cwýj Ljvi mvgmöx KuvwP, KvMR wkÿk mnvwqkv: wpîmn wb ` kbv bv ` L úk K i wewfbœ e i wkÿk mnvwqkv: Ljvi ewkó ej Z cvi e weeiy I wb ` kbv wewfbœ ikg MÜ ïu K Zv kbv³ Av jvpbvi gva g I e envwik KvR K i wkÿk mnvwqkv: Kv Ri cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 20

22 wklb ÿî 2. mvgvwrk I Av ewmk AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 2.1 mvgvwrk ixwz g b eo `i mv _ hvmv hvm I AvPiY Ki Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv Ki Z cvi e dzj, dj, jey cvzv, Avg cvzv BZ vw` MÜ kbv³ I köwykiy weeiy I wb ` kbv Kv bv ` k, e ev NUbv ch eÿy K i cökvk Ki Z cvi e köwyk ÿ I evb i ch eÿy, g gvwi Mg g gvwi M gi weeiy wewfbœ ^v `i Lvevi kbv³ Ki Z cvi e (wgwó, Svj, UK, Z Zv, bvb&zv) Av jvpbv, `jmz KvR, KvW Mg, köwykiy ev Íe DcKiY msmön Kiv (m e n j) kã ï b Gi Drm wpb Z cvi e kã ï b ejvi Ljv Ñ wb Riv kã Zwi K i I cök wz _ K kã ï b ( köwyk ÿ I evb i) eo `i mvjvg-av`ve `Iqvi Af vm f~wgkvwfbq I Abykxjb MVb Ki e ï f Qv wewbgq Ki Z cvi e f~wgkvwfbq I ev Íe Abykxjb, Rvovq Rvovq KvR, PBb wwªj wkÿk I eo `i mv _ fve wewbgq (K_v ejv, Abyf~wZ cökvk Kiv) Ki Z cvi e `bw `b Kv Ri gva g Abykxjb Kv W wewfbœ ^v `i Lvev ii wpî/qwe, ev Íe DcKiY KvW M gi weeiy I DcKiY (wkÿk ivj g Wj wn m e wb R K Dc vcb Ki eb) (wkÿk ivj g Wj wn m e wb R K Dc vcb Ki eb) 2.2 eüz I mncvvx I mgeqmx `i mv _ wewfbœ Ljv, KvR (1.1.3) cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 21

23 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv mgeqmx `i mv _ gjv gkv Ki Z cviv 2.3 mvgvwrk Yvewj AR bi gva g wg jwg k _vk Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv wg jwg k Lj Z cvi e wewfbœ Ljv I Kv Ri weeiy mncvvx I mgeqmx `i cöwz wewfbœ Ljv, KvR (1.1.3), `bw `b mn hvwmzvi g bvfve cö`k b Ki Z cvi e Kv Ri gva g Abykxjb (wkÿk ivj g Wj wn m e wewfbœ ch v q eüz Zwi Ki Z cvi e (evwo Z, z j, Ljvi gv V) Ges `yb ev Z ZvwaK eüzi m ½ m úk ivl Z cvi e Rvovq KvR, `jmz KvR, kqvwis (Awfbœ Askx`vwiZ /cvi úwik wewbgq) bz Z g b Pj Z cvi e wewfbœ Ljv (1.1.3), `jmz KvR, köwyi Kv R cvjvµ g bz Z `Iqv I bz Z g b biqvi Abykxjb wb R K Dc vcb Ki eb) ( köwy I `j bzv cvjvµ g wbe vwpz n e) bz Z i Yvewj AR b I cö`k b H Ki Z cvi e QvULvU Ø Ø wbimb Ki Z cvi e wewfbœ Ljv I Kv Ri gva g g Zi wfbœzv g b biqvi g bvfve wewfbœ Ljv I Kv Ri gva g `Lv e mncvvx `i wfbœzv I ewpî g b wewfbœ Ljv, KvR I f~wgkvwfb qi gva g biqvi gvbwmkzv AR b Ki e (wewfbœ Kv Ri Rb `j wefvrb Kivi mgq wkÿk m PZbfv e Zv Ki eb) bwzevpk Kv bv D`vniY, Ljv ev welq cwinvi Ki Z n e cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 22

24 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 2.4 AvZ m PZb niqv, AvZ wbqš Y Kiv I Av em cökvk Ki Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv cq ` I AcQ ` cökvk Ki Z cvi e Av jvpbv, PµvKv i Av jvpbv, köwykiy, KvW Mg BZ vw` KvW Mg mn hvwmzv I fvmvfvwmi ( kqvwis) 2.2.1, 2.2.2, gva g wewfbœ KvR Ki Z cvi e evwo, köwy, we` vjq I Ab vb cwi e k wb R K Lvc LvIqv Z cvi e Ab köwyi wkÿv_ x, KwgDwbwU m`m, wewfbœ ckvrxwe `i m ú K Rvbv, Zv `i mv _ wg_w qv I kª v cö`k b Kiv I wewfbœ Ac ii cöwz mnvbzf~wz I mngwg Zv cökvk Ki Z cvi e cö qvr b Ab K mn hvwmzv Ki Z I A b i mn hvwmzv PvB Z cvi e cwi ek m ú K Rvbv wewfbœ Ljv I KvR, f~wgkvwfbq, ZvrÿwYK cwiw wzi e envi cövmw½k wfwwiwpî wewfbœ Ljv I KvR, f~wgkvwfbq, ZvrÿwYK cwiw wzi e envi cövmw½k wfwwiwpî RvZxq m ú `i cöwz hzœkxj n e we` vjq, iv ÍvNvU, MvQcvjv BZ vw`i cöwz hzœkxj niqv (cvwb I we`ÿ Zi AcPq bv Kiv) wb Ri Av em Abyf~wZ ( hgb : D Q vm, D ØM, fq, fv jv jvmv, g ` jvmv, fv jvevmv BZ vw`) ^vfvwekfv e A b i Kv Q cökvk Ki Z cvi e wb Ri m ú K Ab K ej Z cvi e f~wgkvwfbq, Mí ejv, Qov I Mvb, Ljv, Qwe, K_v, A½-fw½ PBb wwªj, Rvovq Rvovq, `jmz Av jvpbv, I wbr I cwievi m ú K ejv RvZxq m ú `i ZvwjKv Zwi Ki Z n e wkÿk mnvwqkv: wpîmn wb ` kbv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 23

25 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv (bvg, eqm, wvkvbv, fvb evb, wcöq Ljv BZ vw`) I wp Îi gva g cökvk Kiv wb Ri aviyv I gzvgz cökvk Rvovq Rvovq, `jmz Av jvpbv, Mí Ki Z cvi e `vwqz wb Z AvMÖnx n e Ges Zv cvjb Ki Z cvi e ejv, Qwe AuvKv köwykÿ cwi vi-cwi Qbœ ivlv, wb R wb R Ljbv, eb BZ vw` Qv bv, Rvgvi evzvg jvmv bv, `vwqz eva _vkv, `vwqz wb Z AvMÖnx niqvi ah mnkv i Kv R g bvwb ek Kiv, cvjvµ g mkj wkï K fv jv I my `i Kv Ri Rb mk ji Dcw wz Z wewfbœfv e cöksmv Kiv (`vwq Z i GKwU ZvwjKv cöyqb Ki Z n e) AvZ m vb eva AR b Ki Z cvi e wkï `i AuvKv Qwe I Ab vb KvR köwyk ÿ cö`k b Kiv, cöksmv Kiv, wewfbœ Kv R Drmvn `Iqv, fzj Ki ji BwZevPKfv e evsv bv, köwyk ÿ wbivc` cwi ek Zwi Kiv, Mí kvbv I ejv (wkÿk cy iv eqi Ry o wkï `i Kv bv Kvi Y fr mbv Ki eb bv, GKRb K Av ikr bi mv _ Zzjbv Ki eb bv, Zvi KvR I m vebv jv K DrmvwnZ Ki eb, cöksmv Ki eb, wkï `i AwZw_ `i m ½ cwipq Kwi q w` eb ) Mí msmön/ Zwi Ki Z n e h Kv bv cwiw wz Z wb R K Ljvayjv, f~wgkvwfbq, gww Ukb/a vb, cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 24

26 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 2.5 bwzkzv I g~j eva m ú K m PZb niqv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv mshzfv e cökvk Ki Z cvi e ZvrÿwYK cwiw wz K e envi Kiv ( hgb, ivm n j ev `ytl c j SMov I gvivgvwi bv Kiv) Kv bv KvR ïiæ Kivi c~ e g bv hvm I ah mnkv i cy iv wb ` kbv ïb e fzj Ki j ev KvD K Kó w` j `ytl cökvk Ki e wb ` kbv cvjb Ljv - GKK I `jmz ( wcs Mg, cvwl D o-gvq D o, nvz DuPz-wbPz) iæwub g b wba vwiz mg qi g a wewfbœ KvR m úbœ Kiv f~wgkvwfbq, Mí, ZvrÿwYK cwiw wz e envi Kiv cövmw½k wfwwiwpî fv jv-g `i cv_ K Ki Z cvi e Mí, köwykiy Kiv, KvW /wd c Mg ( hlv b mlv b _yzz ev gqjv djv, Kjvi Lvmv djv, Mv Qi cvzv I dzj Quov, wbw` ó cv Î gqjv djv) fv jv Kv Ri cöksmv Ki Z cvi e f~wgkvwfbq, Mí, ZvrÿwYK cwiw wz e envi Kiv ( hgb: cöksmv Kiv, Drmvn `Iqv, fyj Ki ji BwZevPKfv e evsv bv) (wb ` kbv cvjb Kivi hvm Zvi mv _ wjsk Ki Z n e) (ZvrÿwYK cwiw wz e envi Kiv) Mí msmön/ Zwi Ki Z n e ZvwjKv Zwi Ki Z n e KvW, wd c Mg Zwi Ki Z n e Mí msmön/ Zwi Ki Z n e ZvwjKv Zwi Ki Z n e (ZvrÿwYK cwiw wz e envi Kiv) Mí msmön/ Zwi Ki Z n e ZvwjKv Zwi Ki Z n e cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 25

27 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 2.6 evsjv ` ki ms wz I HwZ n i PP v Kiv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv gyw³hy m ú K Rvb e Ges RvwZi Mí, Qwe I wfwwi wpî Rb Ki cöwz kª v I m vb cö`k b Ki e IqvK eyk RvZxq czvkvi cöwz m vb I fv jvevmv cö`k b Ki e RvZxq msmx Zi cöwz kª v I fv jvevmv cö`k b Ki e RvZxq w`emmg~n D`hvc b mwµqfv e AskMÖnY Ki e mvgvwrk I jvkr wewfbœ Drm e mwµqfv e AskMÖnY Ki e `wbk mgv e k RvZxq czvkv K Awfev`b Rvbv bv, RvZxq czvkv AuvKv I is Kiv `wbk mgv e k RvZxq msmxz MvIqv we` vj q RvZxq w`em D`&hvcb Kiv (Qwe AuvKv, Qwei cö`k bx, mvs wzk Kg Kv Ð AskMÖnY) m e n j wkï Zvl wfwwi cövgvy wpî/pjw PÎ cö`k b Kiv mvgvwrk I jvkr Drm e AskMÖn Yi AwfÁZv wewbgq Kiv, Qwe AuvKv (RvZxq I vbxq mvgvwrk Drme D`hvcb Kiv, Qwe AuvKv, Qwei cö`k bx, mvs wzk Kg Kv Ð AskMÖnY) m e n j wkï Zvl wfwwi cövgvy wpî/pjw PÎ cö`k b Kiv ( `wbk KvR) IqvK ey K AuvKv I is Kivi KvR Ki e ( `wbk KvR) IqvK eyk: RvZxq msmxz RvZxq msmx Zi AwWI RvZxq I vbxq cvkvk-cwi Q`, Mí, f~wgkvwfbq, PvU, ev Íe DcKiY cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 26

28 wklb ÿî 3. fvlv I hvmv hvm AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 3.1 fve MÖnY ( `Lv Ges kvbv) I cökvk (ejv ev kvixwik A½fw½) Ki Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv Lvevi-`vevi, dj-g~j wpb e I G m ú K AvMÖn cökvk Ki e ( hgb Lywk Zgb mv Rv) AwffveK mfv wd c PvU, dj-g~ ji g Wj IqvK eyk: Qwe/wPÎ vbxq Ljvq Drmv ni m ½ AskMÖnY I Av jvpbv AskMÖnY Ki e vbxq/ jvkr wkï Zvl Qov, Mvb I vbxq Qov, Mvb, bv P AskMÖnY wkÿk mnvwqkv : wb ` kbv bv P ^Ztù~Z fv e AskMÖnY Ki e g wlk wb ` kbv (Av `k, Aby iva, Dc `k) AbymiY Ki Z cvi e cökœ Ki Z cvi e Ges cö kœi DËi w` Z cvi e QvU QvU Mí ï b wb Ri g Zv K i ej Z cvi e ` L ev ï b Kv bv wkqz kbv³ Ki Z cvi e AcwiwPZ kã ï b kbv³ Ki Z I Gi A_ eys Z cvi e cwiwpz e, Qwe ev ` k cu m ú K ej Z cvi e wb ` k cvjb Kivi Ljv - GKK I `jmz ( wcs Mg, cvwl D o-gvq D o, nvz DuPz-wbPz) Mí, ey bv, Qwe, wpî _ K cö kœvëi Mí kvbv I ejv Ljv, gykvwfbq ` L ejv Mí, Qov, Mvb I ey bvi AcwiwPZ kã köwykÿ ev köwyk ÿi evb i cwiwpz e, Qwe ev ` k cu cö`k b, Lei msmön I cvv wkÿk mnvwqkv : wb ` kbv (wb ` kbv cvjb Kivi hvm Zvi mv _ wjsk Ki Z n e) wkÿk mnvwqkv : wb ` kbv (gy³ cökœ/agy³ cökœ) IqvK eyk: Qwe I Mí wkÿk mnvwqkv : wb ` kbv IqvK eyk, M íi eb wkÿk mnvwqkv : wb ` kbv Kvb Mí, ey bv, Qov (kãfvðvi e w ) IqvK eyk cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 27

29 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 3.2 co Z cviv (cövk-cvb) wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv Qov, Mvb, Mí ej Z cvi e Qov, Mvb I Mí Abykxjb IqvK eyk (gyl Kiv bv hb GKgvÎ D Ïk bv nq ) úó I köey hvm fv e K_v ej Z cvi e _ K _ K Kvj (AZxZ, ez gvb I fwel r) AZx Zi AwfÁZvi wewbgq, ez gv bi Abyhvqx fve cökvk Ki Z cvi e K _vck_b I `jxq Av jvpbvq mwµqfv e AskMÖnY Ki e bzzb cwiwpz kã w` q evk ej Z cvi e Am ú~y Mí wb R m ú~y K i ej Z cvi e mßv ni mvz w` bi bvg ej Z cvi e cwi e ki wewfbœ kã kbv³ Ki Z cvi e ey bv, fwel Z wk Ki e Zv ejv Rvovq Rvovq I `jmz Av jvpbv evk Zwii Ljv, (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) Mí Zwii Ljv (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) Mg, Qov, Mí, `jmz KvR - ev ii bvg w` q `j, `bw `b wwªj k ãi Ljv (mvdû) (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) (ewy Z wewfbœ Ljv I Kv Ri gva g Zz j aiv) wewfbœ ai bi evk Zwii Ljvi Abykxjb M íi eb (AvR Kx evi? AvR Ki w`bwu Kgb? KvW w` q A_ev ev W wj L `Lv e) cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 28

30 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv evk _ K kã Avjv`v Ki Z cvi e cwiwpz evk _ K Abykxjb (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) IqvK eyk, PvU GKB ikg kã kbv³ Ki Z cvi e cwiwpz evk _ K Abykxjb (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) IqvK eyk GKB ikg kã e envi K i wewfbœ evk Zwi Ki Z cvi e cwiwpz kã wb q Abykxjb (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) kã PvKvi Ljv IqvK eyk kã PvKv kã _ K aÿwb Avjv`v Ki Z cvi e cwiwpz kã _ K Abykxjb (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) IqvK eyk, PvU GKB ikg aÿwb kbv³ Ki Z cvi e cwiwpz kã _ K Abykxjb (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) IqvK eyk, PvU GKB ikg aÿwb e envi K i wfbœ wfbœ kã Zwi Ki Z cvi e cwiwpz aÿwb _ K Abykxjb (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) IqvK eyk, PvU aÿwbi cözxk (ey ) kbv³ Ki Z cvi e KvW Mg, wgjkiy (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) IqvK eyk, PvU, e Y i KvW kã _ K ey kbv³ Ki Z cvi e KvW Mg, wgjkiy (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) IqvK eyk, PvU, e Y i KvW `yb ev wzb e Y i QvU QvU mij kã co Z cvi e kã Zwi Ljv (GKK, Rvov I `jmz) IqvK eyk, PvU, e Y i KvW Qwe/wPÎwfwËK avivevwnk Kvwnbx ev GKK, Rvov I `jmz KvR Mí ej Z (co Z) cvi e eb e envi Ki Z (eb ai Z, cvzv Dëv Z, evg _ K Wv b h Z, Dci eyk KY vi e envi (GKKfv e, Rvovq) Qwei KvW, IqvK eyk M íi eb, Qwei eb, IqvK cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 29

31 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 3.3 wjl Z cviv (cövk- wjlb) wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv _ K wb P h Z) cvi e eyk wb Ri jlv bvg wpb Z cvi e wkÿk Qwe Z, eb q, bg Kv W wkÿv_ xi bvg wj L w` eb ( jlv bvg Qwe wn m e) wewfbœ ms KZ/cÖZxK wpb Z/co Z cvi e KvW w` q Ljv (Zxi wpý, Reªv µwms/iv Ív cvivcvi, UªvwdK wmmb vj, wec¾bk wpý, mvg b nvmcvzvj, mvg b zj), f~wgkvwfbq, Ljv cvm ` cv k j Mg IqvK eyk PvU, KvW B QgZ AuvwKeywK Ki Z cvi e IqvK eyk, IqvK kxu c vuvb /AvK wz AuvK Z cvi e IqvK ey Ki e envi, PK evw, øu- cwýj IqvK eyk, B QgZ Qwe AuvK Z I is Ki Z cvi e IqvK eyk, µqb, is cwýj Qwe/wPÎ/e /` k ` L AuvK Z cvi e ` L AuvKv IqvK eyk, IqvK eyk wb Ri bvg ` L wjl Z cvi e ` L ` L jlv (cözxk wn m e AuvKv) IqvK eyk aÿwbi cözxk (ey ) wjl Z cvi e IqvK ey Ki e envi, PK evw, øu- cwýj PvU, e Y i KvW, IqvK eyk `yb ev wzb e Y i cwiwpz mij kã wjl Z cvi e e Y i KvW, jlvi Ljv - IqvK ey Ki e envi, PK evw, øu- cwýj IqvK eyk, PvU, e Y i KvW cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 30

32 wklb ÿî 4. cöviw K MwYZ AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 4.1 cövk-mvwywzk aviyv AR b Kiv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv DcKi Yi gva g GKK, Rvovq I `jmzfv e Ljv I KvR Wvb-evg, QvU-eo, Kg- ewk, j ^v- Lv Uv, gvuv-wpkb, fvix-nvj&kv wpwýz Ki Z cvi e evwni-wfzi, Dci-wbP, mvg bwcq b, DuPz-wbPz, Kv Q-`~ i wpwýz Ki Z cvi e wewfbœ AvKvi-AvK wz (eo, QvU, gvsvwi) QvU _ K eo ev eo _ K QvU mvrv Z cvi e is, AvKvi-AvK wz ( Mvj, wzb Kvbv, Pvi Kvbv) Abyhvqx wewfbœ e köwykiy Ki Z cvi e ev Íe DcKiY e envi K i Abygvb I cwigvc Ki Z cvi e DcKi Yi gva g GKK, Rvovq I `jmzfv e Ljv I KvR IqvK kxu, eøk/g Wj, KvW BZ vw` DcKi Yi gva g GKK, Rvovq I `jmzfv e Ljv I KvR DcKi Yi gva g GKK, Rvovq I `jmzfv e Ljv I KvR DcKi Yi gva g GKK, Rvovq I `jmzfv e Ljv I KvR (ev Íe D`vniY/DcKiY e envi K i) IqvK eyk (ev Íe D`vniY/DcKiY e envi K i) IqvK eyk (ev Íe D`vniY/DcKiY e envi K i) IqvK eyk, wewfbœ is I AvKvi AvK wzi eøk, KvW Ges Ab vb Ljvi DcKiY (ev Íe D`vniY/DcKiY e envi K i) IqvK eyk, wewfbœ is I AvKvi AvK wzi eøk, KvW Ges Ab vb Ljvi DcKiY (ev Íe D`vniY/DcKiY e envi K i, cvî) cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 31

33 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 4.2 msl vi aviyv AR b Kiv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv IqvK eyk ev Íe DcKiY e envi K i eèb Ki Z cvi e Ô1-20Õ ch ší ev Íe DcKiY MYbv Ki Z cvi e Ô1-20Õ ch ší Qwe ` L MYbv Ki Z cvi e Ô1-20Õ ch ší msl v MYbv Ki Z cvi e ( QvU _ K eo, eo _ K QvU) Ô1-9Õ ch ší msl v cözxk wpb Z I ej Z cvi e DcKi Yi gva g GKK, Rvovq I `jmzfv e Ljv I KvR DcKi Yi gva g GKK, Rvovq I `jmzfv e Ljv I KvR eb, IqvK kxu, PvU, Ljv eb, IqvK kxu, PvU, Ljv (msl vi `j evbv bvi Ljv, c Ljv) msl vi KvW, eb, wgjkiy Ljv (ev Íe D`vniY/DcKiY e envi K i) IqvK eyk ev Íe DcKiY (wewfbœ cökvi wewp, bwyo cv_i, kl `vbv BZ vw`) ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, Aa ev Íe DcKiY, PvU, msl vi Qov ( Ljv ) IqvK eyk, PvU ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW Ô1-9Õ ch ší h Kv bv msl K ev Íe DcKi Yi m ½ Zvi msl v cözxk wgjv Z cvi e ev Íe DcKiY, msl vi KvW, eb, wgjkiy Ljv ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW Ô1-9Õ ch ší h Kv bv msl K wpî, PvU, msl vi KvW, eb, wgjkiy Ljv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 32

34 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 4.3 msl v wjl Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv Aa ev Íe DcKi Yi (Qwei) m ½ Zvi msl v cözxk wgjv Z cvi e ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW k~ b i mnr aviyv w` Z cvi e I cözxk wpb Z I ej Z cvi e ev Íe DcKiY, Qwe, Pv U i mvnv h Ljv ( Ljv) Ô10-20Õ ch ší msl v wpb Z I ej Z cvi e Ô10-20Õ ch ší h Kv bv msl K ev Íe DcKi Yi m ½ Zvi msl v wgjv Z cvi e Ô10-20Õ ch ší h Kv bv msl K Aa ev Íe DcKi Yi (Qwei) m ½ Zvi msl v wgjv Z cvi e Ô1-20Õ ch ší msl v wjl Z cvi e msl vi KvW, eb, wgjkiy Ljv ev Íe DcKiY, msl vi KvW, eb, wgjkiy Ljv wpî, PvU, msl vi KvW, eb, wgjkiy Ljv IqvK eyk, øu- cwýj IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW ( Ljv - UvKvi Ljv) IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW (AuvwKeywK I c vuv b i KvR Abykxjb Kivi Av M GB cvv Avm e bv) IqvK eyk, IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW Ô1-20Õ ch ší h Kv bv msl v wjl Z cvi e DcKiY e envi K i Ljv ( Ljv) cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 33

35 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 4.4 msl vi Zzjbv Ki Z cviv 4.5 hv Mi aviyv AR b Kiv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv IqvK eyk, IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW Ô1-20Õ ch ší ev Íe I Aa ev Íe DcKiY MYbv K i Kg- ewk wby q Ki Z cvi e Ô1-20Õ ch ší `ybwu msl vi g a Zzjbv Ki Z cvi e Ô1-20Õ ch ší h Kv bv 5wU msl v QvU _ K eo, eo _ K QvU mvrv Z cvi e ev Íe I Aa ev Íe DcKi Yi mvnv h hvm Ki Z cvi e ( hvmdj 9 Gi ewk n e bv) GK A ¼i `ybwu msl vi hvm Ki Z cvi e ( hvmdj 9 Gi ewk n e bv) hvm msµvší mnr mgm vi mgvavb Ki Z cvi e ( hvmdj 9 Gi ewk n e bv) DcKiY e envi K i Ljv DcKiY e envi K i Ljv msl v Kv W i Ljv ev Íe DcKiY, msl v KvW, wpî, wcs Mg, `jmz Ljv msl v Kv W i Ljv, øu- cwýj `jmz Ljv, mgm v mgm v Ljv ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW, ev Íe DcKiY, Qwei KvW ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, PvU, msl v KvW ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, ev Íe DcKiY, msl v KvW ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, ev Íe DcKiY, msl v KvW ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, ev Íe DcKiY, cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 34

36 wklb ÿî 5. m RbkxjZv I bv `wbkzv AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 4.6 we qv Mi aviyv AR b Kiv 5.1 Pviæ I KviæKv Ri gva g m RbkxjZv I bv `wbkzv cökvk Ki Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv msl v KvW ev Íe I Aa ev Íe DcKi Yi mvnv h we qvm Ki Z cvi e ( Kv bv msl vb 9 Gi ewk n e bv) GK A ¼i `ybwu msl vi ( Kv bv msl vb 9 Gi ewk n e bv) we qvm Ki Z cvi e we qvm msµvší ev Íe mgm vi mgvavb Ki Z cvi e ( Kv bv msl vb 9 Gi ewk n e bv) cwi e ki wewfbœ Dcv`v bi ` k cumn Qwe AuvK Z I is Ki Z cvi e ev Íe DcKiY, msl v KvW, wpî, wcs Mg, `jmz Ljv msl v Kv W i Ljv, øu- cwýj `jmz Ljv, mgm v mgm v Ljv Qwe AuvKv I is Kiv 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 3.3.1, 3.3.3, köwyk ÿi evb i wbku cwi ek ch eÿy, cwievi-evwo-we` vjq-cwi ek, KvjvR 1.2.4, KvMR, Kvco, kvjv, KvwV, Kv`vgvwU, cvzv BZ vw` w` q Zwi, Dc vcb I cö`k b cv cu Zwi I cö`k b ( Ljv I is Kivi mv _ mgš^q Kiv) IqvK eyk, ev Íe DcKiY, msl v KvW ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, ev Íe DcKiY, msl v KvW ( Ljv) IqvK eyk, ev Íe DcKiY, msl v KvW cwi e ki mnrjf Dcv`vb w` q wewfbœ wrwbm ( hgb: cyzzj, dj, dzj, ej, gv e j, euvwk BZ vw`) Zwi Ki Z cvi e (1.2.4) KuvwP, KvMR, AvVv, eøy UK, µqb, is cwýj RvZxq czvkv AuvK Z cvi e cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 35

37 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 5.2 Qov, bvp, Mvb, Mí I Awfb qi gva g m RbkxjZv I bv `wbkzv cökvk Ki Z cviv 5.3 `bw `b wewfbœ Kv R bv `wbkzvi cökvk Ki Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv (2.6.1) ` j avivevwnk Mí Zwi Ki Z I , , QvU ` j I `jmzfv e ej Z cvi e Awfbq I A½fw½i gva g Qov, KweZv, Mí Dc vcb Ki Z cvi e cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 36 PBb wwªj (3.1.12, ) (3.1.7) IqvK eyk Q `i Zv j Zv j vbxq/ jvkr I Ab vb wkï Zvl Mvb MvB Z cvi e 2.6.7, (2.6.7, 3.1.7) Q `i Zv j Zv j vbxq/ jvkr I Ab vb bvp bvp Z cvi e 2.6.7, (2.6.7, 3.1.7) vbxq/ jvkr I Ab vb wkï Zvl Qov I KweZv Ave wë Ki Z cvi e 2.6.7, (2.6.7, 3.1.7) RvZxq m½xz MvB Z cvi e 2.6.2, (2.6.2, 3.1.7) vbxq mvaviy ev` hš wpb Z I ej Z cvi e ev` h š i Qwe, m e n j ev Í e `Lv bv mvs wzk Abyôvb, vbxq ev` hš x `i wb R K cwicvwu K i ivl Z cvi e (cwi vi-cwi Qbœ, mvr-m¾v I cvkvk) wb Ri e envh wrwbm wq q ivl Z cvi e Avnevb 1.1.2, f~wgkvwfbq, evwo Z Abykxjb Awffve Ki m ú ³Zv 1.1.2, köwyk ÿ I evwo Z Abykxjb, Av jvpbv Awffve Ki m ú ³Zv Ljbv 6. cwi ek 6.1 cwi e ki Pvicv ki cwi e ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb köwyk ÿ ev köwyk ÿi evb i cwi e ki

38 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv wewfbœ e I NUbv m ú K Rvb Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv wewfbœ Dcv`vb ch eÿy, msmön, AwfÁZv wd c PvU, IqvK eyk wewbgq wd c PvU ( hgb: dzj, dj, gvq, cvwl, cï, m~h, Puv`, MvQ, hvbevnb, gvwu, cvwb BZ vw`) wpb Z I bvg ej Z cvi e dm ji ÿz, b`x, cvnvo, eb, mgỳ ª wpb Z cvi e AuvKv I ejvi gva g AwfÁZvi cökvk, wbku cwi ek, Qwe/wPÎ, cvr&j&, cö R± IqvK, M íi eb (wem eyk - evw m AvB wfd), cövmw½k wfwwiwpî M íi eb, IqvK eyk, IqvK eyk, cvr&j& cövk wzk cwi e ki wewfbœ NUbv hgb e wó, So, eb v, f~wgk ú BZ vw` m ú K ej Z cvi e AuvKv I ejvi gva g AwfÁZvi cökvk, NUbvi ZvrÿwYK ev mgmvgwqk ey bv, cövmw½k wfwwiwpî (m e n j hlb NUbv NU e, wkÿk mb mg q AwfÁZv wb q Av jvpbv Ki eb) IqvK eyk: Qwe _vk e wb Ri, evwoi Ges we` vj qi wrwbmcî wpb e Ges G jvi cöwz hzœkxj n e 1.1.2, 5.3.2, ch eÿ Yi gva g AwR Z AwfÁZv wewbgq I Av jvpbv, f~wgkvwfbq cwiev ii m ú ³Zv Mí IqvK eyk: wpî/qwe _vk e cwiev ii m`m I wbku AvZ xq `i (gv-evev, fvb- evb, `v`v-`vw`, bvbv-bvwb, gvgv-gvwg, PvPv-PvwP, Lvjv-Lvjy, dzcy-dzcv) m ú K ej Z cvi e AwfÁZv wewbgq, wpî AuvKv cwiev ii m ú ³Zv Mí IqvK eyk: wpî/qwe _vk e wd c PvU, d vwgwj wuª/esk jwzkv wbku cwi e ki wewfbœ cövyxi (3wU) ch eÿy, köwykiy, Dc vcb, cvr&j& cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 37

39 wklb ÿî AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 6.2 cwi ek msiÿy Ki Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv mvaviy ewkó D jøl Ki Z cvi e ewk ó i Av jv K MÖx, el v Ges kxzkv ji cv_ K Ki Z cvi e w` bi wewfbœ Ask (mkvj, `ycyi, wekvj, mü v, ivz) Avjv`vfv e wpwýz Ki Z cvi e evwo I we` vj qi cwi ek cwi Qbœ ivl e cwi ek msiÿy Kvh µ g AskMÖnY Ki e MvQ-cvjv I cï-cvwli cöwz hzœkxj n e AwfÁZv wewbgq, f~wgkvwfbq, wpî wgjkiy AwfÁZv wewbgq, f~wgkvwfbq, wpî wgjkiy AwfÁZv wewbgq, evwo I we` vj q Abykxjb AwfÁZv wewbgq, cö R± IqvK - e ÿ ivcy I cwiph v AwfÁZv wewbgq, Mí kvbv, cö R± IqvK - e ÿ ivcy I cwiph v (Pjgvb FZzi mv _ m úwk Z Ki e) IqvK eyk MÖx, el v Ges kxzkv ji wpî (Pjgvb mg qi mv _ m úwk Z Ki e) IqvK eyk w` bi wewfbœ As ki wpî cwiev ii m ú ³Zv köwy Z Abykxjb `bw `b Kv R AskMÖnY AveR bv djvi cvî cwiev ii m ú ³Zv MvQcvjv I cïcvwl wb q M íi eb cwiev ii m ú ³Zv cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 38

40 wklb ÿî 7. weávb I cöhyw³ AR b Dc hvmx hvm Zv 7.1 weávbgb niqv 7.2 Ro, Rxe, Dw ` I cövyx m ú K Rvb Z cviv wklbdj cwikwíz KvR/wkLb klv bv KŠkj wklb klv bv mvgmöx Dbœq bi wb ` kbv ch eÿy I K _vck_ bi gva g cö R± IqvK Z_ msmön Ki Z cvi e avivevwnk cö R± IqvK wewfbœ ewk ó i wfwë Z msm nxz cö R± IqvK Z_ mg~ ni köwykiy, Zzjbv I Dc vcb avivevwnk cö R± IqvK Ki Z cvi e AwfÁZvi Av jv K Abygvb, e vl v I wm vší MÖnY Ki Z cvi e QvULvU wewfbœ NUbvi Kvh KviY e L v Ki Z cvi e QvULvU mgm vi mgvavb Ki Z cvi e cö R± IqvK, Ljv, cövmw½k wfwwiwpî cö`k b Wzev bv, fvmv bv I Mjv bv Ljv ( iv`-qvqvi Ljv, Abygvb Kivi Ljv), ch eÿy, AwfÁZv wewbgq ( gn _ K e wó nq, evzv m cvzv b o, mybp wuc j evwz R j BZ vw`) cvr&j&, my WvKz, KvUvKzwU Ljv GKK, Rvovq, QvU`j I `jmz KvR Ro I Rx ei cv_ K Ki Z cvi e cö R± IqvK, f~wgkvwfbq, cök wz ch eÿy, AbymÜvb, Kv W i Ljv ( ) Dw ` I cövyx cv_ K Ki Z cvi e cö R± IqvK, f~wgkvwfbq, cök wz ch eÿy, AbymÜvb, Kv W i Ljv ( ) avivevwnk cö R± IqvK AvZk KvuP, Pz ^K (mgm vi ZvwjKv Zwi Ki Z n e mgm vwu n e Kg wfwëk) A vwb gj mu, PvU, KvW A vwb gj mu, PvU, KvW 7.3 `bw `b ` ki me Î cöpwjz I cwiwpz ch eÿy, AwfÁZv wewbgq, Qwe ev wpî cövk-cöv_wgk wkÿvµg c ôv 39